Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D17/00—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles
  • F28D17/02—Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus in which a stationary intermediate heat-transfer medium or body is contacted successively by each heat-exchange medium, e.g. using granular particles using rigid bodies, e.g. of porous material
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
  • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
  • A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
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  • B01J10/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J10/007—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J12/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous media; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J12/007—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous media; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J14/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with liquids; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J14/005—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with liquids; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J15/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J15/005—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J16/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with non- particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • B01J16/005—Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with non- particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
  • B01J19/248—Reactors comprising multiple separated flow channels
  • B01J19/2485—Monolithic reactors
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  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional [3D] monoliths
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
  • C04B38/0003—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof containing continuous channels, e.g. of the "dead-end" type or obtained by pushing bars in the green ceramic product
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/715—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
  • F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
  • F28F3/04—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
  • F28F3/048—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element in the form of ribs integral with the element or local variations in thickness of the element, e.g. grooves, microchannels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
  • A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
  • A01K2217/05—Animals comprising random inserted nucleic acids (transgenic)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32206—Flat sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
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  • B01J2219/32213—Plurality of essentially parallel sheets
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  • B01J2219/32248—Sheets comprising areas that are raised or sunken from the plane of the sheet
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  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32265—Sheets characterised by the orientation of blocks of sheets
  • B01J2219/32272—Sheets characterised by the orientation of blocks of sheets relating to blocks in superimposed layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32203—Sheets
  • B01J2219/32275—Mounting or joining of the blocks or sheets within the column or vessel
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32286—Grids or lattices
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32293—Cubes or cubic blocks
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/322—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/32296—Honeycombs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/324—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/32425—Ceramic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/32—Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
  • B01J2219/324—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/32466—Composition or microstructure of the elements comprising catalytically active material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/0081—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as catalysts or catalyst carriers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
  • Y10S261/72—Packing elements
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24008—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including fastener for attaching to external surface
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y10T428/24174—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including sheet or component perpendicular to plane of web or sheet
  • Y10T428/24182—Inward from edge of web or sheet
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
  • Y10T428/24562—Interlaminar spaces
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
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  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
  • Y10T428/2457—Parallel ribs and/or grooves
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
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  • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
  • Y10T428/24612—Composite web or sheet
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24777—Edge feature

Definitions

• the present invention relates to processes utilizing beds of ceramic packing to heat and/or react a body of fluid or act as a carrier for a catalyst and, more particularly, this in ⁇ vention relates to such processes utilizing improved ceramic packings for the beds.
• Regenerative thermal beds are used to capture and store heat from a first hot stream of fluid and then to transfer the heat to a second cold body of fluid before it is reacted such as by combustion, oxidation, reduction or other chemical process whether reacted in the presence or absence of a catalyst .
• Monolithic columns carrying a layer of catalyst are also used in catalytic processes to synthesize or convert gaseous streams to other products and in the treatment of exhaust gases from combustion engines or from industrial processes.
• the ceramic columns are coated with catalyst materials, such as rare earth metals.
• catalyst materials such as rare earth metals.
• it is expensive to manufacture monolithic columns.
• monolithic columns are rigid and brittle. After repeated cycles of heating and cooling, the column can develop stress cracks and break or shatter into small pieces. The column becomes inoperative requiring replacement of the monolithic element. This can be quite expensive in the case of columns coated with noble or rare earth metals or metallic compounds containing platinum or palladium, rhodium, etc.
• the channels in monolithic columns are gas-tight leading to no lateral dispersion of the gas flowing in the channels.
• a column having similar architecture to a monolithic column is provided by the invention at a fraction of the cost of manufacturing a monolithic column.
• the column is formed by stacking a plurality of ceramic plates.
• the ceramic plates may be cured or may be in the green, uncured state.
• the plates have grooves formed between ribs .
• the ribs on the plate can be adhered to the opposed sur ⁇ face. If the opposed surface is planar and the ribs have the same elevation, the opposing surface contacts the end faces to form channels.
• the channels can be gas tight or can allow fluid to transfer laterally depending on the continuity of the bond between opposed surfaces.
• the volume and cross-section of the channel will be defined by the volume and cross-section of the groove.
• the plates can have one flat side and one grooved side.
• the plates can be flat and have regular or irregular polygonal shapes such as a square, rectangular, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal or circular.
• the plates can have a regular undulating cross-section or a repeating polygonal cross-section.
• the plates can be the same size or can increase in size and/or decrease in size in the stack.
• the plates can be curved into a closed cylinder and each plate will have a diameter larger than the preceding plate by the thickness of the preceding plate. All the grooves are preferably parallel to each other so that the plates can be stacked with the columns in alignment.
• the grooves can all be parallel to a set of opposed side walls or the grooves can be at an angle such as 30 to 60° to a set of opposed end walls.
• the size of the plates and of the elements formed from the plates depends on the intended utility of the elements. If the elements are to be used in a catalytic automotive reac ⁇ tor, the elements are stacked end to end and side by side to form a column.
• the elements are usually rectangular and are formed of square plates.
• the plates can be from 0.5 inch to 12 inches usually 1 to 4 inches in height and width.
• the thickness of the plates can be from 0.01 to 1.0 inches, usual ⁇ ly 0.04 to 0.1 inch.
• the height of the elements can be from 0.5 inches to 50 inches, usually from 1 inch to 12 inches. If the elements are to be used as random packing in a tower, the elements are preferably polygonal in shape and usually have a diameter from 0.2 to 5 inches, generally from 0.5 to 3 inches.
• the grooves can be curved, triangular or rectangular in cross section. The top of the ribs can be pointed, flat or rounded. A flat top is preferred when the larger contact surfaces are bonded to form a closed channel .
• the grooves are preferably as small as possible and as closely spaced as possible. Usually the grooves will be from 0.01 inch to 1.0 inches in depth and width, preferably from 0.04 to 0.5 inches.
• Another configuration for the element is one in which instead of the end of a rib being secured to the end face of an opposed rib or planar surface, one or more ribs can be disposed in a single groove in the opposed surface.
• the end of the rib(s) extends to the bottom surface of the groove, dividing the groove into 2 or more mini-channels.
• the elements of the invention contain about the same amount of ceramic material as an equivalently sized monolithic element. However, manufacturing costs are considerably less.
• the ribbed plate can be produced by stamping, casting or extrusion. The plates are cut into the desired shape and stacked in the green or fired state into the shape of an element. The elements formed from green, uncured plates are manufactured by firing the stack of green plates.
• the repetitive cycling of the ceramic columns can result in cracks developing at the inlet to the column.
• This source of crack- ing can be reduced and pressure drop can be further lowered by widening the channels at their inlets suitably by removing a short length of rib. Dispersion of gas between channels also appears to improve connective flow.
• Elements can also be formed by first firing the plates.
• the cured plates are then stacked into an element and stabilized by adhering the pre-fired elements with adhesive or by binding the stack with bands or wrappers.
• the bands or wrappers can be metal or a fugitive material such as an or ⁇ ganic plastic film such as polyethylene or Saran wrap.
• the fugitive organic materials are vaporized during initial heating of the heat exchanger or column of elements.
• organic adhesive such as an epoxy and/or the organic film adds carbon oxide pollutants to atmosphere. It is preferred to use an inorganic refractory adhesive such as silicate water glass adhesive to adhere the plastic.
• Stacking of the elements into an ordered column can be facilitated by binding a plurality of the elements into a multi-element structure by aligning elements side by side and top to bottom in a stack and binding the stack together by adhesive or by mechanical binding means such as wire, wire mesh, metal clips or metal bands.
• the ceramic plates and elements are generally formed from refractory clays generally containing such constituents as S:0 2 , Al 2 0 3 , Mgo, CaO, K 2 0 2 , etc.
• the ceramic element is inert to the gases passing through the regenerative heat exchanger and remains solid at the highest temperature achieved during the process.
• Figure 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a ribbed plate according to the invention.
• Figure 2 is a perspective view of an element formed from a cured stack of a plurality of the ribbed plates shown in Figure 1;
• Figure 3 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a ribbed plate according to the invention.
• Figure 4 is a perspective view of an element formed from a cured stack of the ribbed plates shown in Figure 3;
• Figure 5 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a ribbed plate;
• Figure 6 is a perspective view of a cured stack of plates shown in Figure 5 in the form of an element
• Figure 7 is a perspective view of still another em ⁇ bodiment of a ribbed plate
• Figure 8 is a perspective view of a cured stack of plates with the ribs of one plate as shown in Figure 7 disposed in the grooves in an opposed plate dividing the groove into smaller channels;
• Figure 9 is a front view in elevation of a stack of cured plates joined by a fugitive wrap
• Figure 10 is a front view in elevation of a stack of fired plates;
• Figure 11 is a perspective view of an assembly of elements adhered by metal bands;
• Figure 12 is an isometric view of a further embodiment showing improvements to the stack
• Figure 13 is a view in section taken along line 13-13 of Figure 12;
• Figure 14 is a Pressure Drop Comparison of the packing media of the invention, 1 inch saddles and monolith media.
• a plate 10 which can be in the green state or fired to the cured state.
• Cured plates can be stacked and adhered together by adhesive or by mechanically holding the stacked plates together such as by plastic wrappers or ties, bands, metal clips, etc. Plates 10 in the green or fired state can be stacked to form an element 12 as shown in Figure 2.
• Plate 10 contains a plurality of parallel ribs 14 exten ⁇ ding from the top surface 15 of central member 16 and a plurality of parallel ribs 18 extending from the bottom sur- face 17 of the central member 16.
• Grooves 21, 23 are formed between adjacent ribs 14, 14' and 18, 18' .
• the opposed end faces 26, 28 of end ribs 14" and 18" join to form end walls 22, 24.
• the end faces 26, 28 of opposed and adjacent inter- mediate ribs 14, 18 join to form channels 30 having the com ⁇ bined volume of grooves 21 and 23.
• the channels 21, 23 may be closed.
• the gas can leak through the intersec ⁇ tions of end faces 26, 28 to the adjacent channel.
• the plates 110 contains ribs 114 and grooves 121 extending from the top surface 122 of the support member 126 of the plate 110.
• the plates 110 are shown stacked with the end faces 124 of the ribs 114 attached to the rear face 128 of the opposed plate 110' to form an element 140.
• the rear face 128 closes the grooves 121 between ribs to form channels 132.
• the end ribs 130 join together to form a closed end wall 134.
• Some of the plates 114 could also be stacked with the opposed ribs facing and joined to each other to form larger channels, not shown, or some of the plates could be stacked with the ribs entering the grooves and adhered to the bottom of the grooves to form smaller channels.
• FIG. 5 and 6 a third embodiment of a plate 310 and element 312 is illustrated.
• the ribs 314, 316 and grooves 318, 320 are formed parallel to a central diagonal rib 322.
• the end faces 324, 326 of the ribs 314, 316 in element 312 are shown in engagement forming channels 328, 330.
• the ribs could also be interleaved with the grooves to form smaller channels as shown in Figure 7.
• the plate 400 shown in Figure 7 contains a plurality of parallel ribs 402 extending from the top surface 404 of the central member 406 and a plurality of parallel ribs 408 exten ⁇ ding from the bottom surface of 410 of the central member 406.
• an opposed plate 424 contains one less rib 418', 420' on each side of the central member 428 than the plate 400.
• the first rib 421, 422 of the plate 424, on each side of the central member 428 is indented 1/2 groove 432 from the side edge 436.
• the ribs 402, 408 are narrower than the grooves 412, 414 on the plate 400 and the ribs 418, 420 on the plate 424 are narrower than the grooves 437, 438, preferably occupying no more than 1/3 the distance between adjacent ribs 402, 408 or 418, 420.
• an element 460 is assembled by disposing the ribs 402, 408 into the grooves 437, 438 of an opposed plate 424 with the end faces 442, 444 of the ribs 402, 408 seated on the bottom surfaces 446, 448 of the opposed grooves 437, 438.
• the ribs 402, 408 divide each groove 437, 438 into 2 channels 450, 452.
• the end ribs 454, 456 close the open ends of the plates 424 to form the end small channel 462.
• An assembly of uncured plates is fired to form an element 460.
• the plates 400 and 424 can be pre-fired, assembled into a stack 460 and joined into an element by adhesive or by mechanical holding measures as previously disclosed.
• the plates 400, 424 need not have ribs extending from each surface.
• the back surfaces can be planar.
• the back surfaces can be adhered to end surfaces of ribs or to the back of another plate.
• the grooves may accept more than one rib such as 1 to 4 ribs.
• the element may contain all plates interleaved to form smaller channels or some plates may have regions of interleaved ribs and grooves and other regions where the ends of the ribs are attached to the ends of the opposing ribs. Some plates may contain long ribs which enter grooves and some short ribs which abut ribs on the opposed plate.
• Elements in which the plates are adhered to each other form a brittle ceramic body. Even though there is some freedom of movement where a rib does not adhere to the end of an opposed rib or to the inner surface of the central support, the element can still crack and crumble and degrade when repeatedly heated and cooled during regenerative thermal processing.
• the element 500 shown in Figures 9-10 is formed of interleaved plates 502, that are not adhered to each other by heat curing or by adhesive.
• the plate 502 has a plurality of parallel ribs 504 exten ⁇ ding downward from the central support 506.
• the end ribs 507 start and end coincident with the end of the central member.
• the ribs 508 extend upwardly from the central support 506.
• the end ribs 511 are indented from the edges 513 of the central support by about the width of an end rib 507. When the plates 502, 503 are stacked, the end ribs 507 are locked into the indented spaces which prevents the unadhered plates from sliding.
• the end ribs 507 in combination with the central supports 506 form end walls 512.
• a stack of plates can be held together by wrapping the plates along the end walls 512 and across the top surface 514 and bottom surface 516 with a wrap 518 of strong plastic, preferably a shrink wrap such as Saran which is a vinyl acetate-vinylidene chloride copolymer.
• the element 520 can then be handled as a stable entity and placed in the column or on top of and/or adjacent similar stacked elements.
• a plurality of elements 520 can be joined together by metal straps 522 to form an assembly 524 as shown in Figure 11.
• the elements and modules can be assembled into assemblies of varying sizes and shapes.
• the assembly has a rectangular column configuration or a cube configuration.
• the modules can be aligned with the side by side modules having channels parallel to each other and the end to end modules having the channels in the same axial alignment.
• Eight 6 inch cubical modules will form a 1 foot square cube assembly.
• Eighteen 4 inch cubical modules will also form a 1 foot cubical assembly.
• the use of organic films or adhesives contributes pollutants to the environment. Residual combustion products of the organic film can remain in the bed.
• the plates 540 are adhered together by applying a film of an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium silicate (water glass) . Water will evaporate from the film during air drying at ambient temperature and sodium or potassium silicate bonds 532 will form at the points of contact between the end faces 534 of the ribs 508, 504 and the bottom surface 536 of the grooves 538.
• the unbonded facing surfaces allow lateral transfer of the flowing gas between adjacent channels. This contributes to more efficient mixing of the gas and liquid, increasing the heat and mass transfer per volume of packing and lowers the pressure drop. Further improvements in efficiency of mixing and stress relief can be provided by forming apertures 546 in the plates to increase communication between adjacent chan ⁇ nels. This will further lower the pressure drop as will widening the inlet openings 542 to the channels by removing a short section of rib 544.
• a packing module according to Figure 7 was prepared by air drying a stack of cured ceramic plates coated with water glass to form a module.
• the ribs were about 7.0 mm high with rounded ends and were spaced about 7.24 mm apart.
• the module had the following dimensions and physical properties: Physical Dimensions
• the performance of the packing module of the invention was compared to ceramic monolith media and to 1 inch and 1/2 inch saddles.
• the data shown in Figure 14 is a pressure drop comparison of the three packing media utilizing an air flow at 70° F.
• the media depth to achieve 95% RTO Heat Recovery at 200 fp for saddles is almost 2 2/3 as much as the inventive media and the media depth for monolith is 1 2/3 as much as the MUL ⁇ TI-LAYER MEDIA (MLM) media of the invention.
• MLM MUL ⁇ TI-LAYER MEDIA
• the MLM media of the invention is the most efficient and cost-effective heat-recovery media for regenerative thermal oxidization (RTO) systems.
• RTO regenerative thermal oxidization
• MLM packing material is believed to be one of the greatest advances in packing design in decades, providing flexibility in design variations. MLM can be utilized in RTO and is also useful in mass transfer applications involving corrosive streams and high temperature such as absorption and drying in a sulfuric acid plant, mining, mineral recovery, leaching, dissolving, absorption in a petrochemical plant.

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• 1996
  • 1996-04-05 US US08/630,958 patent/US5851636A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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