WO1998051786A1 - Site de reaction destine a des microorganismes utilises pour biodegrader des contaminants, procede d'utilisation associe - Google Patents

Site de reaction destine a des microorganismes utilises pour biodegrader des contaminants, procede d'utilisation associe Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998051786A1
WO1998051786A1 PCT/US1998/009684 US9809684W WO9851786A1 WO 1998051786 A1 WO1998051786 A1 WO 1998051786A1 US 9809684 W US9809684 W US 9809684W WO 9851786 A1 WO9851786 A1 WO 9851786A1
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Prior art keywords
microorganisms
contaminants
porous medium
fungus
cord
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PCT/US1998/009684
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English (en)
Inventor
George R. Whiteman
George H. Whiteman
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Advanced Biological Services, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Advanced Biological Services, Inc. filed Critical Advanced Biological Services, Inc.
Priority to AU74827/98A priority Critical patent/AU7482798A/en
Priority to EP98922229A priority patent/EP1012253A4/fr
Publication of WO1998051786A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998051786A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
    • C12N11/082—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel reaction sites for microorganisms used to biodegrade contaminants.
  • Fungus and in particular, white rot fungus, is used at the reaction sites for the biodegradation of contaminants, such as contaminants that have been identified by the federal government as Federal Priority Pollutants, highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or recalcitrant organic contaminants.
  • VOCs highly volatile organic compounds
  • Fungus and bacteria are used in combination for some applications.
  • the invention provides methods and compositions to biodegrade contaminants regardless of the environment in which they exist, namely in solids (soils), liquids or gases (atmosphere).
  • Inorganic contaminants such as ammonia or sulfides can be stabilized using the same reaction site apparatus with different microorganisms.
  • Toxics Release Inventory is an annual summary of all toxic releases reported within certain guidelines.
  • Many of these contaminants are either VOCs (highly volatile) and/or highly recalcitrant (that is contaminants resistant to biodegradation) organic compounds resulting in serious air pollution, and soil, drinking water, and groundwater contamination, as well as worker exposure problems.
  • Contaminants have been associated with increased rates of mortality and morbidity, in particular due to carcinogenic exposure.
  • [c]hlorinated solvents and their natural transformation products represent the most prevalent organic groundwater contaminants in the country.
  • These solvents consisting primarily of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), have been used widely for degreasing of aircraft engines, automobile parts, ⁇ electronic components and clothing the major chlorinated solvents used in the past are carbon tetrachloride (CT), tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE) and 1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane (TCA).
  • CT carbon tetrachloride
  • PCE tetrachloroethene
  • TCE trichloroethene
  • TCA 1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane
  • CAHs chloroform
  • MC methylene chloride
  • cis-DCE and trans-DCE chloroform
  • 1 ,1-dichloroethene 1 ,1 -DCE
  • vinyl chloride VC
  • DCA 1 ,1-dichloroethane
  • CA chloroethane
  • TCE trichloroethene
  • the reactor described in the '075 patent is a rotating biological contactor which allows the fungus to become immobilized on the surface of a plastic media.
  • the reactor has failed because other indigenous microorganisms caused anaerobic areas to build up between the fungus and the medium causing the fungus to "slough-off which means that insufficient fungus was able to be maintained in a secondary metabolic state to accomplish bioremediation.
  • the reactor of the '075 patent has not worked well, the use of white rot fungus metabolism in the secondary phase partially biodegrades chloro-organics, in particular chloro-phenols, by converting the aromatic chemicals to aliphatics.
  • complete biodegradation to carbon dioxide, water and a new biomass has not been achieved.
  • the present invention relates to novel reaction sites for microorganisms to biodegrade contaminants.
  • Reaction sites include supports for microorganisms such as a porous medium or a cord media on frames.
  • Microorganisms such as white rot fungus are used for the treatment of contaminants, particularly for the treatment of certain contaminated soils (solids), liquids or gases where the contamination is caused by contaminants identified as Federal Priority Pollutants, highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or recalcitrant organic contaminants. For some applications both fungus and bacteria are used.
  • Inorganic contaminants such as ammonia or sulfides are biodegraded by other types of microorganisms.
  • reaction sites in the form of tubes to which microorganisms attached are lowered through a monitoring well, thereby immersing the microorganisms into the contaminated groundwater and bringing the microorganisms and contaminants into contact at the reaction site.
  • sites are removable and may be upgraded with new microorganisms.
  • reaction sites with microorganisms are situated to trap and bioremediate contaminated vapors.
  • Reaction sites in the form of looped cord media which immobilize microorganisms are also suitable. Care must be taken to avoid competition from indigenous microorganisms. Looped cord media may be particularly suitable for applications that are low competitive environments in terms of indigenous bacteria, e.g. single pass lagoons and groundwater.
  • the invention relates to biodegradation of organic contaminants by microorganisms from the groups of fungus, used alone or in combination with each other or with bacteria, such as Nocardioforms/
  • Target contaminants for this invention include chlorinated solvents, surface cleaning compounds; volatile organics; and all organic Federal Priority Pollutants.
  • Preferred fungus include White Rot Fungus, Brown Rot Fungus, Black Rot Fungus, Candida,
  • the synergistic Actinomycete/Nocardioform composition comprises aerobic microorganisms, including at least one of Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Actinomycete or Streptomycete.
  • the synergistic bacteria suitable for invention are aerobic microorganisms from the Pseudomonadacae, such as a Pseudomonad.
  • the invention also relates to transformation of inorganic contaminants, such as ammonia to nitrate and nitrate, by using reaction sites with Nitrosomonas spp. and Nitrobacter spp. with optional denitrification, and the transformation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur by, for example, Beggiatoa spp. and/or Thiosphera jz)antotropha.
  • the reaction sites include fungus and/or bacteria in contact with them. Biodegradation is accomplished generally proximal to the sites. Preferably, the microorganisms may be removed from the water or vapor area by means of the reaction sites.
  • This invention also relates to a process for improving the - environmental characteristics of certain solids/soils, liquids or gases contaminated by Federal Priority Pollutants, VOCs, recalcitrant contaminants, or inorganic contaminants such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.
  • the invention relates to methods and compositions for treatment of gas phases from soil vapor extraction, groundwater air sparging or process waste streams or wastewater treatment systems; liquids from drinking water, groundwater, soil washing or process waste streams or wastewater treatment systems; and solids for regeneration of contaminated activated carbon or decontamination of soils.
  • a porous reactor is optionally incorporated in an aquifer by using lengths of silicone tubing, and/or in the monitoring well (using Vyon tubes) and also to transfer VOCs into the gas phase for biological treatment thereby minimizing/eliminating pumping of groundwater. It may be desirable to heat contaminated air stripped from the groundwater phase in a gas phase reactor. For soil treatments, the gas phase from soil vapor extraction cleanup techniques may be heated. A soil bank of the type used in conventional cleanup techniques is also a target of the invention, but unlike conventional techniques, this invention treats both the contaminated air and soil together at the soil bank sites.
  • Yet another aspect of this invention is to immobilize a specific fungus and/or other microorganisms inside porous reaction sites, which can be sealed, if required, to prevent or minimize entry of indigenous microorganisms from the treatment environment while allowing entry of contaminants.
  • Minimizing pore size is another means to minimize indigenous bacterial growth.
  • the looped cord media manufactured by BioMatrix Technologies is suitable for use as an immobilization media for various specific microorganisms, including White Rot Fungus as described herein.
  • the applications of this reaction site include BOD, COD, TOC, TC, specific organics or removal in papermills or other plants producing organic color pollutants.
  • nitrifiers may also be immobilized to confer nitrification properties to a waste treatment plant.
  • There are broad general applications- including the possibility of groundwater remediation of organic solvents either in situ by lowering the medium with microbes immobilized on the medium, or by pumping the water out of the ground into a reactor to treat the liquid phase.
  • Air stripping the organics out of the ground and using the looped cord media for immobilization of the microorganisms (including WRF) for treatment of volatile organics in the gas phase is another aspect of the invention.
  • the methods of the invention involve degrading organic contaminants either in soils, liquids or gases, and comprise the steps of producing a hyphal mat in the primary phase of growth, where the concentration of fungus is increasing due to rapid growth or metabolic state (initially without secondary metabolism) from a specific fungus spore form, alone or in combination with a specific synergistic actinomycetes or specific bacteria, or collectively in a consortium or mixed group of microorganisms; providing an electron acceptor for aerobic metabolism and degrading the organic contaminants.
  • the hyphal mat may be produced either on site or in a laboratory and transported to a treatment system, or some combination thereof. At a treatment system this forms a reaction site. Suitable electron acceptors include oxygen, either from air or as pure oxygen, or derived from H 2 0 2 , CaH 2 0 2 or nitrate.
  • the methods and compositions of the present invention are useful in treating contaminated environments, such as where the VOC has contaminated drinking water, groundwater, a process waste (air or water) stream or a wastewater treatment system.
  • An aspect of the invention is to use a specific microorganism from a group of fungi in primary metabolism (producing hyphae) alone and/or in combination with other microorganisms, to completely biodegrade solvents, such as mineral spirits, or chlorinated or oxygenated aliphatics, under aerobic conditions in both the liquid and, perhaps more importantly, the gas phase without the build-up of harmful intermediates.
  • fungus In degradation of some contaminants, e.g. those of high molecular weight, fungus provides transformed products which are used by complementary bacteria such as an Actinomycete/Nocardioform and/or
  • Pseudomonadacae family which uses the transformed products under aerobic conditions.
  • "Complementary” means bacteria interacting with fungus to achieve or improve biodegrading bacteria with products allowing fungal reactions to proceed. Induction by cometabolites or homologues is not required in fungus, but enzyme production can be initiated by increasing cell mass. Allowing the process to occur naturally in mixed contaminant environments or where higher biomass concentrations are required is a faster reaction. Simple carbohydrates are used to increase biomass density which will result in induction because of phase of growth to a C-N starvation state. Another aspect of the invention is to use primary substrates for a fungus in the primary phase of growth and/or for a fungus in the secondary phase of growth.
  • Still another aspect of this invention is to use Nitrosomonas for the oxidation of ammonia in gaseous or liquid phases to nitrite, and, to subsequently use Nitrobacter for the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate, where retention of sufficient mass of nitrifiers is a problem used alone or in combination with a denitrifying microorganism to convert nitrate to nitrogen gas, such as Pseudomonas spp. or Thiosphera pantotropha.
  • Another aspect of this invention is to use fungus which produce non-specific enzymes without the need for induction by a similar toxic substance and therefore can use a non-hazardous carbon source during initialization of growth.
  • fungus which produce non-specific enzymes without the need for induction by a similar toxic substance and therefore can use a non-hazardous carbon source during initialization of growth.
  • a fungus will continue to bioremediate as the non-contaminant induced enzyme systems continue to work.
  • aspects of the invention include:
  • Microorganisms do not contaminate the aquifer because they are recovered in the receptacles (reaction sites such as tubes or cord media).
  • Non-specific enzymes such as ligninase are used, which means (a) other pollutants will be degraded, (b) an easily metabolized carbohydrate can be used to establish a large biomass for treatment without loss of the functional ability to biodegrade the contaminants.
  • White Rot Fungus may be resistant to metals or other compounds which allows clean-up of situations where organics and metals are mixed, for example, Occidental Chemical carbon tetrachloride and mercury.
  • the invention may be applied to a gas phase, e.g. air stack, groundwater air sparging, soil vapor extraction, and activated carbon; a liquid phase, e.g. groundwater (retrofit an air stripper), wastewater, and activated carbon; and soil.
  • Soil may be inoculated with WRF/microbes in a soil bank by means of an injection.
  • a closed loop system is preferred over reinjection of treated gases or return of treated water into the environment until complete destruction is achieved.
  • reaction sites of the present invention overcome many of the problems in bioremediation.
  • Microorganism as used herein includes fungus, bacteria and other biodegrading small unicellular organisms.
  • Retrofit is a modification of an existing waste treatment facility or system.
  • a System is a part of a facility.
  • FIG. 1 is a gas chromatography (GC) graph of TCE without fungus.
  • FIG. 2 is a gas chromatography (GC) graph of the level of TCE in an untreated control after 10 days.
  • FIG. 3 is a gas chromatography (GC) graph of TCE 5 days after adding TCE to the mature fungus.
  • FIG. 4 is a gas chromatography (GC) graph of TCE in a sample grown in the presence of fungus for 15 days.
  • GC gas chromatography
  • FIGS. 1-4 gas chromatography (GC) is on the Y axis; the initial level of TCE is on the X axis.
  • FIG. 5 is a looped cord media.
  • specific microorganisms are immobilized on or inside a reaction site, such as a porous medium, wherein the specific microorganisms can be blended into a microcosm or maintained separately at a single reaction site or in a series of sequential reaction sites.
  • the porous medium should contain the microorganisms of the present invention while barring others. ⁇
  • the microorganisms are grown under environmental conditions promoting rapid growth of a fungal hyphal mat and biodegradation of the organic contaminants.
  • the production of the hyphal mat and the degradation of the organic contaminants use cellulosic materials or a simple carbohydrate, such as molasses, fructose, corn starch, beer rejects or glucose to provide an energy source for the fungus.
  • a key advantage of this invention over earlier bioremediation efforts is the use of a simple carbohydrate as the energy source for microbe production.
  • Earlier approaches required the use of carbon sources of a molecular structure similar to the targeted contaminants e.g., homologues. Use of these carbon sources or co-metabolites contaminated the environment often as badly as the targeted contaminant.
  • the process of this invention can be used to degrade even the most toxic organic contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), recalcitrant pollutants, or Federal Priority Pollutants, or more broad measures of pollution such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total and absorbable organic halides (TOX/AOX) and color.
  • VOCs volatile organic compounds
  • BOD biochemical oxygen demand
  • COD chemical oxygen demand
  • TOX/AOX total and absorbable organic halides
  • the action of the fungus in combination with an Actinomycete/ Nocardioform or bacteria, or collectively, to degrade the organic pollutant occurs in either the primary or secondary phase of growth of the fungus.
  • Identified fungi alone or in combination with the bacteria that are suitable for the biodegradation of organic Federal Priority Pollutants, VOCs, and other recalcitrant contaminants include: Fungi Actinomycetesl Pseudomonadacae
  • a preferred fungus is White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
  • a preferred Actinomycete is Rhodococcus spp.
  • a preferred Pseudomonadacae is Pseudomonas spp.
  • the process is performed by immobilizing the microorganisms inside a porous medium, on a porous medium, or on activated carbon.
  • Other media suitable for use in the air phase/vapor systems are bark, wood chips, peat, chicken manure, rye or wheat husks, soil or commercially available plastic media or polyurethane foams.
  • the porous reaction site is shaped to maximize the surface area. Suitable shapes include tubular, concentric tubes or in sheets.
  • the porous reaction site may be made from an extruded high density polyethylene, such as Vyon, or silicone.
  • a preferred media is BioMatrix Looped Cord Media. As used, the cord media systems require "an adequate supply of biodegradable COD ... a consistent supply of nutrients," BioMatrix, page 16.
  • Porous medium pore size ranges from about 0.25-100 ⁇ . For total exclusions of microorganisms the pore size should generally be ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ ; moderate exclusion, the pore size should be about 0.5-20 ⁇ , and for gross exclusion, the pore size should are about 20-100 ⁇ .
  • the reaction sites may be used as in situ fermenters so as to release some of the microorganisms into the bulk waste-water, i.e. not at the reaction site, in which case pore size may be from about 20-1000 ⁇ to allow leaching.
  • the microorganisms are grown on or inside a porous medium in the presence of a carbon source, such as molasses or a cellulosic material and certain nutrients, such as e.g. nitrogen.
  • the microorganisms are immobilized on or inside the porous medium using at least one or more of the following steps: i) sterilizing or sanitizing the porous medium; ii) lining one side of the porous medium by pouring liquid enrichment media inoculated with the specific microorganisms, alone or in consortia, with agar, which on cooling sets into an agar gel; iii) lining one side of the porous medium by pouring liquid- enrichment media inoculated with the specific microorganisms, alone or in consortia, which on cooling remains a liquid; iv) filling the porous medium with commercially available microorganisms or a cellulosic material on which the fungus has been inoculated; v) incubating
  • the microorganisms grown inside the porous medium are introduced into an environment containing organic contaminants, such as a substance for surface cleaning of metal objects, VOC, a chlorinated aliphatic compound such as ethyl chloride, CT, PCE, TCE, TCA, CF, DCE, DCA, VC and CA, or an oxygenated aliphatic compound, such as acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone or mineral spirits.
  • organic contaminants such as a substance for surface cleaning of metal objects, VOC, a chlorinated aliphatic compound such as ethyl chloride, CT, PCE, TCE, TCA, CF, DCE, DCA, VC and CA, or an oxygenated aliphatic compound, such as acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol,
  • a preferred immobilization media is the BioMatrix Looped Cord Media.
  • Looped cord media is constructed of braided linear composite threads.
  • a strong cord backbone made of "space age" materials provides the base for integral biofilm fixing loops.
  • Thousands of feet of media are strung on aluminum, PVC or stainless steel support frames in a system referred to as a media frame.
  • Groups of frames or platforms are placed in a wastewater treatment basin where waste digesting microbes become fixed to looped cord media.
  • Fixed bacteria create a stable biomass that provide enhanced BOD removal and an established source of nitrifiers for ammonia reduction.
  • Biofilms consist of living cells, dead cells, and cell debris in a matrix of extracellular polysaccharide (glycocalyx) attached to looped cord.” (Bishop, P.L. 1995)
  • Loop size and "textile" characteristics such as roughness and the free energy of cord thread chemistry are factors affecting biomass adhesion. (P.A. Wilderer 1989).
  • Looped cord media frames are economical, compared to many other hybrid technologies, and they are simple to install and maintain. Installations of looped cord media platforms require little or no change to wastewater treatment basins into which they are retrofitted and in most cases installation does not require plant operation to be interrupted.
  • the microorganisms are non-specific and may not provide the desired treatment; and (ii) selected microorganisms cannot be separated from competition by indigenous microorganisms.
  • tubed media somewhat overcomes the competition aspects of the non-selective, non-specific properties of the looped cord media, there are certain circumstances, where competition between microorganisms may be low, such as in single pass lagoons or aerated stabilization basins. Unlike activated sludge, biomass/microorganism concentrations are extremely low in these type of systems. In such cases, looped cord media is inoculated with specific microorganisms and used to confer specific treatment compatabilities.
  • a culture of microorganisms preferably a pure culture, is placed in a lab scale fermentation facility and grown without conventional fermentation, preferably in a porous medium so the desired microorganisms can't get out, concentrating them; at the same time, extraneous bacteria do not get in.
  • the microorganisms are then transported to the location where they are to be used. Retrofitting existing facilities with the reactions sites of the present invention avoids building a reactor vessel which is usually where conventional engineering starts: i.e. other methods of immobilization are used such a fixed film reactors. In retrofitting of the present invention, an existing reactor is used and the immobilization process is added to it. A new reactor is not required. -
  • Cord can be used on frames or with a pulley system applied to a range of treatment systems including aerobic, anaerobic or facultative systems.
  • Such systems include activated sludge, single pass lagoons, stabilization or polishing ponds.
  • the cord can be inoculated with specific microorganisms to provide specific treatment characteristics to the treatment system. Sections of cord may be dropped inside a site from a roll, then wound up again. Removal of the media from time-to-time is an important aspect of ensuring competition from indigenous microbes does not cause loss of the desired treatment characteristics.
  • Such characteristics may include BOD, COD, TOC/TC, color or nitrification in a single pass lagoon, or removal of phosphorous.
  • polyamine may be used to pretreat such effluents to remove high MW fractions, e.g. >10,000 daltons while lower MW e.g. ⁇ 10,000 daltons are removed biologically.
  • Effluents such as bleach plant effluents, may be treated at the source. Retrofitting systems for nitrification, recalcitrants and treatment of Federal Priority Pollutants is an aspect of the invention.
  • Table 2 shows applicability of the methods and compositions of the present invention to three phases of contaminants.
  • a method for the treatment of organic and inorganic contaminants in gas phases from soil vapor extraction, groundwater air sparging, process waste streams or wastewater treatment systems includes the following steps: 1. Bringing the contaminated material into contact with a reaction site, for example by passing the contaminants, combined with air or pure oxygen as an electron acceptor, over the surface of immobilized microorganisms, resulting in biodegradation of the majority of organic pollutants or transformation of the inorganic contaminants;
  • Organic contaminants are biodegraded by immobilizing fungus alone or in combination with microorganisms belonging to the families Nocardioform/Actinomycete and/or Pseudomonadacae on or inside a medium through which the pollutants can pass, but indigenous microorganisms are prevented or minimized from entering, while the medium also acts to concentrate the microorganisms and prevent their loss into the treated effluent.
  • Suitable media include porous or cord media, for example looped cord media.
  • the fungus can be used for treating VOCs in the primary phase of growth and for other contaminants requiring secondary metabolism in conjunction with one or more other microorganisms from the
  • Nocardioform/Actinomycete and/or Pseudomonadacae families The fungus may be selected from White Rot Fungus, Brown Rot Fungus, Black Rot Fungus, Mucor, Penicillium and Aspergillus.
  • the Nocardioform/Actinomycete are selected from Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Actinomycetes or Streptomycetes and the like.
  • the Pseudomonadacae are selected from Pseudomonas,
  • Inorganic contaminants such as ammonia are transformed into nitrite and/or nitrate by immobilizing Nitrosomonas spp. and Nitrobacter spp., respectively, and passing the gases over the surface, or by quenching the gases with water to dissolve the ammonia and subsequently passing this liquid over the surface.
  • Inorganic contaminants such as sulfides are transformed to elemental sulfur by immobilizing one or more of Beggiatoa and/or Thiosphera ⁇ ⁇ pantotropha on or inside the medium.
  • the invention comprises a method for treatment of organic and inorganic contaminants in liquid phases from drinking water, groundwater, soil washing, process waste streams or wastewater treatment systems wherein the method includes the following steps:
  • the selected immobilized microorganisms are applied to a medium, preferably a porous or cord medium, designed to maximize surface area, such as tubular, concentric tubes, looped cord in a frame or sheet shape forms.
  • a medium preferably a porous or cord medium
  • the preferred medium will depend on the application, for example in-situ groundwater remediation may use silicone tubing filled with the specific microorganisms and lowered through a monitoring well into an aquifer.
  • a second approach is to have tubes made of extruded high density polyethylene, such as Vyon, or other porous material, containing the immobilized microorganisms placed inside the well housing .
  • This second approach can also be used to retrofit existing wastewater treatment systems and confer broad (BOD, COD, TOX, AOX, color) or specific biodegradation or transformation capabilities by suspending such tubes at the optimum angle to the vertical and/or horizontal plane of flow to obtain maximum contact between the liquid and reaction site in the secondary treatment system, including where appropriate, putting the reaction sites in a secondary clarifier.
  • Suspension of the tubes can be done for example on a reel or fish and bait type system with floats and weights to obtain the optimum angle of suspension.
  • the capital cost of such a system is estimated to be less than one tenth that compared to a conventional extension of the treatment facility involving additional tanks.
  • a third approach involves sparging of air to increase aeration, turbulence and to encourage volatilization of organics which can be treated in a gas-phase reactor or reaction site at the surface where oxygen can be introduced to maintain aerobic conditions with at least 2-5% oxygen in the gas phase.
  • the gas can be recirculated to create a closed loop system thereby generating no waste stream.
  • the gas can be recirculated with the addition of oxygen as an electron acceptor to encourage further aerobic activity.
  • Oxygen and/or nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus may also be introduced into the tubing and thereby to the microorganisms. This process avoids pumping water and creates a closed-loop with three points of biological treatment e.g., silicone tubing down well, tubes in well, gas into reaction. Unlike other bioremediation processes, the majority of microorganisms of the present invention can be removed after treatment by means of the reaction site without further contaminating the water system.
  • Inorganic pollutants such as ammonia
  • Inorganic pollutants are transformed by immobilizing on the reaction site nitrifying microorganisms such as Nitrosomonas spp. and Nitrobacter spp., which are both slow growing bacteria, and concentrating them on a porous medium, thus preventing or minimizing their loss into the treated effluent. More specifically, immobilization reduces loss into the environment. As a result, growth of the microorganisms exceeds their loss and their concentration increases and hence the efficiency and capacity to remove the contaminant.
  • the immobilized nitrifying microorganisms are placed into an existing- wastewater treatment system, in a cooling tower process loop, fish farm holding tank, or fish tank used in the home in order to achieve nitrification.
  • This nitrification process can be carried out in conjunction with denitrification using a Pseudomonas, such as P. dentrificans, or another denitrifying microorganism such as Thiosphera pantotropha.
  • Pseudomonas such as P. dentrificans
  • another denitrifying microorganism such as Thiosphera pantotropha.
  • Immobilization using a porous or cord or other suitable medium overcomes these problems and, unlike other approaches, can be used to retrofit existing systems without expansion of the facilities.
  • Such capital costs can be at least twice the capital cost of a facility not requiring nitrification.
  • the efficiency of a waste treatment system depends on the concentration of biomass/microbes and residence time, therefore slower growing microbes which may be washed out or require longer residence time in order to remove specific contaminants can be concentrated in the tubes to combat wash-out.
  • the residence time does not have to be increased in an existing waste treatment facility, which is traditionally accomplished by expansion of the facilities by building more treatment tanks or reactors. The latter traditional option is extremely capital intensive.
  • BMT BioMatrix Technologies
  • Inorganic contaminants such as sulfides, are transformed by immobilizing one or more of Beggiatoa and/or Thiosphera pantotropha on or inside a reaction site formed by a porous medium acting as described above.
  • This invention further encompasses a process for the treatment of organic pollutants on solids for prolonging the life or the regeneration of contaminated activated carbon or decontamination of soils by using specific microorganisms (members of the Fungus, Actinomycete/Nocardioform,
  • Bio-regeneration is achieved by spraying a liquid suspension of the microorganisms onto the activated carbon and providing conducive environmental conditions for biodegradation.
  • environmental conditions include at least adequate oxygen to maintain an aerobic environment (2-5% at least), neutral pH range, and temperatures in the range of 40-95°F.
  • Example 2 Gas Phase Biodegradation Using Technology in the Field Reaction sites may be put in a reactor, i.e. a combination of sites, vessels, and support structures, as follows: a) Forcing gas past WRF and/or bacteria using a plug flow design. b) Selecting microorganisms, such as white rot fungus. c) Preparing and initiating growth of homogenous, or a mixture, of selected microorganisms. d) Selecting one or more tubes made of extruded, high density polyethylene, such as called Vyon manufactured by Porvair in the United Kingdom, silicone, or other porous medium. The tube(s) should have diffusion characteristics which allow flow of contaminants to pass in and out of the tube, while immobilizing
  • the tubes or other reaction sites can be used independently of a dedicated reactor for application to existing wastewater treatment systems where the tubes or other reaction sites are laid out in rows or suspended vertically.
  • Other types of microorganisms such as nitrifiers can also be immobilized in this manner and thereby convey their metabolic capabilities to a wastewater treatment system. This process can be used to remove a number of contaminants including sulfur compounds, ammonia as well as general other specific contaminants and broad measures of contaminants such as BOD, COD, TOX, TC/TOC, AOX and color.
  • Example 3 Liquid Phase Biodegradation Using Reactor Technology a) Preparing a plug flow design for tubes where flow goes over single faced tubes or through the middle or both sides of concentric tubes. b) Selecting WRF with or without bacteria. c) Preparing and initiating growth of the homogenous microorganisms, or a mixture of selected microorganisms where diffusion is from the outside into the tube. d) Selecting one or more tubes made of extruded high density polyethylene, such as Vyon manufactured by Porvair in the United Kingdom, silicone, or other porous medium. The tube(s-) should have diffusion characteristics which allow flow of contaminants to pass in and out of the tube, while thereby immobilizing microorganisms in high concentrations.
  • the tubes can be used independently of a dedicated reactor for application to wastewater treatment systems where the tubes are laid out in rows or suspended vertically. Instead of tubes, frames of looped cord media are used.
  • microorganisms such as nitrifiers can also be immobilized in this manner and thereby convey their metabolic capabilities to a wastewater treatment system. Preventing competition from indigenous microorganisms is not an insurmountable problem.
  • Frames of looped cord media are used. Such frames can be modified to consist of removable sections every 3-12 inches apart. These are replaceable by new sections containing specific microorganisms in order to renew the inoculation reaction site or confer different treatment capabilities by adding new microorganisms.
  • reaction sites where reaction sites are used and replaceable allow continued upgrading of the system with more effective microorganisms or different microorganisms to meet the changing nature of conservation from a production facility.
  • Example 4 Solid Phase Biodegradation Using Soil Bank Technology Contamination of soil usually results in groundwater contamination and will therefore be required whenever groundwater is contaminated.
  • the method of soil treatment using bioremediation will depend upon the soil type and other factors.
  • the VOC fraction can be removed by soil vapor extraction and treated in a vapor phase reactor described herein.
  • in-situ treatment may be accomplished by introducing fungal spores into the soil and using the soil as the reaction site.
  • the soil may be extracted if highly compacted to expedite remediation and mounded into a soil bank as per traditional methods.
  • the soil can be inoculated with the microorganisms during preparation of the soil bank.
  • Such soil banks often require leachate capture and recirculation systems, as well as forced aeration.
  • the temperature of the soil bank may tend to rise beyond the mesophilic optimum range of 90-105°F and require a cooling system to prevent thermophilic composting occurring by passing air or extracted vapor through the soil bank or cooling with groundwater.
  • Such heated air, vapor or groundwater can then be used to heat gas or liquid phase reactors on the same site or preheat the influent prior to treatment in these systems in order to optimize the operating temperatures of these processes.
  • the site can be supplemented with the missing component microorganisms or stimulated by introducing an easily metabolizable carbon source along with nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to simulate the development of the hyphal mat and initiate breakdown of contaminants.
  • nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
  • nutrient stimulation may be sufficient to establish the hyphal mat of an indigenous population and subsequent contaminant biodegradation.
  • the soil may be inoculated with pre-inoculated reaction sites containing fungus alone or combined with other microorganisms, on a reaction site such as bark chips, hay, straw, grass, spent barley husks from brewing, chicken manure or other inexpensive cellulosic materials.
  • Organic solvents can be useful for a multitude of purposes.
  • An example is trichloroethylene (TCE), which is used as a cleaning solvent in any number of processes.
  • TCE trichloroethylene
  • these compounds also have a negative aspect in that they are quite toxic and can be very persistent in the environment. This is especially true of organic halides. Removal of organic solvents from waste streams may be difficult and expensive, and disposal of these contaminants requires special facilities and precautions.
  • this fungus is also capable of degrading a number of the more recalcitrant organic waste products including munitions waste such as TNT, pesticides including pentachlorophenol and DDT, and various phenolic compounds when immobilized in biological reactors.
  • munitions waste such as TNT
  • pesticides including pentachlorophenol and DDT
  • various phenolic compounds when immobilized in biological reactors.
  • Fungal cultures Fungal cultures (P. chrysosporium BKM-1767) were grown in Bill medium both with and without TCE. Cultures that did not include TCE contained 1% glucose, 2.2 mM nitrogen, 20 mM buffer, 0.2% MgS0 4 , 0.04% KH 2 P0 4 , and a mineral solution containing trace levels of Fe,
  • TCE analysis was done on a Perkin-Elmer gas chromatograph equipped with a column capable of detecting TCE directly in aqueous solution. Sample volume analyzed was 1 ⁇ L per injection.
  • FIG. 5 designed to act as holdfast substrate for municipal and industrial wastewater digesting microbes.
  • BMT looped cord products are patented constructions available only from BMT.
  • BMT-1014 a looped cord media composite cord construction which is chemically resistant and durable.
  • Water absorption Less than 0.1%. The material is free from deterioration in water, retains strength, elongation properties and_ holds dimensional stability.
  • Fungus formation Remains free of excessive fungus and mold growth. A wide variety of organisms grows on the media without preference to a specific organism.
  • Elastic recovery The construction is characterized by high elastic recovery.
  • Monofilaments 320 (0.162mm) - 3100 (0.508mm) Flattened Monofilaments and multifiliments are also available.
  • Breakage strength 100Lb+/ft. Available - standard strength 65Lb/ft.
  • Solvent resistivity Unaffected generally - some dissolving and/or swelling with Cyclohexanone, Dichloro Benzene.
  • Fiber life expectancy Greater than 12 years when used in wastewater exhibiting less than 70% concentrations of above mentioned chemicals and when used in temperatures less than 200 deg. F.
  • BioMatrix High degree of biofilm attraction and fixing degree of media twisting has some relation to % of biomass formation .
  • BMT has proprietary information regarding biological affinity to media constructions. BioMatrix, page 7.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne un nouveau site de réaction à microorganismes sélectionnés capables de biodégrader des contaminants organiques ou inorganiques. Les contaminants sont présents dans des sols (solides), des liquides ou des gaz, ces contaminants comprenant des polluants déclarés prioritaires par l'administration fédérale, des composés organiques hautement volatils, des contaminants organiques récalcitrants à la biodégradation ou des contaminants inorganiques tels que de l'ammoniaque ou des sulfures. Cette invention concerne plus particulièrement la biodégradation de contaminants organiques par des microorganismes provenant du groupe fungus, Nocardioformes-Actinomycètes et Pseudomonadacae, utilisés seuls ou bien en combinaison, qui biodégradent la contamination dans les phases solide/sol, gaz/vapeur ou liquide/eau; et la transformation de contaminants inorganiques tels que l'ammoniaque par Nitrosomonas spp. et Nitrobactère spp. en nitrate avec la dénitrification facultative et le sulfure d'hydrogène en soufre élémentaire par Beggiatoa spp. et/ou Thiosphera pantotropha. On utilise des supports poreux et des supports cordes pour construire ces sites de réaction.
PCT/US1998/009684 1997-05-13 1998-05-12 Site de reaction destine a des microorganismes utilises pour biodegrader des contaminants, procede d'utilisation associe WO1998051786A1 (fr)

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AU74827/98A AU7482798A (en) 1997-05-13 1998-05-12 Reaction sites for microorganisms used to biodegrade contaminants and methods ofuse
EP98922229A EP1012253A4 (fr) 1997-05-13 1998-05-12 Site de reaction destine a des microorganismes utilises pour biodegrader des contaminants, procede d'utilisation associe

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EP0983970A2 (fr) * 1998-08-25 2000-03-08 Shigenobu Watari Matériau et procédé d'épuration des eaux usées
WO2002030835A1 (fr) * 2000-10-09 2002-04-18 The Secretary Department Of Biotechnology Procede permettant de nitrifier l'eau dans des ecloseries en circuit ferme de crevettes penaeidae et non penaeidae
EP1679287A1 (fr) * 2005-01-05 2006-07-12 Sorce, Inc. Proccédé de traitement des eaux usées en utilisant des champignons de pourriture blanche et brune
WO2008127933A2 (fr) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 Novozymes Biologicals, Inc. Procédés permettant d'améliorer la production et/ou la qualité d'animaux aquatiques ou marins
CN102276124A (zh) * 2011-05-30 2011-12-14 昆山工研院华科生物高分子材料研究所有限公司 一种微生物清淤剂及其制备方法
US10533155B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2020-01-14 Sustainable Bioproducts, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
WO2020181594A1 (fr) * 2019-03-14 2020-09-17 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 Procédé de mesure quantitative d'une structure spatiale de matière organique particulaire du sol
US10851396B2 (en) 2014-07-03 2020-12-01 The Fynder Group, Inc. Acidophilic fusarium oxysporum strains, methods of their production and methods of their use
US11039635B2 (en) 2019-02-27 2021-06-22 The Fynder Group, Inc. Food materials comprising filamentous fungal particles
US11118305B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2021-09-14 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
US11155484B2 (en) * 2018-04-20 2021-10-26 Advanced Biological Services, Inc. Systems and methods for treating wastewater and providing class A sludge
US11297866B2 (en) 2017-08-30 2022-04-12 The Fynder Group, Inc. Bioreactor system for the cultivation of filamentous fungal biomass
CN117887593A (zh) * 2024-03-13 2024-04-16 西安建筑科技大学 一种混合营养型反硝化菌Penicillium sp. N8及其应用

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PL225575B1 (pl) 2014-08-13 2017-04-28 Profarb Grupa Chemiczna Spółka Z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością Bioreaktor do oczyszczania gazów

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Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0983970A3 (fr) * 1998-08-25 2000-10-25 Shigenobu Watari Matériau et procédé d'épuration des eaux usées
EP0983970A2 (fr) * 1998-08-25 2000-03-08 Shigenobu Watari Matériau et procédé d'épuration des eaux usées
WO2002030835A1 (fr) * 2000-10-09 2002-04-18 The Secretary Department Of Biotechnology Procede permettant de nitrifier l'eau dans des ecloseries en circuit ferme de crevettes penaeidae et non penaeidae
EP1679287A1 (fr) * 2005-01-05 2006-07-12 Sorce, Inc. Proccédé de traitement des eaux usées en utilisant des champignons de pourriture blanche et brune
WO2008127933A2 (fr) * 2007-04-13 2008-10-23 Novozymes Biologicals, Inc. Procédés permettant d'améliorer la production et/ou la qualité d'animaux aquatiques ou marins
WO2008127933A3 (fr) * 2007-04-13 2009-01-15 Novozymes Biologicals Inc Procédés permettant d'améliorer la production et/ou la qualité d'animaux aquatiques ou marins
CN104150612A (zh) * 2007-04-13 2014-11-19 诺维信生物股份有限公司 改善水生或海生动物产量和/或质量的方法
US9260332B2 (en) 2007-04-13 2016-02-16 Novozymes Biologicals, Inc. Methods of improving the yield and/or quality of aquatic or marine animals
TWI619681B (zh) * 2007-04-13 2018-04-01 諾佛酵素生物公司 改善水生或海洋動物產量及／或品質的方法
CN102276124A (zh) * 2011-05-30 2011-12-14 昆山工研院华科生物高分子材料研究所有限公司 一种微生物清淤剂及其制备方法
US10851396B2 (en) 2014-07-03 2020-12-01 The Fynder Group, Inc. Acidophilic fusarium oxysporum strains, methods of their production and methods of their use
US11001801B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2021-05-11 The Fynder Group, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US10590379B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2020-03-17 Sustainable Bioproducts, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US11505779B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2022-11-22 The Fynder Group, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US10787638B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2020-09-29 The Fynder Group, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US10577579B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2020-03-03 Sustainable Bioproducts, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US10533155B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2020-01-14 Sustainable Bioproducts, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US11015168B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2021-05-25 The Fynder Group, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US11261420B2 (en) 2016-03-01 2022-03-01 The Fynder Group, Inc. Filamentous fungal biomats, methods of their production and methods of their use
US11464251B2 (en) 2017-08-30 2022-10-11 The Fynder Group, Inc. Edible foodstuffs and bio reactor design
US11297866B2 (en) 2017-08-30 2022-04-12 The Fynder Group, Inc. Bioreactor system for the cultivation of filamentous fungal biomass
US11155484B2 (en) * 2018-04-20 2021-10-26 Advanced Biological Services, Inc. Systems and methods for treating wastewater and providing class A sludge
US11272726B2 (en) 2019-02-27 2022-03-15 The Fynder Group, Inc. Food materials comprising filamentous fungal particles and membrane bioreactor design
US11432575B2 (en) 2019-02-27 2022-09-06 The Fynder Group, Inc. Food materials comprising filamentous fungal particles and membrane bioreactor design
US11039635B2 (en) 2019-02-27 2021-06-22 The Fynder Group, Inc. Food materials comprising filamentous fungal particles
US11478007B2 (en) 2019-02-27 2022-10-25 The Fynder Group, Inc. Food materials comprising filamentous fungal particles and membrane bioreactor design
WO2020181594A1 (fr) * 2019-03-14 2020-09-17 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 Procédé de mesure quantitative d'une structure spatiale de matière organique particulaire du sol
US11118305B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2021-09-14 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
US11414815B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2022-08-16 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
US11427957B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2022-08-30 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
US11447913B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2022-09-20 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
US11649586B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2023-05-16 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
US11718954B2 (en) 2019-06-18 2023-08-08 The Fynder Group, Inc. Fungal textile materials and leather analogs
CN117887593A (zh) * 2024-03-13 2024-04-16 西安建筑科技大学 一种混合营养型反硝化菌Penicillium sp. N8及其应用
CN117887593B (zh) * 2024-03-13 2024-05-31 西安建筑科技大学 一种混合营养型反硝化菌Penicillium sp.N8及其应用

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