WO1996036243A1 - Glucogenic compound - Google Patents

Glucogenic compound Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996036243A1
WO1996036243A1 PCT/DK1996/000215 DK9600215W WO9636243A1 WO 1996036243 A1 WO1996036243 A1 WO 1996036243A1 DK 9600215 W DK9600215 W DK 9600215W WO 9636243 A1 WO9636243 A1 WO 9636243A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
acid
glucogenic
polyhydric alcohol
lactic acid
propionic acid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DK1996/000215
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jacques TREULLÉ
Original Assignee
Boehringer Ingelheim Agrovet A/S
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Boehringer Ingelheim Agrovet A/S filed Critical Boehringer Ingelheim Agrovet A/S
Priority to AU57598/96A priority Critical patent/AU5759896A/en
Publication of WO1996036243A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996036243A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7024—Esters of saccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a glucogenic compound for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants, in particular ketosis in dairy cattle and twin lamb disease in sheep.
  • Ketosis is found i.a. in dairy cattle in the initial phase of the lactation period, in particular between weeks three and thirteen following calving.
  • the milk yield reaches an optimum level in approximately week five following calving whereas the increase in the feed uptake does not peak until 10 to 12 weeks following calving.
  • the equilibrium between the energy uptake and requirement is achieved through a mobilisation of energy reserves, in particular fat deposits.
  • variable amounts of ketonic substances are formed, such as acetone and 3-hydroxy butanoic acid, the conversion of which influences the metabolism of the cow in such a way that a subketonic or ketonic state occurs.
  • glucogenic substan ⁇ ces such as glycerol and 1,2-propanediol
  • low-molecular carboxylic acids such as propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid
  • mono- and disaccharides such as glucose
  • glucogenic substances in particular propionic acid and its salts, suffer from the drawback that they taste and smell extremely unpleasantly which renders the administration difficult whereby the actual uptake may be reduced.
  • glucogenic compound of the type defined in the introductory part of claim 1, said compound not being associated with the above drawback.
  • This object is achieved with the glucogenic compound accor ⁇ ding to the invention, which compound is characterized in being an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
  • the ester according to the invention has a substantially improved taste and is thus far more readily administered and taken up than the prior art glucogenic substances.
  • the conversion of the ester in the rumen or the intestines of the animal takes place by initial decomposition thereof into its two major constituents under the influence of one or more endogenic or exogenic esterases.
  • Such release of the active glucogenic components will take place over a certain period which presents the advantage that the administered amount of ester will result in a far more even concentration of active components in the rumen or the intestines over a prolonged period of time compared to the situation where the active components are administered in their unesterified state.
  • glucogenic compounds administered passes through the rumen and is not converted until it reaches the intestines since an excessive presence of glucogenic substances in the rumen may adversely influence the metabolism of the rumen.
  • the conversion of the ester according to the invention presupposes that it is initially cleaved into a carboxylic acid and a polyhydric alcohol under the influen- ce of an enzyme which is in some instances specific to the relevant ester.
  • This additional reaction step in the con ⁇ version of the glucogenic compound according to the invention compared to the known glucogenic substances considerably increases that portion of the administered amount which is converted in the intestines rather than in the rumen. This effect is particularly pronounced when the polyhydric alcohol used is a disaccharide, since this latter should undergo an enzymatic cleavage into two glucogenic monosaccarides prior to the further metabolism.
  • the ester according to the invention is substantial ⁇ ly hydrophobic which allows the formulation of the ester in combination with other selected hydrophobic adjuvants whereby a larger portion of the esters is allowed to pass through the rumen without complete conversion of the ester.
  • the glucogenic compound of the invention is typically administered to the animal orally and separately, and it is therefore highly desirable that the compound is formulated as concentrated as possible.
  • the ester according to the invention has provided the possibility of manufacturing an anhydrous glucogenic product, since the different esters according to the invention are mutually soluble, and since the ester is soluble in con- ventional glucogenic substances.
  • An anhydrous product is more concentrated and more stable during storage than a water- containing product.
  • ester according to the invention makes it possible to increase the ratio of carboxylic acid to polyhydric alcohol compared to a mixture of individual carboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol without ensuing taste and smell inconveniences from the propionic acid, the succinic acid and/or the lactic acid.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the polyhydric alcohol is glycerol or 1,2-propanediol.
  • polyhydric alcohol is a mono- or disaccharide, such as glucose, fructose or galactose or lactose, sucrose ormaltose or decomposition products thereof.
  • the glucogenic compound according to the invention may be produced using conventional ester-synthesis methods.
  • the invention relates to the use of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical for prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants.
  • the invention relates to a composition for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants.
  • composition according to the invention is characterized in that it contains additives and one or more esters of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
  • the above-mentioned additives comprise flavourings and aro atics, metabolism stimulants, such as nicotinic acid and betaine hydrochloride, and thickening agents, e.g. cellulose derivatives.
  • the composition may contain one or more con ⁇ ventional glucogenic compounds, such as glycerol, 1,2- propanediol, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, decomposition products of lactose, sucrose and maltose, propionic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, physiologically acceptable salts of propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, and methyl propionate and other physiologically acceptable esters of propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
  • con ⁇ ventional glucogenic compounds such as glycerol, 1,2- propanediol, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, decomposition products of lactose, sucrose and maltose, propionic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, physiologically acceptable salts of propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, and methyl propionate and other physiologically acceptable esters of propionic acid
  • the invention relates to a feed additive containing one or more glucogenic compounds and additives, said feed additive being characterised in that it contains one or more esters of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
  • the feed additive according to the invention is preferably liquid, most of the ester compounds being liquid.
  • the liquid feed additive is administered to the animal to be treated by admixture with the animal's drinking water or by absorbtion thereof into a suitable carrier medium, such as silicium oxide and porous silicates, and by subsequently mixing the humidified carrier medium with the solid feed of the animal.
  • the feed additive may alternatively be converted into solid form by suitable processing, such as admixture with emulsifi- able fats, with premixtures which are subsequently pelleted or extruded, or with conventional suitable feeds, such as wheat bran and coconut or palm cakes.
  • suitable processing such as admixture with emulsifi- able fats, with premixtures which are subsequently pelleted or extruded, or with conventional suitable feeds, such as wheat bran and coconut or palm cakes.
  • the feed additive may further comprise one or more of the above-mentioned conventional glucogenic compounds.
  • the present invention relates to a method of prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants comprising the step of admini ⁇ stering a glucogenic compound to the ruminant.
  • the method of the invention is characterized in that the glucogenic compound is an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
  • a ketosis prophylactic preparation was produced having the following composition:
  • Glycerol propionate mixture 32,5 -- comprising
  • a ketosis prophylactic preparation was produced having the following composition:
  • Glycerol propionate mixture 25 " comprising 50 percent by weight of glycerol monopropionate
  • Aromatics 0,2 Thickening agent 0,3
  • the manufacturing method corresponds to the one employed in Example 1.

Abstract

A glucogenic compound for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants, said compound being an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid, and a composition and a feed additive containing the glucogenic compound.

Description

Glucogenic compound
The present invention relates to a glucogenic compound for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants, in particular ketosis in dairy cattle and twin lamb disease in sheep.
Ketosis is found i.a. in dairy cattle in the initial phase of the lactation period, in particular between weeks three and thirteen following calving. The milk yield reaches an optimum level in approximately week five following calving whereas the increase in the feed uptake does not peak until 10 to 12 weeks following calving. The equilibrium between the energy uptake and requirement is achieved through a mobilisation of energy reserves, in particular fat deposits. In the con¬ version of fats, variable amounts of ketonic substances are formed, such as acetone and 3-hydroxy butanoic acid, the conversion of which influences the metabolism of the cow in such a way that a subketonic or ketonic state occurs.
For the prophylactic and curative treatment of ketosis in dairy cattle it is known to use various glucogenic substan¬ ces, such as glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, low-molecular carboxylic acids, such as propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, and mono- and disaccharides, such as glucose.
However, the known glucogenic substances, in particular propionic acid and its salts, suffer from the drawback that they taste and smell extremely unpleasantly which renders the administration difficult whereby the actual uptake may be reduced.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a glucogenic compound of the type defined in the introductory part of claim 1, said compound not being associated with the above drawback. This object is achieved with the glucogenic compound accor¬ ding to the invention, which compound is characterized in being an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
The ester according to the invention has a substantially improved taste and is thus far more readily administered and taken up than the prior art glucogenic substances.
The conversion of the ester in the rumen or the intestines of the animal takes place by initial decomposition thereof into its two major constituents under the influence of one or more endogenic or exogenic esterases. Such release of the active glucogenic components will take place over a certain period which presents the advantage that the administered amount of ester will result in a far more even concentration of active components in the rumen or the intestines over a prolonged period of time compared to the situation where the active components are administered in their unesterified state.
Generally it is desired that as large a portion as possible of the glucogenic compounds administered passes through the rumen and is not converted until it reaches the intestines since an excessive presence of glucogenic substances in the rumen may adversely influence the metabolism of the rumen.
As mentioned above, the conversion of the ester according to the invention presupposes that it is initially cleaved into a carboxylic acid and a polyhydric alcohol under the influen- ce of an enzyme which is in some instances specific to the relevant ester. This additional reaction step in the con¬ version of the glucogenic compound according to the invention compared to the known glucogenic substances considerably increases that portion of the administered amount which is converted in the intestines rather than in the rumen. This effect is particularly pronounced when the polyhydric alcohol used is a disaccharide, since this latter should undergo an enzymatic cleavage into two glucogenic monosaccarides prior to the further metabolism.
Contrary to individual carboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol, the ester according to the invention is substantial¬ ly hydrophobic which allows the formulation of the ester in combination with other selected hydrophobic adjuvants whereby a larger portion of the esters is allowed to pass through the rumen without complete conversion of the ester.
The glucogenic compound of the invention is typically administered to the animal orally and separately, and it is therefore highly desirable that the compound is formulated as concentrated as possible.
The ester according to the invention has provided the possibility of manufacturing an anhydrous glucogenic product, since the different esters according to the invention are mutually soluble, and since the ester is soluble in con- ventional glucogenic substances. An anhydrous product is more concentrated and more stable during storage than a water- containing product.
It is a further advantage of the ester according to the invention that it makes it possible to increase the ratio of carboxylic acid to polyhydric alcohol compared to a mixture of individual carboxylic acid and polyhydric alcohol without ensuing taste and smell inconveniences from the propionic acid, the succinic acid and/or the lactic acid.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the polyhydric alcohol is glycerol or 1,2-propanediol.
An alternative preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the polyhydric alcohol is a mono- or disaccharide, such as glucose, fructose or galactose or lactose, sucrose ormaltose or decomposition products thereof.
The glucogenic compound according to the invention may be produced using conventional ester-synthesis methods.
Moreover, the invention relates to the use of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical for prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants.
Additionally, the invention relates to a composition for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants.
The composition according to the invention is characterized in that it contains additives and one or more esters of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
The above-mentioned additives comprise flavourings and aro atics, metabolism stimulants, such as nicotinic acid and betaine hydrochloride, and thickening agents, e.g. cellulose derivatives.
In addition to the glucogenic esters according to the invention, the composition may contain one or more con¬ ventional glucogenic compounds, such as glycerol, 1,2- propanediol, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, decomposition products of lactose, sucrose and maltose, propionic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, physiologically acceptable salts of propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, and methyl propionate and other physiologically acceptable esters of propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid. Other examples of conventional glucogenic compounds include the glucogenic a ino acids, which comprise i.a. glycine and cysteine via the pyruvate cycle, glutamic acid via the α- ketoglutarate cycle and methionine via succinyl-CoA.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a feed additive containing one or more glucogenic compounds and additives, said feed additive being characterised in that it contains one or more esters of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
The feed additive according to the invention is preferably liquid, most of the ester compounds being liquid. The liquid feed additive is administered to the animal to be treated by admixture with the animal's drinking water or by absorbtion thereof into a suitable carrier medium, such as silicium oxide and porous silicates, and by subsequently mixing the humidified carrier medium with the solid feed of the animal.
The feed additive may alternatively be converted into solid form by suitable processing, such as admixture with emulsifi- able fats, with premixtures which are subsequently pelleted or extruded, or with conventional suitable feeds, such as wheat bran and coconut or palm cakes.
The feed additive may further comprise one or more of the above-mentioned conventional glucogenic compounds.
Finally, the present invention relates to a method of prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants comprising the step of admini¬ stering a glucogenic compound to the ruminant. The method of the invention is characterized in that the glucogenic compound is an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid. The invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
A ketosis prophylactic preparation was produced having the following composition:
1,2-propanediol 40 percent by weight Glycerol 15 "
Methyl propionate 10 "
Glycerol propionate mixture 32,5 " comprising
50 percent by weight of glycerol monopropionate 30 percent by weight of glycerol dipropionate
20 percent by weight of glycerol tripropionate
Nicotinic acid 0,5 "
Betaine hydrochloride 1,0 "
Flavourings 0,5 " Aromatics 0,2 "
Thickening agent 0,3 "
200 kg of 1,2-propanediol and 75 kg of glycerol were mixed in a closed steel container equipped with a stirrer and a dual jacket through which hot water and cold water, respectively, were supplied to adjust the container temperature.
The mixture was subsequently heated to 40"C and the container was maintained at this temperature during the subsequent fi- nishing of the pharmaceutical. 162,5 kg of a mixture of glycerol propionate and 50 kg of methyl propionate were added thereto whereupon the various additives were added to the resulting mixture while stirring, and stirring was continued until the additives were completely dissolved or finely dispersed and the mixture had obtained a consistency which substantially corresponded to the consistency of a syrup. Example 2
A ketosis prophylactic preparation was produced having the following composition:
1,2-propanediol 40 percent by weight
Glycerol 15 "
Glycerol propionate mixture 25 " comprising 50 percent by weight of glycerol monopropionate
30 percent by weight of glycerol dipropionate
20 percent by weight of glycerol tripropionate Dextrose (mixture of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentaester of glucose and propionic acid) 17,5 Nicotinic acid 0,5
Betaine hydrochloride 1,0
Flavourings 0,5
Aromatics 0,2 Thickening agent 0,3
The manufacturing method corresponds to the one employed in Example 1.

Claims

C l a i s
1. Glucogenic compond for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the compound is an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
2. Compound according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i - z e d in that the polyhydric alcohol is glycerol or 1,2- propanediol.
3. Compound according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i ¬ z e d in that the polyhydric alcohol is a mono- or di- saccharide.
4. Compound according to claim 3, c h a r a c t e r i ¬ z e d in that that the polyhydric alcohol is glucose, fructose or galactose or lactose, sucrose or maltose or decomposition products thereof.
5. Use of an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical for prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants.
6. Composition for use in the prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in containing additi- ves and one or more esters of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
7. Composition according to claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i ¬ z e d in further comprising one or more glycogenic substan- ces selected from among glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, decomposition products from lactose, sucrose and maltose, propionic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, physiologically acceptable salts of propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, methyl pro¬ pionate and other physiologically acceptable esters of propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid, and glucogenic amino acids, such as glycine, cysteine, glutamic acid and methionine.
8. Feed additive containing one or more glucogenic compounds and additives, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it contains one or more esters of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
9. Feed additive according to claim 8, c h a r a c t e ¬ r i z e d in further containing one or more glucogenic substances selected from among glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, decomposition products from lactose, sucrose and maltose, propionic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, physiologically acceptable salts of propionic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, methyl propionate and other physiologically acceptable esters of propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid, and glucogenic amino acids, such as glycine, cysteine, glutamic acid and methionine.
10. Method of prophylactic or curative treatment of clinical or subclinical hypoglycaemia in ruminants comprising the step of administering a glucogenic compound to the ruminant, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the glucogenic compound is an ester of a polyhydric alcohol and propionic acid, succinic acid and/or lactic acid.
PCT/DK1996/000215 1995-05-18 1996-05-15 Glucogenic compound WO1996036243A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU57598/96A AU5759896A (en) 1995-05-18 1996-05-15 Glucogenic compound

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK0572/95 1995-05-18
DK57295 1995-05-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996036243A1 true WO1996036243A1 (en) 1996-11-21

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1542802A (en) * 1976-03-19 1979-03-28 Farmos Oy Foodstuffs for ruminants
GB1576528A (en) * 1976-06-24 1980-10-08 Farmos Oy Vitamin product
EP0586085A2 (en) * 1992-08-03 1994-03-09 Lilly Industries Limited Veterinary method for the treatment of ketosis in livestock
WO1996008167A1 (en) * 1994-09-13 1996-03-21 Don J. Pestell Limited Composition for the treatment or prevention of an energy imbalance in ruminants

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1542802A (en) * 1976-03-19 1979-03-28 Farmos Oy Foodstuffs for ruminants
GB1576528A (en) * 1976-06-24 1980-10-08 Farmos Oy Vitamin product
EP0586085A2 (en) * 1992-08-03 1994-03-09 Lilly Industries Limited Veterinary method for the treatment of ketosis in livestock
WO1996008167A1 (en) * 1994-09-13 1996-03-21 Don J. Pestell Limited Composition for the treatment or prevention of an energy imbalance in ruminants

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
STN INTERNATIONAL, FILE CA, CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Volume 76, No. 15, 10 April 1972, (Columbus, Ohio, USA), FISHER L. et al., "Preliminary Evaluation of the Addition of Glucogenic Materials to the Rations of Lactating Cows", Abstract No. 84725; & CAN. J. ANIM. SCI., (1971), 51(3), 721-7. *
STN INTERNATIONAL, FILE CA, CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Volume 78, 16 April 1973, (Columbus, Ohio, USA), PEHRSON B., "Effect of Orally Administered Glycogenic Substance to Dairy Cows. III. Oral Treatment for Ketosis with a Combination of Sodium Propionate, Glycerol and Propylene Glycol in Moderate Doses", Abstract No. 92541; & *

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