WO1998037234A1 - Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique - Google Patents
Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998037234A1 WO1998037234A1 PCT/FR1998/000340 FR9800340W WO9837234A1 WO 1998037234 A1 WO1998037234 A1 WO 1998037234A1 FR 9800340 W FR9800340 W FR 9800340W WO 9837234 A1 WO9837234 A1 WO 9837234A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- support
- duplex
- force
- dna
- spacer arm
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
- Y10T436/142222—Hetero-O [e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.]
- Y10T436/143333—Saccharide [e.g., DNA, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method allowing the demonstration of signatures corresponding to a specific double-stranded nucleic acid sequence.
- the present invention relates to a method which makes it possible to accelerate or bypass the sequencing process of genomic DNA, a problem which is of considerable industrial interest.
- the method according to the present invention allows the detection of specific signatures of a sequence on a long DNA fragment.
- This method makes it possible in particular to quickly search for the presence of particular structures in the sequence of the bases and / or the quality of the pairings which may be partial and, in particular, present mismatches.
- This process also allows the analysis and comparison of genomic differences among different patients.
- the invention also applies to duplexes single-stranded DNA - single-stranded DNA, perfectly matched or not perfectly matched, or else to single-stranded DNA duplexes - single-stranded RNA, perfectly matched or not perfectly matched, or again to duplex single stranded RNA - single stranded RNA, perfectly matched or not perfectly matched.
- the duplex can consist of at least partial re-pairing of two single strands from samples of different origins.
- the invention also applies to the secondary structures of a single-stranded single DNA or of a single-stranded single RNA.
- a “signature” allows to "characterize” a DNA sequence.
- the pairing of bases G and C involves three hydrogen bonds, while the pairing of bases A and T only involves two, under these conditions, if we open the double helix d mechanically
- the signal corresponding to the forces exerted depends on the sequence.
- the implementation of the present invention has made it possible to demonstrate that the separation of two paired strands essentially results in the obtaining of a "signature", that is to say a set of specific and local information. which is linked to the sequence and / or to the pairing state.
- the signal in force can present in particular sawtooth structures, with a gentle rise and a more abrupt descent, where the opening occurs partly by jerks.
- the forces measured during opening therefore have a set of particular characteristics, or signature, a complex combination of the sequence where the zones rich in GC are harder to open than the zones rich in AT, and the mechanical stiffness of the system ( molecular construction and measurement system), which intervenes to induce events where several contiguous bases open more quickly.
- a "signature” does not constitute a basic sequencing based on an entire sequence, but makes it possible to obtain a set of specific and local information, linked to the sequence and / or to the pairing state.
- the molecules can be specifically anchored on two solid substrates (microscope slide, micro-pipette, microparticle). One end being fixed and the other being connected, for example via a particle, to a force measuring device.
- Patent No. WO 94/23065 describes a device for measuring the force, base to base, during the mechanical opening of DNA using an atomic force microscope.
- the present invention includes aspects relating to surface chemistry and particular constructions so as to obtain satisfactory results.
- the present invention relates to a method for characterizing nucleic acid duplex comprising two at least partially matched nucleic acid sequences, characterized in that at least one "signature" of said duplex is recorded, which is linked to the variation of force necessary to mismatch, respectively mismatch, said two sequences, and in that comparing the signature obtained or certain characteristics thereof with references.
- a reference can be constituted by another measurement, a combination of several measurements, or even by a numerical calculation, for example as that which will be described later, or even a combination previous cases.
- nucleic acid duplex is meant to denote any type of DNA / RNA duplex as mentioned previously.
- the present invention relates to a method characterized in that the 5 'end of one of the strands of the duplex is fixed on a support 1 and the 3' end of the other strand of the duplex is fixed on a support 2, the variation in force necessary to unpair, respectively pair, said sequences being measured by distance, respectively approximation, of said supports 1 and 2, characterized in that, during fixing, the point of attachment of the end 3 'on the support 2 and the attachment point of the end 5 ′ on the support 1 are connected together by a molecular wire with a length of at least 0.03 ⁇ m, and preferably between 0.5 and 30 ⁇ m.
- the 5 'end of one of the strands of the duplex will be called “5' end of the duplex” and the 3 'end of the other strand of the duplex will be called “3 'end of the duplex", and in this definition, the strands can be reversed, of course.
- molecular thread is meant both the distance counted on the molecule (it can be folded), for example the spacer arm (Mode I), as well as the spatial distance (measured in particular along the strands between the two fixing points (Mode II).
- the supports 1 and 2 can also be interchanged in the following developments.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the structure of the duplex is modified locally, in particular by the creation of a triplex, of a complex or of the binding of a protein.
- a "well” is an element intended to contain a small volume of buffer and it can, with advantage, incorporate or contain one or more detachable elements or not called “slides”.
- the "blade” is a solid element of a flexible or rigid nature and has the following particularities: a) At least part of this blade is in contact with an essentially aqueous pad, and at least a fraction of this part in contact can be functionalized on an area of at least 0.01 ⁇ m2, and preferably between 1 ⁇ m2 and 10 cm2.
- the blade can advantageously be thin, flat and substantially transparent.
- the slide can be a microscope slide, a polymer slide or a particle held by a micropipette.
- a well can be advantageously designed so that it can receive a "micropipette".
- a "micropipette” is a solid element, of flexible or rigid nature, one end of which can be fixed to a fixed or displacement system, and at least the other end of which is intended to be immersed in a liquid. It has a substantially elongated appearance and its characteristic diameter is greater than 0.01 ⁇ m, preferably between 0.1 ⁇ m and 2 mm, and it can advantageously be hollow.
- the supports envisaged can be either slides, particles, micropipettes or an element of a force measuring device.
- the manipulations are preferably carried out with specific molecular constructions, advantageously attached, respectively, between a slide for example, and microparticles, or else by fixing the ends on two particles.
- This process essentially comprises two modes of implementation. More particularly, in the first mode (mode I) of implementing the method, it is a method in which the 3 ′ end of the duplex to be characterized
- a spacer arm having a length of at least 0.03 ⁇ m, preferably between 0.5 and 30 ⁇ m.
- one of the characteristics is that the DNA duplexes intended to be opened are not directly fixed on a support, but are by means of at least one spacer arm placed either on the support 1, either on support 2 or on both. Indeed, the use of a spacer arm makes it possible to select the place and / or the moment when the measurement is carried out. We can, for example, adapt to this type of molecular construction the selection and measurement technique used by Smith et al. (1996). You can also make multiple anchors on one blade.
- the particles connected to the blade via a molecular construction have a certain freedom of movement.
- the length of the spacer arm can be adapted with advantage over the spatial resolution of the system for locating the position of the balls.
- a particle moves but is then blocked in its movement by the presence of the spacer arm.
- the characteristics of this movement make it possible to select the interesting systems on which to launch a measurement cycle and in particular allow (i) to eliminate imperfect attachments, in particular if the particle begins to adsorb on the slide, or if the DNA begins to adsorb, the characteristics of the displacements will be more limited, and therefore different; (ii) during the somewhat abrupt phase of bonding a measuring micro-needle, the relative freedom of movement of the particle makes it possible to avoid tearing off the attachment points.
- the spacer arm may be made up of double stranded DNA, from 100 to 500 bases, or approximately 0.03 ⁇ m to 0.2 ⁇ m, but preferably the spacer arm will correspond to 1 kb or even comprise from 5 to 100 kb, this who will match approximately at a clearance of 1.5 to 30 ⁇ m, but it is also possible to provide spacer arms which would not be made up of double stranded DNA, but which would be made up of other components of synthetic polymer type, of type protein, or other polymers, polysaccharides for example.
- the sample under the microscope consists of: mobile, non-attached particles; particles stationary on the blade; particles with limited movement. Of course, only the latter particles are of interest.
- the length of the spacer arm which makes it possible to identify the particles that can be the subject of a study.
- the techniques intended to allow grafting on the ends of molecular constructions are known, they are essentially systems using a ligand / receptor association, or else covalent bonds.
- the ends to be grafted are biotinilated or functionalized with a ligand such as dig, while glass slides for example, or the particles are coated respectively with avidin or streptavidin or an anti-dig antibody.
- an interaction can be used:
- the possible fixing of the particle or of the support on the force measurement device can be carried out by any means, in particular by bonding, as previously, but also by bonding or by magnetic influence using appropriate beads. More specific constructions will be described in the examples below.
- the spacer arm can, of course, be placed either on the first support, a blade made up of a glass surface for example, but it is possible to provide a fixing on the particle by means of a spacer arm, in this case the method is characterized in that the 5 ′ end of the duplex to be characterized, respectively the 3 ′ end, is fixed to the support 2 by means of a spacer arm having a length of at least 0 , 03 ⁇ m, but preferably between 0.5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, in this case, one of the ends of the duplex can be fixed directly to the slide.
- the support 2 is fixed at the 3 ′ end, respectively 5 ′, while the duplex to be characterized has been at least partially denatured and the ends of the two nucleic acid sequences mismatched comprising it have been partially spatially distant by a distance of at least 0.03 ⁇ m, preferably between 0.5 and 30 ⁇ m.
- the free ends of the duplex are connected by a hairpin sequence, which makes it possible to denature the entire duplex. More specifically, - the duplex being blocked by a hairpin, each of the free ends is functionalized, for example with biotin and dig, then a particle comprising, for example, streptavidin, is fixed on the corresponding end, this ball is then immobilized by any means, mechanical for example (micro-pipette), the complex is then denatured and the assembly is placed in a stream of fluid, - the end not fixed on the ball moves away and a ball treated anti-dig is fixed for example on this end, the ball can be approached by any means, in particular optical tweezers.
- the spacer arm will consist of double stranded DNA, for example a double stranded DNA from phage- ⁇ .
- the DNA duplex (DNA 1) for which it is desired to obtain a signature according to the present invention must be connected to the spacer arm.
- the duplex is digested with at least one restriction enzyme, which makes it possible to know the nature of its ends, sliced or cohesive, and in this case the cohesive sequence. It is then easy for those skilled in the art to attach the segment to the spacer arm (lambda DNA or the like), for example by a cassette-type system.
- FIG. 2B is a cassette system of a spacer arm
- DNA 2 is a double stranded DNA of phage- ⁇ , supplemented by
- oligo 1 adapter system has a Cos sequence and is fixed by hybridization and ligation on DNA 2; oligo 2 is functionalized 3 'with biotin, it has a sequence complementary to a part of oligo 1 and can therefore be fixed there by simple hybridization, the free end of the duplex oligo 1-oligo 2 is chosen so that it is cohesive with the cleavage of DNA DNA-1 with a restriction enzyme.
- the dig end is fixed on a support 1 and the biotin on a support 2.
- the support 1 can be, for example, a glass coverslip coated with antidig
- the support 2 can, for example, be a microbead coated with streptavidin.
- the opening of DNA 1 can be obtained by moving the support relative to the ball, which pulls its 3 'strand linked to the ball, and its 5' strand linked to the coverslip. by the DNA 2 spacer arm.
- DNA 2 spacer arm it is naturally possible to interchange the positions of the dig and biotin functionalizations.
- a cassette assembly as just described by way of example can be an element of a diagnostic kit, so as to obtain the construction which allows opening, by a simple hybridization-ligation operation.
- the oligo 2 connector may have a free unpaired region, close to the biotin, so as to facilitate the subsequent reaction with the microparticles.
- the entire construction is linked by ligation steps after the various hybridization steps, leaving the possibility of opening the molecule at the biotinilated end.
- ligands and receptors can be chosen, or else multiple ligands of the same type can be used in place of a single one (Cluzel et al., 1996; Strick et al., 1996) .
- the spacer arm can be naturally placed, either between support 1 and DNA to be opened (example given here), or between DNA to be opened and support 2, or a combination of previous cases.
- An additional element of the process is introduced with regard to the other end of the molecule to be opened.
- This can be styled with a cohesive hairpin oligonucleotide (hairpin-oligo), which prevents the two strands from separating when reaching the end of the opening process. This makes it possible to repeat complete opening-closing cycles. It is also possible not to use this complementary element and to proceed with a partial opening while avoiding completely mismatching the duplex, which advantageously makes it possible to repeat partial opening-closing cycles.
- the signature depends on the total stiffness of the system, that is to say of the measurement system and also on the molecular construction, in particular that of the single strands of the open molecule. We can advantageously vary this stiffness parameter to obtain different signatures for the same sequence.
- the position of the clamp can be adjusted automatically by feedback to oppose the movements of the ball.
- the variation in force during opening results in a variation in the position of the trap.
- the intensity of the clamp can be controlled by feedback so as to keep the position of the ball fixed.
- the variation of the force during the opening results in a variation of the intensity of the laser.
- the present invention includes several measurement modes, possibly resulting in different types of signatures. It is therefore possible, for the same sequence, to accumulate several different signatures, the information of which may overlap and complement each other. 2) Stiffness of the single strands
- the present invention includes the modification of the stiffness of the single strands (which are in series in the measurement) by introducing into the measurement buffer specific molecules known to modify the stiffness of the single strands .
- oligonucleotides eg a population of random sequence
- the temperature can be varied and / or the buffer used can be modified. In particular, it can be used with advantages
- reagent any molecule capable of establishing a specific interaction with part of the duplex, whether the latter is open, closed or both open on certain parts and closed on others. Modification of the duplex or single strands is advantageously chosen to modify, locally and substantially, the force of separation of the strands, possibly even going so far as to completely block the opening.
- one or more proteins characterized in that they are capable of specifically binding to the duplex for example on certain sequences (such as a methylation enzyme) or also on certain structures (such as the binding on a mismatch, with the Mut protein for example); such a link can also be used to position a particular reagent (attached to a protein) making it possible to induce an inter-strand "cross-link", with a photoactivatable group for example;
- a reinforced inter-strand link for example by formation of a triple helix (with a sequence of oligonucleotides or their analogs); such a link can also be used to position a particular reagent (attached to the oligo) making it possible to induce an inter-strand "cross-link", with a photoactivable group for example;
- the buffer used and / or the choice of temperature can also substantially modify the force necessary to unpair, respectively re-pair, the duplex.
- additional molecules can be made to interact on the single strands of the partially open nucleic acid molecule, characterized in that they preferably bind to at least one specific site on a single strand; upon closing and / or reopening, the signature signal is then modified.
- One or more signatures, with or without fingerprint, corresponding to a given duplex can be compared to references, constituted either by one or more measurements on another duplex, or to numerical calculations, or a combination of the two. It is thus possible to detect and locate the absence or the presence of one or more of the following elements given by way of example:
- This method is an aid to sequencing. It also allows the analysis and comparison of genomic differences among different patients or different DNA samples to be tested.
- the invention relates to a diagnostic kit intended for the implementation of the claimed method and which is described below.
- the diagnostic kit is characterized in that it comprises one or more of the following elements: at least one spacer arm, at least one cassette arm molecular construction, at least one junction oligonucleotide, at least one hairpin oligonucleotide, at least one restriction enzyme, at least one molecular construct intended to fix the strands of the duplex to be opened on elements of the force measuring device, a support fixable at the functionalized end of the spacer arm.
- Figure 1 illustrates, on an example, the principle of force measurement.
- Double stranded DNA (5) is force open.
- the single strand on one side of the double helix is connected to a solid substrate (microscope slide) (3) via a spacer arm (4) and the other single strand is grafted onto a microscopic ball ( 2).
- a force measuring device for example flexible needle (1), optical clamp, etc.
- the force is measured as a function of the extension of the molecule.
- Figure 2 illustrates an example of molecular construction.
- FIG. 3 shows a section in section of the sample.
- a ring (6) retains a small volume of buffer liquid and the anchoring of the construction takes place on the glass strip (7), (a): balls glued to the surface, (b): examples of balls correctly attached.
- - Figure 4 is a schematic view of the experimental setup.
- the sample is placed on an inverted microscope connected to a video camera.
- the force detector is a flexible glass needle (8) mounted on a micro-manipulator.
- a computer is used to control displacement and acquire deflection data.
- Figure 7 illustrates the comparison of the forces as a function of the signal of the end to end distance of the molecular construction A and A "1 , (defined below).
- Figure 7B the two measurements are directly superimposed.
- Figure 8 illustrates the average GC content along the phage ⁇ molecule.
- Averaging is carried out on 200 bases (Figure 8C), on 1000 bases (Figure 8B) and on 2000 bases ( Figure 8A).
- Figure 9 illustrates the comparison of the force measured during opening
- FIG. 10 shows the reproducibility of the force signal for two measurements, at different times, on the same molecule, and at the same speed of movement (160 nm / sec).
- FIG. 11 shows the detail of a force signal at low speed of movement (40 nm / sec), where the sawtooth structure is clearly seen.
- - Figure 13 illustrates a digital calculation of the force signal for a DNA molecule of phage ⁇ . The horizontal axis is offset from the experimental measurements because the spacer arm is not included in the theoretical description.
- - Figure 14 illustrates a set of theoretical results on the physics of the opening. From bottom to top, the deflection force, the average number ⁇ j> of open base pairs, and the variance of j are presented as a function of the displacement of the sample (in micrometers) which controls the opening process. The average GC content corresponding to the open sequence is plotted on the right (sliding average over 100 bases).
- Figure 15 illustrates the effect of the stiffness of the lever and the single strands.
- the average number ⁇ j> of open pairs has been plotted as a function of displacement (displacement scale given by the horizontal bar).
- FIG. 16 illustrates a force measurement during the opening on the construction ⁇ , carried out with a stiffness lever 2.5 pN / ⁇ m approximately. The points are obtained experimentally by analysis III, described elsewhere. The force expressed in picoNewton was plotted as a function of the end-to-end distance expressed in micrometers.
- FIG. 17 illustrates a force measurement during opening on the construction ⁇ , carried out at the same opening speed as for FIG. 16, and by the same measuring system but with a stiffness lever approximately 19 pN / ⁇ m.
- the force expressed in picoNewton was plotted as a function of the end-to-end distance expressed micrometers.
- FIG. 18 illustrates a superposition between the force signal obtained during opening, and the average G or C base content along a given segment of the sequence (from 3000 to 8000); the mean is a Gaussian mean, of total characteristic width at 1 / e of 50 bases. The curve giving the average is drawn with a solid line. The experimental curve is plotted with discrete points. Example of practical realization
- Oligo 1 is a connecting element between DNA 1 (DNA from phage ⁇ intended to be opened) and DNA 2 (DNA from phage ⁇ which serves as a spacer arm).
- Oligo 2, connector element is biotinylated 3 ', which is used for attachment to a ball.
- Oligo 3 is functionalized 3 'dig and is used for attachment to the surface.
- Oligo 4 is a cohesive mini hairpin.
- Oligo 3 (functionalized 3 'dig) 5' ggg Cgg CgA CCT dig 3 'Oligo 4 (mini cohesive hairpin) 5' ggg Cgg CgA CCT AgC gAA AgC T 3 '
- the preparation is carried out as follows, for example from 10 ⁇ g of DNA 1 and 10 ⁇ g of DNA 2:
- the buffer used during the fusions below is the ligation buffer without ATP (Pharmacia).
- the reaction volumes are typically 20 to 60 ⁇ l.
- preparation A + oligo 1 that is to say preparation-C (molarity ratio: 1/20);
- the purification steps are carried out by Amicon-100 filtration columns.
- a plastic ring is glued to the paraffin on the microscope slide and keeps a small volume of buffer above the glass surface. This constitutes a well in which the measurements will be made.
- the functionalized glass surface bottom of the well
- the well is placed on an inverted microscope and the measurement of the forces is carried out using a flexible microneedle, introduced into the liquid through the free part of the meniscus.
- an optical trap (Svoboda et al, 1993; Finer et al, 1994; Yin et al., 1996) can be used with advantage as a force sensor, instead of a micro-needle. Finally, care must be taken to avoid positively charged surfaces so as to avoid unwanted DNA adsorptions.
- the balls used are Dyna commercial balls, paramagnetic (diameter 2.9 ⁇ m). These beads are coated with streptavidin and further treatment with an acetylating agent (NHS acetate) has been applied to them.
- an acetylating agent NHS acetate
- a very small reaction volume about 10 ⁇ l is created by the use of a small circular disc of thin glass (diameter 12 mm) which is placed inside the plastic ring of the well and serves as the cover.
- the liquid approximately 10 ⁇ l
- the disc is first added to the well and the disc then placed on top adheres by capillarity.
- the liquid is found confined between the bottom of the well, on the one hand, and the circular coverslip, on the other hand; the liquid is distributed over the entire surface with an approximately uniform thickness of approximately 10 ⁇ m.
- the incubation is then carried out in the covered well.
- This enclosure contains a tube which generates UV, consisting of a low pressure mercury lamp (Heareus brand) generating UV over a wavelength range which partially covers the absorption band of the oxygen.
- a low pressure mercury lamp Heareus brand
- UV ultraviolet
- the enclosure is swept by a current oxygen gas.
- the taps are then closed and the lamp is turned on for one to several hours.
- Ozone is created and helps to clean glass surfaces.
- a gas flow is introduced for 5 minutes. It is oxygen bubbled through water.
- the strips are quickly removed from the chamber and introduced into an airtight glass enclosure in which a few drops of silane have been placed. Silanization occurs by gas transfer.
- the strips are put in an oven (typically 150 ° C. for one hour), then rinsed under a stream of water and stored in an aluminum foil pouch for example. From the coverslips, wells are made as described above.
- a small volume of a mixture consisting of:
- the acrylamide / maleic acid ratio is chosen from the range 10/1 to 5/1.
- the polymerization is carried out in the wells, protected by their cover.
- the strongly electronegative character makes it possible to effectively combat the adsorption of DNA, polyelectrolyte of negative charge.
- an electronegative matrix obtained by fixing dextran, followed by a step of transformation of the sugars to obtain acid groups.
- An electronegative matrix is characterized in that it consists of polymers of generally electronegative and hydrophilic character, attached to a support, the polymers can be random and / or branched, but on average consist of the assembly of at least one type of monomer.
- the typical size of the polymers expressed in number of incorporated monomers is at least two, preferably between 10 and 1000 and possibly even up to a million, and the final matrix has a density of groups in a statistical or regular manner
- -COOH at least greater than 1/1000 and preferably between 1/20 and 1/1.
- the antidig (polyclonal, Boehringer Mannheim) is coupled by NH 2 groups to part of the COOH matrix using the techniques of EDC-
- EDC 1-Ethyl-3- (3- Dimethyl-aminopropyl) -Carbodiimide as hydrochloride
- NHSS Sulfo-NHS (N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide)) ; 10 seconds of rinsing under a stream of water; - 10 minutes of coupling with the antidig in PBS;
- Antidig surfaces with an antimicrobial agent (0.02% NaN 3 ) and protected by a coverslip are placed in a bag with a humid atmosphere and can be stored for weeks in a refrigerator. While carrying out the experiments, the wells coated with anti-digest are rinsed with PBS, incubated with a dilution of molecular construction in PBS (typically 1 ng of construction in 10 ⁇ l) for 30 minutes. Dilutions and incubation pads can naturally be adapted. Then an excess of buffer is added and the beads coated with streptavidin are introduced. They sediment and react with the molecular construction on the surface of the microscope slide.
- an antimicrobial agent 0.02% NaN 3
- 0 to 50 attached beads are observed in a field of view, under the microscope with a 20X objective.
- typically a fraction varying from 1/10 to 3/4 of the beads can be bonded or adsorbed.
- surfaces other than glass, in particular polymeric materials can be used, both for the bottom of the well and for the cover. The latter can also be produced with other materials, a metal or a ceramic by way of nonlimiting example.
- the force lever flexible glass micro-needle
- Micro-needles are prepared (the typical dimensions of which are: diameter: 1 mm, diameter of the end: 1 ⁇ m and length 1 cm). The stiffness varies according to the needles and is calibrated (see following).
- the needles are chemically biotinilized as follows: - washing with a sulfochromic mixture; - silanization (with a silane terminated by a primary amine); reaction with NHS-LC-biotin (Boehringer) (which reacts with primary amines).
- the treated lever quickly adheres to microspheres coated with streptavidin by simply touching them. Force measurements can be made immediately. After measurement, the microbeads can be separated by mechanical shock to the lever, or by using a meniscus effect by simply lifting the lever out of the well and then plunging it back into the liquid.
- the sample is placed on an inverted microscope comprising a large magnification objective (Zeiss Achroplan, oil immersion, x 100, NA 1.25).
- the image of the ball and the flexible end of the lever is collected by a video camera.
- a piezo translation plate allows lateral movement accuracy of the sample relative to the fixed base of the force lever. (Kinematic inversion is of course possible).
- This displacement is measured with a resolution better than a micron using an inductive sensor
- a computer makes it possible to connect the information on the displacement of the sample and the deflection of the lever which is recorded by a video camera, (the video image is captured by a digital acquisition system).
- the forces involved in the DNA opening experiments are a few tens of PicoNewtons, which typically correspond to a displacement of the end of the lever of a few tens of microns.
- Two types of methods were used to obtain this deflection data. In the low-resolution mode (called Analysis I), the deflection is determined at a resolution of approximately 0.2 ⁇ m, which corresponds to that of the pixels (digital image acquisition). A second, more sensitive mode was used (called Analysis II).
- the method chosen is as follows: a single video line of the image is selected and selected so as to cover a section of the ball ; the video line has a gray background structure, on which is superimposed the strong and localized black-white-black modulation which corresponds to the ball.
- a numerical method then allows with a resolution of the sub-pixel the interpolation of the position of the center of the ball. We can thus, from the video recording of the movements of the ball glued to the lever, go back to the deflection during the experiment, with a resolution of the order of twenty nanometers (Analysis II).
- the piezoelectric displacement stage allows arbitrary displacement sequences as a function of time. Calibration of the stiffness of the levers
- the micro-needle to be calibrated is first biotinilized as described above.
- a paramagnetic bead (Dyna) is attached to the end of the microneedle in a well (without DNA) filled with buffer.
- a small magnet is approached at a few tens or hundreds of microns, and the deflection of the end of the lever as a function of the distance between the ball and the magnet is measured.
- the magnet is then moved to a position which corresponds to a small deflection.
- the ball is then mechanically detached from the flexible lever using a second stiffer micro-needle controlled by micro-manipulation. The ball then moves quickly towards the magnet.
- the force increases and corresponds to the linear extension of the three components in series, the spacer arm and the two single strands connected by the hairpin.
- the characteristics of the opening are different: a force much greater than what is expected is observed just before the opening (this probably corresponds to partial adsorption of the beads on the double strand); sometimes the molecules do not open, even for forces greater than 50-pN; the end-to-end distance curve, as a function of the force, increases, although the opening is not complete; this blocking of the opening can be repeated or transient, this can be due to nodes or inter-strand links. Finer analysis of the force / distance curve
- FIG. 11 is an example of a measurement part carried out at an average speed of 40 nm / sec.
- the positions and amplitudes of these sawtooth patterns depend on the sequence. As described below, the birth of an instability can be induced by a very local variation of the GC content, inducing an opening blocking point, followed by an easier opening zone. After reaching the force threshold necessary to open a hard point, the elastic energy stored in the molecular construction and in the force measuring device will allow the opening point to move along the DNA, even when the position of the displacement stage is little changed. Qualitatively, these patterns are superimposed on a baseline which depends on the GC proportion of the sequence.
- the number of saw teeth is typically 50, for the opening of a segment of 20 kb. This corresponds to an average sawtooth interval of around 400 bases. It has been noted that the descents of the saw teeth, observed at constant displacement, correspond to times greater than the characteristic response time of the lever. On the other hand, and remarkably, the characteristic amplitude of the smallest visible saw teeth is lower than the average level of vibration of the tip of the lever (subject to external disturbances: acoustic, seismic, etc.). The signature is therefore not too sensitive to mechanical disturbances during the measurement.
- Figure 12 presents an additional example of the relationship between force signature and GC content (sliding average over 500 bases). The data correspond to a low speed measurement (20 nm / sec) of the central region poor in GC of A. We clearly see the correspondence between the two curves but the signature is not to be confused with simple averaging.
- the signature of a given sequence corresponds to a problem of statistical physics, involving thermal agitation, stiffness, and pairing energies.
- the average observable values can be calculated numerically from the partition function of the system.
- Our model although simplified, highlights the essential characteristics observed experimentally.
- the reference signature or signatures of a sequence can therefore be obtained either digitally or experimentally.
- FIG. 13 is presented an example of calculation on the opening of the phage ⁇ (corresponding to the previous configuration ⁇ ).
- Analysis III A third mode of force analysis (called Analysis III) has been developed and allows the acquisition of the live signal (Essevaz-Roulet et al ., 1997; Bockelmann et al., 1997). Analysis III is based on the same principle as analysis II defined above, but does not use the intermediary of video recordings on a video recorder.
- the real-time video image of the ball and the lever is digitized live on a Macintosh computer equipped with a video input (Mac PPC8600), and specific image analysis software extracts the position of the the sink. This makes it possible to obtain a file with the deflection of the lever over time, and therefore the force exerted on the molecule during opening.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP53634198A JP2001514742A (ja) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | 核酸二本鎖の判別法 |
US09/367,890 US6342353B1 (en) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | Method for characterizing nucleic acid duplex |
EP98910803A EP1007734A1 (fr) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique |
CA002282725A CA2282725A1 (fr) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR97/02092 | 1997-02-21 | ||
FR9702092A FR2760024B1 (fr) | 1997-02-21 | 1997-02-21 | Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998037234A1 true WO1998037234A1 (fr) | 1998-08-27 |
Family
ID=9504031
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1998/000340 WO1998037234A1 (fr) | 1997-02-21 | 1998-02-20 | Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6342353B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1007734A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2001514742A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2282725A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2760024B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1998037234A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7407748B2 (en) * | 2000-03-24 | 2008-08-05 | Eppendorf Array Technologies S.A. | Method and kit for the determination of cellular activation profiles |
EP1136567A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-24 | 2001-09-26 | Advanced Array Technologies S.A. | Procédé et trousse pour l'identification, la détection et/ou la quantification des facteurs de transcription |
WO2001087354A2 (fr) | 2000-05-17 | 2001-11-22 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company | Utilisation de radioligands a petites molecules en vue de rechercher des inhibiteurs de production d'amyloide-beta et destine a l'imagerie diagnostique |
DE10126798A1 (de) * | 2001-06-01 | 2002-12-19 | Nanotype Gmbh | Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer Probe |
WO2003066896A2 (fr) * | 2002-02-09 | 2003-08-14 | Nanotype Gmbh | Procede de detection de mutations |
US20110059864A1 (en) * | 2009-09-07 | 2011-03-10 | Caerus Molecular Diagnostics Incorporated | Sequence Determination By Use Of Opposing Forces |
EP2390351A1 (fr) * | 2010-05-27 | 2011-11-30 | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Procédé de séquençage de l'ADN par hybridisation |
EP2390350A1 (fr) * | 2010-05-27 | 2011-11-30 | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Procédé de séquençage de l'ADN par polymérisation |
WO2013065881A1 (fr) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-10 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Appareil et procédé permettant de déterminer des séquences d'acides nucléiques au moyen d'un microscope à force atomique |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1994023065A1 (fr) * | 1993-04-06 | 1994-10-13 | Institut Pasteur | Procede rapide de determination d'une sequence d'adn et application au sequençage et au diagnostic |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB8910566D0 (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1989-06-21 | Amersham Int Plc | Imaging apparatus and method |
-
1997
- 1997-02-21 FR FR9702092A patent/FR2760024B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-02-20 EP EP98910803A patent/EP1007734A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-02-20 US US09/367,890 patent/US6342353B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-02-20 JP JP53634198A patent/JP2001514742A/ja active Pending
- 1998-02-20 CA CA002282725A patent/CA2282725A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1998-02-20 WO PCT/FR1998/000340 patent/WO1998037234A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1994023065A1 (fr) * | 1993-04-06 | 1994-10-13 | Institut Pasteur | Procede rapide de determination d'une sequence d'adn et application au sequençage et au diagnostic |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
Title |
---|
BENSIMON A ET AL: "ALIGNMENT AND SENSITIVE DETECTION OF DNA BY A MOVING INTERFACE", SCIENCE, vol. 265, 30 September 1994 (1994-09-30), pages 2096 - 2098, XP002036061 * |
DESMAZE C ET AL: "IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF FLUORESCENT PROBES ON CHROMOSOMES, NUCLEI OR STRETCHED DNA: APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICAL MAPPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GENOMIC REARRANGEMENTS", CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, vol. 41, no. 7, November 1995 (1995-11-01), pages 925 - 931, XP000197050 * |
ESSEVAZ-ROULET B. T AL.,: "Mechanical separation of the complementary strands of DNA", PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA, vol. 94, - October 1997 (1997-10-01), pages 11935 - 11940, XP002071032 * |
NOY A. ET AL.,: "Stretching and breaking duplex DNA by chemical force microscopy", CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY, vol. 4, no. 7, - July 1997 (1997-07-01), pages 519 - 527, XP002071033 * |
SMITH S. B. ET AL.,: "Direct mechanical measurements of the elasticity of single DNA molecules by using magnetic beads", NATURE, vol. 258, - 13 November 1992 (1992-11-13), pages 1122 - 11126, XP002046416 * |
VIOVY J -L ET AL: "SEQUENCAGE DE L'ADN PAR OUVERTURE MECANIQUE DE LA DOUBLE HELICE: UNE EVALUATION THEORIQUE ULTRAFAST SEQUENCING OF DNA BY MECHANICAL OPENING OF THE DOUBLE HELIX: A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION", COMPTES RENDUS DES SEANCES DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE III: SCIENCES DE LA VIE, vol. 317, no. 9, 1 September 1994 (1994-09-01), pages 795 - 800, XP000608309 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6342353B1 (en) | 2002-01-29 |
FR2760024A1 (fr) | 1998-08-28 |
JP2001514742A (ja) | 2001-09-11 |
EP1007734A1 (fr) | 2000-06-14 |
FR2760024B1 (fr) | 1999-05-14 |
CA2282725A1 (fr) | 1998-08-27 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0693135B1 (fr) | Procede rapide de determination d'une sequence d'adn et application au sequen age et au diagnostic | |
EP0965045B1 (fr) | Procede pour isoler, notamment detecter ou quantifier un analyte dans un milieu | |
EP1851331B1 (fr) | Procede et dispositif pour separer des cibles moleculaires dans un melange complexe | |
CA2803743C (fr) | Procede de detection d'interactions moleculaires | |
WO1995022056A1 (fr) | Surfaces hautement specifiques pour reactions biologiques, procede pour leur preparation et procede pour leur utilisation | |
CA2225547C (fr) | Appareillage d'alignement parallele de macromolecules et utilisation | |
EP1779092A1 (fr) | Composant optique pour l'observation d'un echantillon nanometrique, systeme comprenant un tel composant, procede d'analyse mettant en oeuvre ce composant, et leurs applications | |
WO2011153211A1 (fr) | Appareil pour la mesure de forces centrifuges associées à des molécules | |
WO1998037234A1 (fr) | Procede de caracterisation de duplex d'acide nucleique | |
EP2167967B1 (fr) | Dispositif et procede d'identification et de determination de groupes sanguins | |
CA3015711A1 (fr) | Procede de determination des concentrations actives et/ou des constantes cinetiques d'interaction dans des echantillons biologiques complexes en resonance plasmonique de surface | |
Shrestha et al. | Application of printable antibody ink for solid-phase immobilization of ABO antibody using photoactive hydrogel for surface plasmon resonance imaging | |
El-Kirat-Chatel et al. | Probing bacterial adhesion at the single-molecule and single-cell levels by AFM-based force spectroscopy | |
EP1031836A1 (fr) | Procédé de détermination d'un analyte présent dans une solution | |
FR3106005A1 (fr) | Capteur de concentration d’especes en milieu liquide offrant une resolution augmentee | |
FR3075820A1 (fr) | Molecule d'adn double-brin pour la detection et la caracterisation des interactions moleculaires | |
EP1381862A2 (fr) | Procede de depot d'une molecule sur une surface | |
Bruvold | Macromolecular interactions at the single-molecule level-Fluctuation analysis of bound states | |
WO2023222842A1 (fr) | Micro-impression d'anticorps et de biomolecules pour le phenotypage et l'activation cellulaires | |
FR2882563A1 (fr) | Procede et dispositif pour separer des cibles moleculaires dans un melange complexe | |
FR2882564A1 (fr) | Procede et dispositif pour separer des cibles moleculaires dans un melange complexe | |
Wade | An evanescent perspective on cells | |
Hyötylä | Nanomechanics of confined polymer systems | |
FR2874695A1 (fr) | Procede et systeme d'analyse proteomique |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): CA JP US |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2282725 Country of ref document: CA Ref country code: CA Ref document number: 2282725 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP Ref document number: 1998 536341 Kind code of ref document: A Format of ref document f/p: F |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1998910803 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 09367890 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1998910803 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1998910803 Country of ref document: EP |