WO1998012491A1 - Dispositif et procede de deshydratation - Google Patents

Dispositif et procede de deshydratation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998012491A1
WO1998012491A1 PCT/SE1997/001532 SE9701532W WO9812491A1 WO 1998012491 A1 WO1998012491 A1 WO 1998012491A1 SE 9701532 W SE9701532 W SE 9701532W WO 9812491 A1 WO9812491 A1 WO 9812491A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radiation
weight
ceramic material
chromate
dehydration
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1997/001532
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English (en)
Inventor
Rustam Rahimov
Alexander Rodkevich
Vadim Dzekanovski
Mikhail Zenov
Vladimir Dembinski
Alexander Krupin
Bengt Eriksson
Original Assignee
Rustam Rahimov
Alexander Rodkevich
Vadim Dzekanovski
Mikhail Zenov
Vladimir Dembinski
Alexander Krupin
Bengt Eriksson
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rustam Rahimov, Alexander Rodkevich, Vadim Dzekanovski, Mikhail Zenov, Vladimir Dembinski, Alexander Krupin, Bengt Eriksson filed Critical Rustam Rahimov
Priority to AU44055/97A priority Critical patent/AU4405597A/en
Publication of WO1998012491A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998012491A1/fr

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B9/00—Machines or apparatus for drying solid materials or objects at rest or with only local agitation; Domestic airing cupboards
    • F26B9/06—Machines or apparatus for drying solid materials or objects at rest or with only local agitation; Domestic airing cupboards in stationary drums or chambers
    • F26B9/066—Machines or apparatus for drying solid materials or objects at rest or with only local agitation; Domestic airing cupboards in stationary drums or chambers the products to be dried being disposed on one or more containers, which may have at least partly gas-previous walls, e.g. trays or shelves in a stack
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    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/16—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay
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    • C04B35/18—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay rich in aluminium oxide
    • C04B35/185—Mullite 3Al2O3-2SiO2
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device and process for dehydration.
  • Processes of dehydration are generally employed for concentration of solutions and for evaporation of water from firm substances (drying of firm substances) .
  • Transition of water from liquid to vapour occurs at different temperatures, depending on the mode of boiling or evaporation.
  • a heat carrier hot air superheated air, gas flow etc. which directly affect the material to be dehydrated;
  • the material to be dehydrated is placed in the vicinity of electro- heating elements (halogen lamps, resistance coils, electroheaters etc.) ;
  • the drawbacks with this method are high costs for the equipment, increased power consumption, decreased efficiency of the high-frequency currents when the humidity of the material is decreasing and also the risk that the properties of the dehydrated material are changed due to effects of the electrical field.
  • One object of the present invention is to make it possible to actively dehydrate various organic and inorganic substances and solutions by means of thermal radiation in a narrow wavelength band affecting the humidity of the material to be dehydrated.
  • special ceramic materials according to the present invention it is possible to dehydrate a material without significantly increasing the temperature and without subjecting it to the effects of an electrical field. This is due to the fact that the materials of the invention are used as a special cover through which the heat radiation for dehydration is transferred.
  • the materials are based on ceramics and complex compositions which include oxides of elements from groups 3 and 4 of the periodic table and stabilizing additives. The stabilizers are added to impart improved thermal, chemical and physical properties.
  • the spe- cial cover transforms heat radiation from a source such as a halogen lamp, coil, electroheater, to radiation within a narrow, infrared range (1.8 to 54 ⁇ m) . It is the IR radiation in the lower part of the range which is most effective for dehydration.
  • the chosen radiation range is one in which the object to be dehydrated is unaffected while water shows maximal absorption.
  • the generated radiation sublimates the water, which is evaporated with high efficiency while the temperature of the object is substantially unaffected. This provides high efficiency of the process and high quality of the final product.
  • the material of the invention has been tested in processes for drying (dehydration) of various objects such as ferment, proteins, blood, hides, fabrics, foodstuff, wood, various ceramic items, such as bricks, tiles and plates, raw materials and products of the chemical industry.
  • the power consumption is decreased 1.5 to 4 times, the properties of the dried objects are preserved, drying cycles are reduced 3 to 5 times, the working costs are reduced up to 10 times and the active saprohyte microflora is declined.
  • the special ceramic material according to the present invention is ob- tained by preparation of one of the combinations, which are described below.
  • the prepared combination gives a ceramic structure based on a rare earth chromium oxide or a structure containing silica which surprisingly shows improved thermal, chemical and physical properties. Furthermore, this combination makes it possible to heat the structure with high rate of heating.
  • the rare earth chromium oxide has the general formula RCr ⁇ 3, wherein R is anyone of lanthanum, neodymium and samarium, preferably lanthanum or neodymium, and most preferably lanthanum.
  • the stabilizing additives include alkaline earth spinels of the type MgAl2 ⁇ 4 j MrO:Al2 ⁇ 3 or CuO:Al2 ⁇ 3, and most preferably MgAl2 ⁇ 4 optimal amounts of alkaline earth zirconate or alkaline earth hafniate preferably CaZr ⁇ 3 or CaHf ⁇ 3 and alkaline earth chromate of the type MgCr ⁇ 4, SrCr ⁇ 4 or CaC ⁇ and most preferably MgCr ⁇ -
  • This combination of additives may constitute 1 to 35% by weight and most preferably 15 to 26% by weight of the general ceramic structure of rare earth chromium oxide.
  • the ceramic material may further include at least one of an oxide of zirconium or hafnium in an amount of approx.
  • the invention is further directed to silica containing structures which surprisingly also show stable thermal, chemical and physical proper- ties.
  • These structures include Si ⁇ in an amount of 10 to 28% of weight and Fe2 ⁇ 3 in an amount of 15 to 35% of weight, the balance being Cr2 ⁇ 3-
  • One or more of the following stabilizing additives may be included in the silica containing structure in the stated amounts: AI2O3 0.5 to 3.5% by weight, CuO 0.1 to 2% by weight, CaO 0.5 to 15% by weight and MgO 0.1 to 3% by weight.
  • Each of AI2O3, CuO, CaO and MgO may be added in the stated amounts, preferably at least two of these additives are present in the stated amounts.
  • the general structure of the silica containing structure is shown in table 2 below.
  • the preparation of the formulations A and B according to the invention is done in the following way.
  • the components are grounded in a mill using teflon balls to provide a base.
  • the powder is melted, dried and pressed into shaped articles. These articles are then used as a base for the final product.
  • the melting of these materials are executed under conditions which minimize the loss of oxygen from the prepared powder. It is possible to melt the prepared powder of the rare earth chromium oxide ceramic structures at a temperature of approx. 2500°C.
  • the silica containing ceramic structures are possible to melt at approx. 1900°C.
  • melting is executed in oxidizing atmospheres, most preferably air.
  • Sintering of the structures of rare earth chromium oxide is executed in oxidizing atmospheres at a temperature up to approx. 1700°C, preferably approx. 1600°C for approx. 12 hours.
  • the sintering of the silica containing structures is also executed in oxidizing atmospheres at a temperature of up to approx. 1800°C, preferably at approx. 1500°C for 12 hours.
  • Furnaces suitable for sintering at these temperatures and in oxidizing atmospheres are e.g. furnaces using radiation sources covered with aCr ⁇ 3 as heating elements. After the sintering the resulting articles are heated at high temperatures, e.g. approx.
  • the samples are evaluated to measure the maximal rate with which the ceramic structures of the invention may be heated.
  • the maximal heating rate depends on the occurrence of any surface cracks or internal melting and cracking.
  • the evaluation of the samples show that the ceramic materials of the invention are useful in a variety of applications, in which it is important with a high heating rating and a stability of the properties of the heated material.
  • the materials of the invention may be used in applications directed to dehydration or drying at low temperatures.
  • the improved properties of the ceramics of the present invention means that the ceramics are useful in dehydration or drying applications where these properties support optimal action.
  • a suitable amount IR radiation should be emitted in such a way that the product to be dehydrated is unifor ally exposed to the IR radiation.
  • the apparatuses include a source of IR radiation, such as a halogen lamp, resistance coil, electro- heater etc., a chamber for reception of the products, and one or more special ceramic materials placed between the source of radiation and the products to be dried or dehydrated.
  • the ceramic materials absorb the radiation emitted from the source and transforms the radiation to IR radiation within a preselected wave length range, such as 1.8 to 54 ⁇ m.
  • the IR radiation is emitted to the products to be dried or dehydrated.
  • the ceramic material consists of two layers according to formulation A and B above (Tables 1 and 2).
  • the two layers of ceramic material are placed adjacent each other in such a way that essentially all radiation emitted from the first layer is absorbed by the second layer.
  • the source of radiation is placed inside a glass pipe on which the two layers of ceramic material are coated.
  • the first layer is the rare earth chromium oxide ceramic structure (Formulation A) described above.
  • the second layer is the silica containing composition (Formulation B) described above.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a dryer according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a screen used in the dryer of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a tray which may replace the screen of fig. 2;
  • Fig. 4 is a cross-section view of a first heating element used in the dryer of Fig. 1; Fi g . 5 i s a schemati c cross-secti on vi ew of the dryer of
  • fig. 6 is a plan view of the net tray of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 7 is a cross-section view of a second heating element
  • Figs. 8 and 9 are graphic representations showing the result of dehydration when testing different embodiments.
  • the drying or dehydration system 100 illustrated in Figs. 1 to 7 consists of a chamber, accessible through a door 110.
  • the chamber and the door 110 have different shapes and sizes depending on in which context the dryer is to be used.
  • the products to be dehydrated (dried) are placed on screens or trays 140,190 and are placed in the chamber between plates 190 enclosing heating elements 150.
  • the dryer further includes suitable operators 120 and displays 130 to control and monitor the heating elements and the temperature and humidity of the chamber.
  • the operators 120 and displays 130 are located at suitable sites on the outside of the dryer 100.
  • the heating elements 150, 230 include an energizable source of radiation, such as a halogen lamp or resistance coil 160, 240, placed within a pipe 170, 250 of ceramic material, quartz glass and/or metal.
  • an energizable source of radiation such as a halogen lamp or resistance coil 160, 240, placed within a pipe 170, 250 of ceramic material, quartz glass and/or metal.
  • the heating elements are covered with one or more concentric layers 180,260,270 of the ceramic materials of the present invention described as Formulations A and B in tables 1 and 2 above.
  • the layer(s) of ceramic material receives and absorbs the radiation emitted from the source of radiation 160, 240.
  • the absorbed radiation is transformed in the ceramic material and emitted as IR radiation in a preselected wavelength range, such as 1,8 - 54 ⁇ m.
  • the IR radiation is directed to the products placed in the chamber to be dehydrated.
  • heating element 230 has two layers 260,270 of ceramic material
  • heating ele- ments having one ceramic layer are enclosed in a screen 190 made of a second ceramic material.
  • the thickness of the layers is preferably 0.1 - 0.5 mm, but could be more.
  • the optimal effective range of action for the source of radiation, e.g. the heating elements 150,230, is approx. 30 cm.
  • the products 220 to be dehydrated are placed in nets or trays 210, which are slid into the chamber between plates enclosing the heating elements 150, 230.
  • the exact arrangement of the chamber and the ceramic materials is adjusted depending on requirements and desires on the one condition that the main portion of the IR radiation emitted through the ceramic materials may be directed to the products to be dehydrated. Thus, the ceramic materials do not have to be coated on the pipes.
  • the dehydration systems may be used in continuous methods in which the heating elements are placed adjacent conveyer belts or other means of transportation supporting the products to be dehydrated.
  • the ceramic materials according to the present invention are suitable for use in various dehydration or drying systems. Such systems may be used for dehydration of various products such as food, plastic, ceramics, wood, bricks, leather, china, containers, raw material, pharma- ceutical items, products of the chemical industry and in any other area in which there is a demand for a rapid and effective dehydration of high quality and in which the main properties of the dehydrated products are preserved.
  • various products such as food, plastic, ceramics, wood, bricks, leather, china, containers, raw material, pharma- ceutical items, products of the chemical industry and in any other area in which there is a demand for a rapid and effective dehydration of high quality and in which the main properties of the dehydrated products are preserved.
  • the materials of the present invention were tested in a system for dry- ing wood in a periodic manner in a chamber.
  • a system for dry- ing wood in a periodic manner in a chamber.
  • the drying of wood is accomplished in a chamber in a way which gives the fastest drying process while preserving a given assortment, durability and other natural pro- perties of the wood.
  • a high degree of water saturation of the drying agent is maintained at a certain given temperature.
  • This method which includes changes of the parameters of the drying agent, is controlled by the development of the internal pressure of the wood.
  • the heat for drying the wood is provided by means of damp air at temperatures below 100°C or superheated vapour of atmospheric pressure at temperatures above 100°C.
  • the drying of wood is carried out at temperatures of the drying agent of 30 to 130°C at a supply rate for the drying agent of 1.5 to 2.5 m/s during from 23 up to 737 hours depending on the thickness of the timber and the desired quality of the dried wood.
  • the first heating pe- riod alone for timber in a drying chamber reaches 8 hours.
  • a long drying period (2 to 7 days) at a low temperature (52 to 125°C) of the drying agent is used.
  • hydro-thermo processing To release or decrease residual internal pressure, arising in the wood when drying according to the prescribed method, the final and intermediate treatments of the wood is done in an environment of increased temperature and humidity. This treatment is named hydro-thermo processing.
  • the hydro-thermo processing is carried out at temperatures below 100°C for 1.5 to 80 hours. At a timber thickness of for example 40 mm the time for hydro-thermo processing is 6 to 20 hours depending on sort of wood.
  • the temperature of the chamber increased up to 70 to 90°C and the moisture content of the circulating air was held on a level of 35 to 40% in that a part of the damp air was removed from the chamber.
  • the damp air was completely expelled from the chamber by the fan during the final stage.
  • ALG See Diagr. 1 See Diagr. 2 not needed Total drying Moist, cont. of Timber quality Nominal power time, h wood % consumption
  • ALG 20 - 24 15.0 - 17.0 no colour 0.36 change, def. or stress
  • the method shows all the benefits of the high-frequency installation but at a significantly reduced power consumption and reduced costs for the equipment.
  • the ceramics of the invention were tested for drying different agricultural products such as fresh carrots. Tests were conducted in which the agricultural products were dried using conventional electroheaters and electroheaters covered with the ceramics of the invention.
  • Sample 1 was dried with a traditional electroheater.
  • Sample 2 was dried with a electroheater covered with ceramic material of the invention.
  • K0E is col oni forming units.
  • BGKP is bacteria of Escherichia col i group.
  • the ceramics of the invention were used in a method for drying varnish, paints and ground colours applied to a metal base.
  • the layers of enamel, priming and ground colour are permeable for the generated IR radiation, therefore the major part of the radiant energy will reach the metal base.
  • the drying process goes from the metal to the inner layers of the cover and outwards. This will provide:
  • the generated IR radiation influences the molecule structure of the cover in an optimal way, which reduces the temperature of polymeriza- tion and provides a complete drying of the cover at a temperature below 70°C.
  • a process for hardening for example a cover of water emulsion the following considerations were made.
  • a film water-soluble, film forming substance
  • transition of a material from liquid phase to solid phase which transition forms the cover and leads to a change of the position of the molecules and the thermodynamic properties of the system.
  • the proceeding physical and chemical conversions thus determine the final structure of the formed cover.
  • That the given method may be used to dry large items such as boats, aeroplanes and cars, but also for drying items and units which contain greases or non-metallic (rubber, plastic) details which makes drying at elevated temperatures impossible.
  • An object to be dried was prepared in a suitable way. For instance, vegetables and fruits were washed, possible rotting parts were removed, the vegetables and fruits were cut, if necessary, and then put into a drying chamber as described above. The objects were then exposed to IR radiation, which IR radiation was produced by a primary source emitting radiation to a transforming layer of a ceramic material according to formulation B above. As the primary source the energizable elements described above may be used. The drying process continued until the de- crease of the weight of the product stopped. The weight decrease is due to evaporation of free water from the product. The cell mass of the product is preserved during the drying process without destruction or alteration.
  • the device consists of heating elements disposed at the bottom of a chamber and a net made of stainless steel placed 200 mm above the heating elements. The object to be dried is placed on the net.
  • Table 8 (4) The element of (1) covered with 1% by weight of a material according to formulation B (Table 2) and 99% by weight mullite (Formulation D) .
  • the various formulations having the approx. particle size 1 ⁇ m was applied as a cover on the element of (1) by means of a brush and glue made of polyvinylalcohol and/or water glass (sodium silicates).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
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  • Drying Of Gases (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif et un procédé de déshydratation. Elle met en application des éléments de réchauffement (150, 230) possédant une source excitable de rayonnement (160, 240). De plus, ces éléments de réchauffement possèdent une ou plusieurs couches (180, 260, 270) en matériau céramique conçu de façon à transformer le rayonnement émis par les sources de rayonnement (160, 240) en rayonnement infrarouge dans une plage de 1,8-54 νm avant que le rayonnement n'atteigne le produit à déshydrater. Ces matériaux céramiques sont à base de céramiques et de compositions complexes comprenant des oxydes d'éléments des groupes 3 et 4 du tableau périodique et contiennent également des additifs stabilisants. On a ajouté ces stabilisants afin d'augmenter les propriétés thermiques, chimiques et physiques. Le rayonnement généré sublime l'eau, qui s'évapore très efficacement, tandis que la température de l'objet ne subit pratiquement aucune modification. Ce procédé est extrêmement efficace et le produit final présente une qualité élevée.
PCT/SE1997/001532 1996-09-18 1997-09-11 Dispositif et procede de deshydratation WO1998012491A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU44055/97A AU4405597A (en) 1996-09-18 1997-09-11 Device and process for dehydration

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9603392A SE9603392L (sv) 1996-09-18 1996-09-18 Anordning och förfarande för avfuktning
SE9603392-3 1996-09-18

Publications (1)

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WO1998012491A1 true WO1998012491A1 (fr) 1998-03-26

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AU (1) AU4405597A (fr)
SE (1) SE9603392L (fr)
WO (1) WO1998012491A1 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002037043A1 (fr) * 2000-10-30 2002-05-10 Eriksson, Kerttu Procede et appareil permettant de secher le bois
WO2003088309A2 (fr) * 2002-04-16 2003-10-23 Ibt Infrabio Tech Gmbh Emetteur de rayonnement infrarouge destine a des matieres biologiques
EP1690842A1 (fr) * 2005-02-11 2006-08-16 IBT InfraBioTech GmbH Composition céramique et source lumineuse pour le travail de matières plastiques
US8409822B2 (en) 2009-10-05 2013-04-02 Dairy Manufactuerers, Inc. Composition of porous silica granules for delivering microorganisms
US9296989B2 (en) 2011-04-04 2016-03-29 Drylet Llc Composition and method for delivery of living cells in a dry mode having a surface layer
RU184673U1 (ru) * 2018-03-06 2018-11-02 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Торговый дом "ВОЛТЕРА" Электросушилка бытовая
US10316312B2 (en) 2009-10-05 2019-06-11 Drylet, Llc Composition and method for delivery of microorganisms in a dry mode in porous structure
US11440853B2 (en) 2017-02-28 2022-09-13 Drylet, Inc. Systems, methods, and apparatus for increased wastewater effluent and biosolids quality

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US4426570A (en) * 1980-07-09 1984-01-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Infrared radiative body and a method for making the same
US4486651A (en) * 1982-01-27 1984-12-04 Nippon Soken, Inc. Ceramic heater
US4590685A (en) * 1984-11-09 1986-05-27 Roth Reinhold C Method & apparatus for uniformly drying paper webs and the like
US4965434A (en) * 1988-04-08 1990-10-23 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Far-infrared heater
US5077461A (en) * 1987-06-09 1991-12-31 Tokai Konetsu Kogyo Co., Ltd. Far-infra-red heater

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3895219A (en) * 1973-11-23 1975-07-15 Norton Co Composite ceramic heating element
US4426570A (en) * 1980-07-09 1984-01-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Infrared radiative body and a method for making the same
US4486651A (en) * 1982-01-27 1984-12-04 Nippon Soken, Inc. Ceramic heater
US4590685A (en) * 1984-11-09 1986-05-27 Roth Reinhold C Method & apparatus for uniformly drying paper webs and the like
US5077461A (en) * 1987-06-09 1991-12-31 Tokai Konetsu Kogyo Co., Ltd. Far-infra-red heater
US4965434A (en) * 1988-04-08 1990-10-23 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Far-infrared heater

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002037043A1 (fr) * 2000-10-30 2002-05-10 Eriksson, Kerttu Procede et appareil permettant de secher le bois
WO2003088309A2 (fr) * 2002-04-16 2003-10-23 Ibt Infrabio Tech Gmbh Emetteur de rayonnement infrarouge destine a des matieres biologiques
WO2003088309A3 (fr) * 2002-04-16 2004-03-25 Ibt Infrabio Tech Gmbh Emetteur de rayonnement infrarouge destine a des matieres biologiques
EP1690842A1 (fr) * 2005-02-11 2006-08-16 IBT InfraBioTech GmbH Composition céramique et source lumineuse pour le travail de matières plastiques
US8409822B2 (en) 2009-10-05 2013-04-02 Dairy Manufactuerers, Inc. Composition of porous silica granules for delivering microorganisms
US10316312B2 (en) 2009-10-05 2019-06-11 Drylet, Llc Composition and method for delivery of microorganisms in a dry mode in porous structure
US9296989B2 (en) 2011-04-04 2016-03-29 Drylet Llc Composition and method for delivery of living cells in a dry mode having a surface layer
US10047339B2 (en) 2011-04-04 2018-08-14 Drylet, Llc Composition and method for delivery of living cells in a dry mode having a surface layer
US11440853B2 (en) 2017-02-28 2022-09-13 Drylet, Inc. Systems, methods, and apparatus for increased wastewater effluent and biosolids quality
RU184673U1 (ru) * 2018-03-06 2018-11-02 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Торговый дом "ВОЛТЕРА" Электросушилка бытовая

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Publication number Publication date
SE9603392D0 (sv) 1996-09-18
SE9603392L (sv) 1998-03-19
AU4405597A (en) 1998-04-14

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