WO1998027092A1 - Thiazole compounds and methods of modulating signal transduction - Google Patents

Thiazole compounds and methods of modulating signal transduction Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998027092A1
WO1998027092A1 PCT/US1997/023521 US9723521W WO9827092A1 WO 1998027092 A1 WO1998027092 A1 WO 1998027092A1 US 9723521 W US9723521 W US 9723521W WO 9827092 A1 WO9827092 A1 WO 9827092A1
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Prior art keywords
mercapto
triazole
tetrazole
thien
thiazol
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PCT/US1997/023521
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Peng C. Tang
John Y. Ramphal
G. Davis Harris, Jr.
Asaad S. Nematalla
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Sugen, Inc.
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Priority to AU57103/98A priority Critical patent/AU5710398A/en
Publication of WO1998027092A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998027092A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/58—Nitro radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds capable of modulating and/or regulating the activity of phosphotyrosine phosphatases that regulate signal transduction. Specifically, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds for the treatment of diseases caused by dysfunctional signal transduction.
  • Cellular signal transduction is a fundamental mechanism whereby external stimuli that regulate diverse cellular processes are relayed to the interior of cells.
  • the biochemical pathways through which signals are transmitted within cells comprise a circuitry of directly or functionally connected interactive proteins.
  • One of the key biochemical mechanisms of signal transduction involves the reversible phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on proteins.
  • the phosphorylation state of a protein may affect its conformation and/or enzymic activity as well as its cellular location.
  • the phosphorylation state of a protein is modified through the reciprocal actions of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) at various specific tyrosine residues.
  • PTKs protein tyrosine kinases
  • PTPs protein tyrosine phosphatases
  • a common mechanism by which receptors regulate cell function is through an inducible tyrosine kinase activity which is either endogenous to the receptor or is imparted by other proteins that become associated with the receptor.
  • tyrosine kinases comprise a large family of transmembrane receptor and intracellular enzymes with multiple functional domains (Taylor et al . , 1992 Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 8:429-62).
  • RPTKs receptor protein tyrosine kinase
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • PDGFR platelet-derived growth factor receptor
  • Cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases such as Janus kinases (e.g., JAK1, JAK2 , TYK2 ) , Src kinases (e.g., src, lck, fyn) are associated with receptors for cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, erythropoietin) and interferons, and antigen receptors. These receptors also undergo oligomerization, and have tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated during activation, but the receptor polypeptides themselves do not possess kinase activity.
  • cytokines e.g., IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, erythropoietin
  • interferons e.g., interferons
  • the protein tyrosine phosphatases comprise a family of transmembrane and cytoplasmic enzymes, possessing at least an approximately 230 amino acid catalytic domain containing a highly conserved active site with the consensus motif [I/V]HCXAGXXR[S/T]G.
  • the substrates of PTPs may be PTKs which possess phosphotyrosine residues or the substrates of PTKs.
  • Transmembrane or receptor-like PTPs possess an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and one or two catalytic domains followed by a short cytoplasmic tail.
  • the extracellular domains of these RPTPs are highly divergent, with small glycosylated segments (e.g., RPTP ⁇ , RPTPe), tandem repeats of immunoglobulin-like and/or fibronectin type III domains (e.g., LAR) or carbonic anhydrase like domains (e.g., RPTP ⁇ , RPTPS) .
  • These extracellular features might suggest that these RPTPs function as a receptor on the cell surface, and their enzymatic activity might be modulated by ligands.
  • Intracellular or cytoplasmic PTPs such as PTP1C, PTPID
  • CPTPs Intracellular or cytoplasmic PTPs
  • PTP1C a hemopoietic cell CPTP is characterized by two Src- homology 2 (SH2) domains that recognize short peptide motifs bearing phosphotyrosine (pTyr) .
  • SH2 Src- homology 2
  • SH2- containing proteins are able to bind pTyr sites in activated receptors and cytoplasmic phosphoprotein ⁇ .
  • Another conserved domain known as SH3 binds to proteins with proline-rich regions.
  • a third type known as pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain has also been identified.
  • These modular domains have been found in both CPTKs and CPTPs as well as in non- catalytic adapter molecules, such as Grbs (Growth factor Receptor Bound) , which mediate protein-protein interactions between components of the signal transduction pathway (Skolnik et al . , 1991, Cell 65:83-90; Pawson, 1995, Nature 373:573-580) .
  • Multiprotein signaling complexes comprising receptor subunits, kinases, phosphatases and adapter molecules are assembled in subcellular compartments through the specific and dynamic interactions between these domains with their binding motifs.
  • Such signaling complexes integrate the extracellular signal from the ligand-bound receptor and relay the signal to other downstream signaling proteins or complexes in other locations inside the cell or in the nucleus (Koch et al . , 1991, Science 252:668-674; Pawson,
  • the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation required for normal cell growth and differentiation at any time are achieved through the coordinated action of PTKs and PTPs.
  • these two types of enzymes may either antagonize or cooperate with each other during signal transduction.
  • An imbalance between these enzymes may impair normal cell functions leading to metabolic disorders and cellular transformation.
  • insulin binding to the insulin receptor which is a PTK
  • triggers a variety of metabolic and growth promoting effects such as glucose transport, biosynthesis of glycogen and fats, DNA synthesis, cell division and differentiation.
  • Diabetes mellitus which is characterized by insufficient or a lack of insulin signal transduction can be caused by any abnormality at any step along the insulin signaling pathway.
  • PTKs such as HER2
  • HER2 can play a decisive role in the development of cancer (Slamon et al . , 1987, Science 235:77-82) and that antibodies capable of blocking the activity of this enzyme can abrogate tumor growth (Drebin et al . , 1988, Oncogene 2:387-394).
  • Blocking the signal transduction capability of tyrosine kinases such as Flk-1 and the PDGF receptor have been shown to block tumor growth in animal models (Millauer et al . , 1994, Nature 367:577; Ueno et al . , Science, 252:844-848).
  • RPTPs may play a role in human diseases.
  • ectopic expression of RPTPcc produces a transformed phenotype in embryonic fibroblasts (Zheng et al . , Nature 359:336-339), and overexpression of RPTP ⁇ in embryonal carcinoma cells causes the cells to differentiate into a cell type with neuronal phenotype (den Hertog et al . , EMBO J 12:3789-3798).
  • the gene for human RPTP ⁇ has been localized to chromosome 3p21 which is a segment frequently altered in renal and small lung carcinoma.
  • Mutations may occur in the extracellular segment of RPTP ⁇ which renders a RPTP that no longer respond to external signals (LaForgia et al . , Wary et al . , 1993, Cancer Res 52:478-482). Mutations in the gene encoding PTP1C (also known as HCP, SHP) are the cause of the motheaten phenotype in mice which suffer severe immunodeficiency, and systemic autoimmune disease accompanied by hyperproliferation of macrophages (Schultz et al . , 1993, Cell 73:1445-1454).
  • PTPID also known as Syp or PTP2C
  • PTP2C has been shown to bind through SH2 domains to sites of phosphorylation in PDGFR, EGFR and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) . Reducing the activity of PTPID by microinjection of anti-PTPID antibody has been shown to block insulin or EGF-induced mitogenesis (Xiao et al . , 1994, J Biol Chem 269:21244-21248).
  • Vanadates and pervanadates are known to be non-specific phosphatase inhibitors.
  • this class of compounds is toxic because each compound contains a heavy metal (U.S. Patent No. 5,155,031; Fantus et al . , 1989, Biochem., 28:8864-71; Swarup et al . , 1982, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107:1104-9).
  • the present invention is directed to the use of organic molecules capable of modulating and/or regulating signal transduction.
  • the invention is further directed to the use of the compounds to inhibit the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) .
  • PTPs protein tyrosine phosphatases
  • the invention therefore encompasses methods of inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase activity by contacting cells with an effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention encompasses methods of treating disease states in mammals, including humans, which are ameliorated by modulating and/or regulating signal transduction through the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.
  • Such disease states or disorders include but are not limited to diabetes and cancer.
  • alkyl as used herein is meant a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s- butyl, t-butyl, n-amyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl and n- decyl.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl are used to mean straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups having from 2 to 10 carbons and unsaturated by a double or triple bond respectively, such as vinyl, allyl, propargyl, l-methylvinyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-2-ynyl, 1 methylbut-2-enyl, pent- 1-enyl, pent-3-enyl, 3-methylbut-l-ynyl, 1 , 1-dimethylallyl , hex-2-enyl and 1-methyl-l-ethylallyl.
  • phenylalkyl means the aforementioned alkyl groups substituted by a phenyl group such as benzyl, phenethyl, phenopropyl, l-benzylethyl , phenobutyl and 2-benzylpropyl.
  • aryl as used herein is meant to include a monocyclic or bicyclic rings, wherein at least one ring is aromatic including aromatic hydrocarbons or hetero-aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • hydroxy-alkyl means the aforementioned alkyl groups substituted by a single hydroxyl group such as 2- hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4- hydroxybutyl, 1-hydroxybutyl and 6-hydroxyhexyl .
  • alkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, alkylthio, hydroxy- alkylthio and phenyl-alkylthio as used herein mean the aforementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy-alkyl and phenyl-alkyl groups linked through a sulfur atom to group R.
  • substituted means that the group in question, e.g., alkyl group, aryl group, etc., may bear one or more substituents including but not limited to halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mercapto, carboxy and other substituents known to those skilled in the art.
  • saturated means an organic compound with neither double or triple bonds.
  • unsaturated as used herein means an organic compound containing either double or triple bonds.
  • the present invention is directed to the use of compounds capable of modulating or regulating signal transduction in normal or diseased cells.
  • the present invention is also directed to the use of compounds capable of inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) for modulating or triggering signal transduction.
  • PTPs protein tyrosine phosphatases
  • the invention is further directed to the regulation of cellular processes that are controlled by signal transduction through the inhibition of the activity of PTPs by the compounds.
  • the invention further provides for the use of such compounds in the treatment of a subject having a disorder caused by dysfunctional signal transduction.
  • the compounds of the invention are capable of inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, that are transmembrane or intracellular, and that may have one or more characteristic catalytic domains.
  • the amino acid sequences of the PTPs in the catalytic domains may include but are not limited to [I/V]HCXAGXXR[S/T]G (single-letter amino acid code; X is any amino acid) .
  • the PTPs may possess one or more modular conserved domains, which include but are not limited to, SH2, SH3 and PH domains.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to inhibit the phosphatase activity of PTP1B (Charbonneau et al., 1989, Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA, 86: 5252-5256), T-cell PTP (Cool et al., 1989, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86: 5257-
  • PTP1C (Shen et al., 1991, Nature, 352: 736-739), PTPID (Vogel et al., 1993, Science 259: 1611-1614), RPTP , RPTP3, RPTP ⁇ (Kaplan et al., 1990, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87: 7000- 7004), RPTP ⁇ (Yan et al., 1993, J Biol Chem 268: 24880- 24886), RPTPK (Jiang et al., 1993, Mol Cell Biol, 13: 2942- 2951) and CD45 (Charbonneau et al., 1988, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 7182-7186).
  • the PTPs preferred in the invention are of human origin. Inhibition of phosphatase activity that is substantially specific to a PTP or a set of PTPs in a signaling pathway is preferred. While the inhibition of phosphatase activity is believed to be the mechanism of action of the compounds of the present invention with respect to their ability to modulate and/or regulate signal transduction, additional mechanisms have not been ruled out.
  • signal transduction is not limited to transmembrane signaling, and includes the multiple pathways that branch off throughout the cell and into the nucleus.
  • signaling pathways may include but are not limited to the Ras pathway (Schlessinger , 1994, Curr Opin Genet Dev 4:25-30), the JAK/STAT pathways (Sadowski et al . , 1994, Science 261:1739-1744), the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway and the phospholipase C- ⁇ pathway.
  • modulation or “modulating” shall mean upregulation or downregulation of a signaling pathway.
  • Cellular processes under the control of signal transduction may include, but are not limited to, transcription of specific genes; normal cellular functions, such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, apoptosis and survival; as well as abnormal processes, such as transformation, blocking of differentiation and metastasis.
  • a signal may be triggered by the binding of a ligand to its receptor on the cell surface, and the signal is transduced and propagated by the phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues on various substrates inside the cell.
  • the specific interactions between the PTKs, PTPs and their substrates may involve the formation of a transient or stable multimolecular complex on the inner face of the plasma membrane or in other subcellular compartments including the nucleus.
  • a substrate may contain one or more tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated or dephosphorylated by PTKs or PTPs in the signaling pathway.
  • Such substrates may include the receptor and its subunits, molecules associated with or recruited to the receptor such as cytoplasmic kinases, cytoplasmic phosphatases, adapter molecules, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors.
  • the term receptor as used herein may include, but is not limited to, insulin receptor, members of the insulin-like growth factor receptor family, epidermal growth factor receptor family, fibroblast growth factor receptor family, hepatocyte growth factor receptor family, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor family, neurotrophin receptor (trk) famiy, the T-cell receptor, the B cell receptor and members of the Type I-IV cytokine receptor families (Heldin, 1995, Cell. 80: 213-223; Taniguchi, 1995, Science, 268: 251-255).
  • Adapter molecules that are substrates may include the Grb proteins, IRS-l, Zap-70 and She (Pawson et al., 1995, Nature 373: 573-580). Cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and transcription factors such as the STAT proteins (Ihle et al . , Trends Biochem Sci, 19:222-227) may also serve as substrates.
  • the term ligand is synonymous with extracellular signaling molecules, and includes but is not limited to growth factors such as insulin, EGF, PDGF, fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neurotrophins; and cytokines such as growth hormone, erythropoietin, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins and interferons.
  • the term ligand is not limited to soluble molecules, and includes; for example, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules as well as antigenic peptides associated with the major histocompatibility complex proteins on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to trigger or upregulate signal transduction in cells so that the effect of ligand binding to a receptor is enhanced, or mimicked if the ligand is not present.
  • the compounds exert the effect by inhibiting or diminishing the activity of a phosphatase in the signaling pathway which normally acts negatively toward signaling.
  • PTPs normally downregulate signal transduction involves the dephosphorylation of specific phosphotyrosine residues (pTyr) on PTKs and their substrates since many PTKs require phosphorylation of some of its own tyrosine residues in order to become optimally active in the signaling pathway.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to prevent the dephosphorylation of pTyr residues on receptors or their subunits which normally becomes phosphorylated upon ligand binding, thereby enhancing the extent and duration of PTK phosphorylation.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be used to prevent the dephosphorylation of PTKs in which the tyrosine residues become autophosphorylated or transphosphorylated due to its basal activity.
  • a signal may be triggered by the compounds of the invention in the absence of ligand binding since the basal activity of PTKs is sufficient to promote a signal if constitutive PTP activity is inhibited or diminished by the compounds.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of triggering, enhancing or sustaining insulin receptor signal transduction by inhibiting the constitutive dephosphorylation of the pTyr sites on the activated insulin receptor. This would allow the insulin receptor to remain phosphorylated, thus enhancing or sustaining the insulin signal. Furthermore, since it has been shown that insulin receptor is phosphorylated at a low level even in the absence of insulin (Goldstein, 1992, J. Cell Biol., 48:33-42), the compounds of the invention can be used to trigger a signal, even in the absence of insulin, by allowing the tyrosine residues on the receptor to become self-phosphorylated.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to upregulate or prolong signal transduction by preventing the dephosphorylation of pTyr sites on substrate proteins that normally serve as binding sites for SH2-containing proteins which promote signaling.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used to prevent the dephosphorylation of specific pTyr residues on any substrate, which pTyr residues are essential to the transmissions or propagation of the signal. Furthermore, the compounds of the invention may be used to prevent the dephosphorylation of specific pTyr residues on any substrate, which pTyr residues are inhibitory to signal transduction.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be used to suppress or downregulate signal transduction in cells so that the effect of ligand binding to a receptor is abolished or attenuated.
  • the compounds can inhibit a phosphatase in a signaling pathway which normally acts positively toward signaling.
  • PTPs promote signaling through the activation of members of the Src family of PTKs.
  • Src family PTKs have an inhibitory site of phosphorylation in their carboxy termini which by dephosphorylation activates the kinase activity.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to prevent the dephosphorylation of the inhibitory pTyr in the carboxy termini of kinases which function normally to promote signal transductions.
  • Src family PTKs may include Src, Fyn, Lck, Lyn, Blk, Hck, Fgr and Yrk.
  • Other kinases which may be similarly regulated by a phosphatase may include Fak and Csk (Taniguchi, 1995, Science 268: 251-255).
  • Various procedures known in the art may be used for identifying, evaluating or assaying the inhibition of activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases by the compounds of the invention.
  • assays involve exposing target cells in culture to the compounds and a) biochemically analyzing cell lysates to assess the level and/or identity of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins; or (b) scoring phenotypic or functional changes in treated cells as compared to control cells that were not exposed to the test substance.
  • the cells are exposed to the compound of the invention and compared to positive controls which are exposed only to the natural ligand, and to negative controls which were not exposed to either the compound or the natural ligand.
  • the assay may be carried out in the absence of the ligand.
  • the cells are exposed to the compound of the invention in the presence of the natural ligand and compared to controls which are not exposed to the compound of the invention.
  • the assays described hereinbelow may be used as a primary screen to evaluate the phosphatase inhibition activity of the compounds of the invention.
  • the assays may also be used to assess the relative potency of a compound by testing a range of concentrations, in a range from lOO ⁇ M to 1 pM, for example, and computing the concentration at which the amount of phosphorylation or signal transduction is reduced or increased by 50% (IC50) compared to controls. 5.1.1. Biochemical Assays
  • Target cells having a substrate molecule that is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated on a tyrosine residue during signal transduction are exposed to the compounds of the invention and radiolabelled phosphate, and thereafter, lysed to release cellular contents, including the substrate of interest.
  • the substrate may be analyzed by separating the protein components of the cell lysate using a sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique, in either one or two dimensions, and detecting the presence of phosphorylated proteins by exposing to X-ray film.
  • SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • the protein components separated by SDS-PAGE are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, the presence of pTyr is detected using an antiphosphotyrosine (anti-pTyr) antibody.
  • anti-pTyr antiphosphotyrosine
  • the substrate of interest be first isolated by incubating the cell lysate with a substrate-specific anchoring antibody bound to a solid support, and thereafter, washing away non-bound cellular components, and assessing the presence or absence of pTyr on the solid support by an anti-pTyr antibody.
  • This preferred method can readily be performed in a microtitre plate format by an automated robotic system, allowing for testing of large numbers of samples within a reasonably short time frame. Compounds of the present invention were identified and evaluated by this preferred method as described in sections infra.
  • the anti-pTyr antibody can be detected by labelling it with a radioactive substance which facilitates its detection by autoradiography.
  • the anti-pTyr antibody can be conjugated with an enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase, and detected by subsequent addition of a calorimetric substrate for the enzyme.
  • a further alternative involves detecting the anti-pTyr antibody by reacting with a second antibody which recognizes the anti-pTyr antibody, this second antibody being labelled with either a radioactive substance or an enzyme as previously described. Any other methods for the detection of an antibody known in the art may be used.
  • the above methods may also be used in a cell-free system wherein cell lysate containing the signal-transducing substrate molecule and phosphatase is mixed with a compound of the invention and a kinase.
  • the substrate is phosphorylated by initiating the kinase reaction by the addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) .
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • the reaction mixture may be analyzed by the SDS-PAGE technique or it may be added to substrate-specific anchoring antibody bound to a solid support, and a detection procedure as described above is performed on the separated or captured substrate to assess the presence or absence of pTyr . The results are compared to those obtained with reaction mixtures to which the compound is not added.
  • the cell-free system does not require the natural ligand or knowledge of its identity.
  • Posner et al . U.S. Patent No. 5,155,031
  • Posner et al . describes the use of insulin receptor as a substrate and rat adipocytes as target cells to demonstrate the ability of pervanadate to inhibit PTP activity.
  • Burke et al . (1994, Biochem Biophys Res Comm 204:129-134) describes the use of autophosphorylated insulin receptor and recombinant PTP1B in assessing the inhibitory activity of a phosphotyrosyl mimetic.
  • the ability of the compounds of the invention to modulate the activity of PTPs, which controls signal transduction, may also be measured by scoring for morphological or functional changes associated with ligand binding. Any qualitative or quantitative techniques known in the art may be applied for observing and measuring cellular processes which comes under the control of phosphatases in a signaling pathway. Such cellular processes may include, but are not limited to, anabolic and catabolic processes, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, cell migration and cell death. The techniques that have been used for investigating the various biological effects of vanadate as a phosphatase inhibitor may be adapted for use with the compounds of the invention.
  • vanadate has been shown to activate an insulin-sensitive facilitated transport system for glucose and glucose analogs in rat adipocytes (Dubyak et al . , 1980, J Biol Chem 256:5306-5312).
  • the activity of the compounds of the invention may be assessed by measuring the increase in the rate of transport of glucose analog, such as 2-deoxy- 3 H- glucose, in rat adipocytes that have been exposed to the compounds.
  • Vanadate also mimic the effect of insulin on glucose oxidation in rat adipocytes (Shechter et al . , 1980, Nature 284:556-558).
  • the compounds of the invention may be tested for stimulation of glucose oxidation by measuring the conversion of 14 C-glucose to 14 C0 2 .
  • the effect of sodium orthovanadate on erythropoietin-mediated cell proliferation has been measured by cell cycle analysis based on DNA content as estimated by incorporation of tritiated thymidine during DNA synthesis (Spivak et al . , 1992, Exp Hematol, 20:500-504).
  • the activity of the compounds of the invention toward phosphatases that play a role in cell proliferation may be assessed by cell cycle analysis.
  • the activity of the compounds of the invention can also be assessed in animals using experimental models of disorders caused by or related to dysfunctional signal transduction.
  • the activity of the compounds may be tested for its effect on insulin receptor signal transduction in non- obese diabetic mice (Lund et al . , 1990, Nature 345:727-729), BB Wistar rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (Solomon et al . , 1989, Am J Med Sci 297:372-376).
  • the activity of the compounds may also be assessed in animal carcinogenesis experiments since phosphatases can play an important role in dysfunctional signal transduction leading to cellular transformation.
  • okadaic acid a phosphatase inhibitor, has been shown to promote tumor formation on mouse skin (Suganuma et al . , 1988, Proc Natl Acad Sci 85:1768-1771).
  • the data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in humans.
  • the dosage of the compounds of the invention should lie within a range of circulating concentrations with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending on the dosage form employed and the route of administration.
  • the present invention encompasses compounds capable of regulating and/or modulating signal transduction by, including but not limited to, inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases. More specifically, the present invention encompasses compounds capable of inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. These compounds will be referred to herein generically as "phosphatase inhibitors", even though these compounds either upregulate or downregulate cellular processes that are controlled by signal transduction. Generally, the compounds of the present invention are thiazole, preferably nitrothiazole, compounds or derivatives thereof. The compounds of this invention are represented by the following structures:
  • the invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds.
  • the thiazole or nitrothiazole portion of the molecule may be coupled by a sulfur, nitrogen, carbon or oxygen linkage to another ring, e.g., a heterocycle.
  • the thiazole or nitrothiazole may be coupled to the following moieties:
  • R x or R 2 or R 4 above is independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, amino, amido, carboxy, acylamino, hydroxy, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, e.g., benzyl; aryloxy, e.g., phenoxy; substituted arylalkyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, amino sulfone, a five or six membered heterocyclic ring containing 0 to 3 hetero atoms which are either sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen, which heterocyclic ring may be substituted or unsubstituted; or R x and R 2 may form a substituted or unsubstituted five or six member ring which may be unsaturated, aromatic or hetero aromatic;
  • R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl; arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl; and n is 0 to 5.
  • Preferred structures are:
  • examples of R are cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, adamantyl, tetrahydroquinoline, tetrahydropyrazole, as well as substituted derivatives thereof.
  • R 4 and R 3 are as defined below in Table I. TABLE I
  • the compounds of the present invention are election-accepting compounds, some of which have been reported as light sensitive agents for photographic materials.
  • the invention may be a compound of the structure below:
  • A may be:
  • sulfur linkage between the thiazole or nitrothiazole ring and the adjacent ring can be substituted by an amino linkage, e .g. , -NR 5 - such as in the compound below:
  • A is as defined above, and R 5 is hydrogen, alkyl and substituted C ⁇ C s alkyl.
  • the sulfur linkage can be replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen or carbon linkage as set forth in the examples.
  • Such compounds also possess potent activity in inhibiting or promoting phosphatase activity.
  • the invention encompasses the above described compounds wherein the thio linkage is replaced by an amino linkage.
  • the present invention is further directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of the above-described compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • Such a composition is believed to inhibit the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases which may be useful in treatment of diseases related to dysfunctional signal transduction, including diabetes and cancer.
  • such composition may act directly on the cells responsible for the disease (e . g. , tumor cells).
  • compositions of the present invention may be included in methods for treating, among other diseases, diabetic retinopathy, glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, hemangioma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer.
  • the present invention is also directed to methods for treating diseases, including but not limited to diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangioma and cancer and more particularly cancer related to solid cell tumor growth (e . g. , glioblastoma, melanoma and Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian, lung, mammary, prostate, pancreatic, colon and epidermoid carcinoma) .
  • diseases including but not limited to diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangioma and cancer and more particularly cancer related to solid cell tumor growth (e . g. , glioblastoma, melanoma and Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian, lung, mammary, prostate, pancreatic, colon and epidermoid carcinoma) .
  • diseases including but not limited to diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangioma and cancer and more
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compound and which are obtained by reaction with inorganic acids or bases such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • inorganic acids or bases such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • the invention is further directed, where applicable, to solvated as well as unsolvated forms of the compounds (e.g., hydrated forms) having the ability to regulate and/or modulate phosphatase activity.
  • the compounds described above may be prepared by any process known to be applicable to the preparation of chemically-
  • the identified compounds can be administered to a human patient, by itself, or in pharmaceutical compositions where it is mixed with suitable carriers or excipient(s) at doses to treat or ameliorate a variety of disorders, including solid cell tumor growth, including Kaposi's sarcoma, glioblastoma, and melanoma and ovarian, lung, mammary, prostate, pancreatic, colon and epidermoid carcinoma, diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, hemangioma and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • a therapeutically effective dose further refers to that amount of the compound sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms of uncontrolled vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
  • the formulations of the present invention normally will consist of at least one compound of formula I mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed or encapsulated by an ingestible carrier in the form of a capsule, sachet, cachet, paper or other container or by a disposable container such as an ampoule.
  • a carrier or diluent may be a solid, semi-solid or liquid material, which serves as a vehicle, excipient or medium for the active therapeutic substance.
  • diluents or carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, propylene glycol, liquid paraffin, white soft paraffin, kaolin, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium silicate, silica polyvinylpyrrolidone, cetostearyl alcohol, starch, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, cocoa butter, oil of theobroma, arachis oil, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, syrup B.P., methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, ethyl lactate and propylhydroxybenzoate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate and oleyl alcohol.
  • Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include oral, rectal, trans ucosal, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections; transdermal, topical, vaginal and the like.
  • Dosage forms include but are not limited to tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, suppositories, solutions, capsules, creams, patches, minipumps and the like.
  • one may administer the compound in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the compound directly into a solid tumor, often in a depot or sustained release formulation.
  • a targeted drug delivery system for example, in a liposome coated with tumor-specific antibody. The liposomes will be targeted to and taken up selectively by the tumor.
  • compositions of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
  • compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • the agents of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.
  • compositions for oral use can be obtained solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) .
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichloroflu
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi- dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form.
  • suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.
  • Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglyceride ⁇ , or liposomes.
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier for the hydrophobic compounds is a cosolvent system comprising benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase.
  • the cosolvent system may be the VPD co-solvent system.
  • VPD is a solution of 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant polysorbate 80, and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300, made up to volume in absolute ethanol.
  • the VPD co-solvent system (VPD:5W) consists of VPD diluted 1:1 with a 5% dextrose in water solution. This cosolvent system dissolves hydrophobic compounds well, and itself produces low toxicity upon systemic administration.
  • co-solvent system may be varied considerably without destroying its solubility and toxicity characteristics.
  • identity of the co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other low- toxicity nonpolar surfactants may be used instead of polysorbate 80; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
  • other delivery systems for hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drugs.
  • Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide also may be employed, although usually at the cost of greater toxicity.
  • the compounds may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the therapeutic agent.
  • sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days.
  • additional strategies for protein stabilization may be employed.
  • compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients.
  • suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices including Alzet ® osmotic pumps which are available from Alza Corporation. Suitable delivery devices are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 3,944,064 and 4,008,719, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.
  • phosphatase modulating compounds of the invention may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents that are the corresponding free base forms .
  • compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount effective to prevent development of or to alleviate the existing symptoms of the subject being treated. Determination of the effective amounts is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating concentration range that includes the IC50 as determined in cell culture (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of the PTP activity) . Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
  • a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compound that results in amelioration of symptoms or a prolongation of survival in a patient.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) .
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio between LD50 and ED50.
  • Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of 5 administration utilized.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g., Fingl et al . , 1975, in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch. 1 pi).
  • 0 Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the phosphatase modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC) .
  • MEC minimal effective concentration
  • the MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data; e.g., 5 the concentration necessary to achieve a 50-90% inhibition of the phosphatase using the assays described herein. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma 0 concentrations.
  • Dosage intervals can also be determined using the MEC value.
  • Compounds should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 5 50-90%.
  • Usual patient dosages for systemic administration range from 1 to 2000 mg/day, commonly from 1 to 250 mg/day, and typically from 10 to 150 mg/day. Stated in terms of patient body weight, usual dosages range from 0.02 to 25 mg/kg/day,
  • the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.
  • composition administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician. Desirable blood levels may be maintained by a continuous infusion of the compound as ascertained by plasma levels measured by HPLC. It should be noted that the attending physician would know how to and when to terminate, interrupt or adjust therapy to lower dosage due to toxicity, or bone marrow, liver or kidney dysfunctions. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust treatment to higher levels if the clinical response is not adequate (precluding toxicity) .
  • a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of the compound in the acute or chronic management of disease will vary with the severity of the condition to be treated and the route of administration. Again, it should be noted that the clinician or physician would know when to interrupt and/or adjust the treatment dose due to toxicity or bone marrow, liver or kidney dysfunctions.
  • the dose, and perhaps the dosage frequency will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient.
  • the total daily dose ranges for the compounds for the majority of the disorders described herein is from about 0.02 to about 25 mg/kg patient.
  • a daily dose range should be between about 0.02 to about 3 mg/kg, while most preferably a daily dose range should be between about 0.2 to about 1.5 mg/kg per day.
  • compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
  • the pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • Compositions comprising a compound of the invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labelled for treatment of an indicated condition. Suitable conditions indicated on the label may include treatment of a tumor, such as a glioma or glioblastoma and inhibition of angiogenesis.
  • any compound of the invention which inhibits or diminishes the PTP activity in a signaling pathway may be used in the therapeutic methods of the invention.
  • the activity of the compound is sufficiently specific for the PTPs in the pathway so that the compound does not interfere with the function of other phosphatases in the cell.
  • the compounds of the invention may be identified and evaluated by, for example; methods described in section 7 infra.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be used for treating diabetes mellitus.
  • the pathogenesis of diabetes generally involves insufficient or a total lack of insulin signal transduction.
  • the paucity or absence of the insulin signal may be caused by a variety of reasons such as a lack of insulin, loss of binding affinity, defective receptor or underexpression of receptor.
  • Insulin receptor activity can be modulated by inhibiting the phosphatases in the signaling using the compounds of the invention.
  • the insulin signal may be restored or stimulated in cells through the inhibition of dephosphorylating activity, even in the absence of insulin.
  • the example of diabetes mellitus illustrates the principles of therapeutic applications of the invention which may be applied to other disorders that implicate signal transduction by phosphotyrosine phosphatases.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be used to treat immune disorders in which cytokine signal transduction is deficient.
  • Cytokines plays a crucial role in hemopoiesis as well as coordinating immune and inflammatory responses.
  • the compounds may be used to replace or enhance the activity of a cytokine in signaling the differentiation and proliferation of hemopoietic cells, as well as B and T cells in response to antigenic stimulation, and thus be useful for treating anemia and immunodeficiency.
  • the compounds may also be used as an anti- inflammatory agent to treat disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the compounds may also be therapeutically useful in treating neurodegenerative diseases by stimulating the growth and differentiation of neuronal cells which is regulated by neurotrophin-mediated signal transduction.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be used to treat cancer, such as glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, hemangioma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, liver, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer, in which the malignant cells proliferate and/or meta ⁇ tasize as a result of uncontrolled signal transduction mediated by growth factors.
  • cancer such as glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, hemangioma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, liver, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer
  • overexpression of a PTK such as HER2 has been shown to correlate with the aberrant growth characteristics of tumor cells.
  • Vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis that facilitates tumor growth may also be inhibited by the compounds.
  • the compounds may modulate signal transduction in these tumor cells so that normal growth characteristics are restored.
  • the compounds may also be useful in treating psoria
  • the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized from readily available materials using standard organic synthetic chemistry techniques. Further preparation routes may be found in the literature and relevant art. Provided below are specific examples of compounds within the scope of the present invention. These compounds are within the scope of the structures described above.
  • the starting material 2-bromo-5-nitrothiazole was prepared by treating 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole (Aldrich) with sodium nitrite and hydrogen bromide (Fr. Demande 2,015,434,
  • Chem . Soc . (1949) 1163) was prepared by first reacting benzoyl chloride with thiosemicarbazide in pyridine at 0 °C to give benzoyl thiosemicarbazide. Benzoyl thiosemicarbazide was treated with potassium hydroxide in ethanol to give 3- phenyl-1 , , 4-triazole-5-thione . 3-Phenyl-l , 2 , 4-triazole-5- thione (1.77 g) was then dissolved in 50 mL of ethanol and treated with 0.57 g of 95 % sodium methoxide, and then with
  • Example 1 The title compound was prepared in the manner described in Example 1. Substituting pivaloyl chloride for the benzoyl chloride in Example 1 gave pivaloyl thiosemicarbazide and then 3-t-butyl-l, 2, 4-triazole-5-thione. Reaction of 1.79 g of the sodium salt of the thione with 2.09 g of 2-bromo-5- nitrothiazole as in Example 1 yielded 1 g of 2-[(5-nitro- thiazol-2-yl)mercapto]-5-t-butyl-l, 2 , 4-triazole, a yellow solid, MP 219-221°C.
  • Example 1 The title compound was prepared in the manner described in Example 1. Substituting the acid chloride of thiophene-2- carboxylic acid (prepared from the acid and oxalyl chloride) for the benzoyl chloride in Example 1 gave the thiosemicarbazide of thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and then 3-(thien-2-yl)-l,2,4-triazole-5-thione.
  • Example 1 The title compound was prepared in the manner described in Example 1. Substituting 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride for the benzoyl chloride in Example 1 gave 4-chlorobenzoyl thiosemicarbazide and then 3- (4-chlorophenyl) -1, 2 , 4-triazole-
  • the title compound was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 5 starting with benzyl isothiocyanate.
  • the intermediate 4-benzyl-3- thiose icarbazide (1.81 g) was treated with ethyl chloroformate (1.09 g) as in Example 5.
  • the reaction product
  • example 1 The general procedure of example 1 is used to prepare the following compounds using the identified starting 5 mercaptan.
  • a mixture of 1 equivalent each of 2-bromo-5- nitrothiazole and the corresponding mercaptan (thiol) in either tetrahydrofuran or ethanol or a mixture of both is stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. If starting materials are still present, the reaction is heated at 50°C 0 for 24 hrs. The mixture is then diluted with ethyl acetate and dilutesodium carbonate solution. The organic extract is then washed with water, brine, dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. After concentration, the crude product is purified either by column chromatography or crystallization.
  • Starting 5 substituted mercaptans (thiols) are either prepared according to the literature or obtained through a commercial source.
  • Example 18 Compound 18. 5 l-Ethylaminocarbonyl-5-nitro-2- [ (5-nitrothiazol-2- yl) mercapto] benzimidazole
  • Example 26 Compound 26. 2- (2-Chloroethylmercapto) -5-[ [2-[ (5-nitrothiazol-2- yl) mercapto] -1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-5-yl ]mercapto] -1, 3,4- thiadiazole
  • Example 39 Compound 39 .
  • Example 47 Compound 47. l-Cyclohexyl-4 , 5-di (ethoxycarbonyl) -2- [ (5-nitrothiazol-2- yl) mercapto] imidazole
  • Example 49 Compound 49. 3 , 7-Dihydroxy-5-[ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)mercapto] -4- propylimidazo[4 , 5-d]pyrazine
  • Example 50 Compound 50.
  • Example 57 Compound 57. l-Ethyl-5- [ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl) mercapto] tetrazole Starting mercaptan: l-ethyl-5-mercaptotetrazole
  • Example 58 Compound 58. l-Carboxymethyl-5- [ ( 5-nitrothiazol-2-yl) mercapto] tetrazole Starting mercaptan: l-carboxymethyl-5-mercaptotetrazole
  • Example 60 Compound 60.
  • Example 61 Compound 61. 2-Methylmercapto-5-[ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl) mercapto] -1, 3 , 4- thiadiazole
  • Example 63 Compound 63.
  • Example 69 Compound 69.
  • Example 73 Compound 73.
  • Example 80 Compound 80. l-Benzyl-5-[ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl) mercapto] tetrazole
  • Example 82 Compound 82. l-Cyclohexyl-5-[ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)mercapto] tetrazole Starting mercaptan: l-cyclohexyl-5-mercaptotetrazole
  • Example 88 Compound 88. l-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-[ (5-nitrothiazol-2- yl) mercapto] tetrazole
  • Example 94 Compound 94. l-Isopropyl-2- [ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl) ercapto] benzimidazole
  • Example 95 Compound 95. l-Isopropyl-2- [ (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl) mercapto] -5- (trifluoromethyl) benzimidazole
  • Nl- (4-Methoxyphenylaminothiocarbonyl) -N2- (thien-2- carbonyl) hydrazine (1 g) and 0.2 g of sodium ethoxide in 10 mL of ethanol are refluxed for 6 hours.
  • the mixture is cooled and the precipitate collected by vacuum filtration and dried to give 0.6 g of the title compound as an off-white solid.
  • 4- (4-Methoxyphenyl) -5- (thien-2-yl) -1, 2 , 4-triazol-3-thione (0.5 g) and 0.4 g of 2-bromo-5-nitrothiazole in 50 mL of acetonitrile are refluxed for 6 hours.
  • the solvent is concentrated to give crude product which is collected by 5 vacuum filtration.
  • the crude product is crystallized from ethanol and dried to give 0.6 g of the desired triazole compound as an off- white solid.
  • Butanoyl hydrazide is prepared according to the general method of Al Vogel, Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, 1956 (Longman Group, London) p 395. Ten grams of ethyl butanoate is refluxed in 10 L of hydrazine hydrate for 15 minutes. Absolute ethanol is added, reflux is continued for 3 hours, and the ethanol distilled. The solution is cooled and the crystalline hydrazide isolated by vacuum filtration and dried to give 8 g of butanoyl hydrazide.
  • Example 105 By substituting 1.7 g of butanoyl hydrazide for the formic acid hydrazide in Example 105, 0.6 g of the desired triazole compound is obtained as an off-white solid.
  • Example 97 In a manner similar to that described in Example 97 the following 1, 5-di-substituted triazoles can be prepared from their corresponding aminothiazoles, isothiocyanates and hydrazides.
  • the isothiocyanates are commercially available or may be prepared from their amines according to the general method of LF Fieser and M Fieser 1: p 844-845 (John Wiley, New York) for phenylisothiocyanate.
  • the aminothiazoles are commercially available.
  • the hydrazides are commercially available or may be prepared from their corresponding carboxylic acids or esters.

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