CA2248787A1 - Animal feed supplement - Google Patents
Animal feed supplement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2248787A1 CA2248787A1 CA002248787A CA2248787A CA2248787A1 CA 2248787 A1 CA2248787 A1 CA 2248787A1 CA 002248787 A CA002248787 A CA 002248787A CA 2248787 A CA2248787 A CA 2248787A CA 2248787 A1 CA2248787 A1 CA 2248787A1
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- Prior art keywords
- monogastric animal
- weight
- animal
- monogastric
- enhancing
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/20—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for horses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
Abstract
A feed supplement for a monogastric animal includes about 10 % to 30 % by weight of a gluconeogenic compound which is selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl esters, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof; from about 0 % to 5 % by weight of propylene glycol, from about 20 % to 60 % by weight of a fatty acid, and the balance of said supplement being a compatible filler. The feed supplement is administered in an effective amount to maintain or enhance the energy balance in the animal.
Description
W097/3~88 PCT~S97/03805 ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENT
Field of the Invention This invention relates to an AnimAl feed supplement and, more particularly, relates to an animal feed supplement for a monogastric ~n;m~l for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of such an ~n;~-l. That is, the invention allows the ~nimAl when it is under heightened energy d~An~s to obtain a flow of metabolic fuels which enables it to maintain a sufficient supply of energy or additionally to enhance a supply of energy, to better meet physiological d~mAn~, and to partition that energy for use in bodily processes so that the ~nim~l is disposed to meet optimal performance criteria.
Bach~ uuud of the Invention Conventional ~Ani~l feed for monogastric ~nim~l S with noncompartmentalized or single stomachs, such as swine, often fail to provide sufficient energy for the Animal during periods of stress or high ~em~n~. For sows, this deficiency has been observed in the latter stages of pregnancy or during lactation. If the ~nl~l 'S dietary energy requirements are not met, an energy deficiency or an energy imbalance, or both, will result. Under such circumstances, the An;mAl may exhibit a depressed appetite and other physiological problems, such as insufficient milk production during lactation and a delay of estrus upon weaning.
f In late gestation, low nutrient intake can impact piglet survival in the first few days after birth. Methods to improve the energy status of the piglet at birth have been related to improving nutrient intake of the sow in late gestation. However, as observed by Weldon et al. (J.
,~nimal Science 72 (1994) p.387), high nutrient intake in W097t33~8 PCT~S97/0~05 late gestation may reduce energy intake during lactation.
Weldon et al. indicated that excessive feed intake during gestation caused the sow to become insensitive to insulin, thereby limiting the sow's appetite. Seerley et al. (J.
~nlm~l Science 46 (1974) p.1009) and Bishop et al. (J.
~nlm~l Science 49, supplement 1 (1979) p.104) noted that fat added to the diet of the sow during late gestation increases the carcass fat content of the newborn pig, decreases the mortality rate of neonatal pigs, and thus, increases litter size at weaning. ~nhAnced maternal energy substrates may be beneficial for fetal energy deposition and improved piglet survival.
During the initial phase of lactation, a sow often has a poor appetite, but the appetite improves during the nursing period. The limited feed intake at the beginning of lactation results in body weight loss, lower milk production and reduced weight gain of the nursing litter.
In the lactating sow, body fat (in the form of non-esterified fatty acids) and muscle mass are rapidly mobilized to meet the nutrient ~em~n~s of milk production.
It is this loss which impairs reproductive performance as evident in the increased interval from weaning to rebreeding or remating. This body weight loss and consequent energy lag of the sow during early lactation places the survival of the nursing litter at risk and impairs the reproductive capacity of the sow once the litter is weaned.
Koketsu et al. in J. ~nimAl Sci. 74 (1996) pp. 2875-2884 analyzed the records from 20,296 lactating sows on thirty commercial farms and noted that low feed intake or a drop in intake in the first week of lactation resulted in longer weaning to breeding and conception intervals. Sows which had a major drop in feed intake had a lower litter weight. Sows were more likely to be removed from the herd if intake dropped due to their ultimate poor reproduction W097/33~ PCT~S97/03805 re~;ness.
Zak et al. found that varying the feed intake of sows during lactation affects the fertility of the sows after weaning (J. Anim. Sci., 75 (1977) pp. 208-216). Sows fed less at the first part of lactation and sows fed less in the last week of a four week lactation lost more body weight than sows fed to appetite, had an increased weaning to estrus interval and a reduced ovulation rate. Thus, Zak et al. concluded that the differences found in postweaning reproduction were due to the extent and timing of weight loss which results in varying the energy balance in the sows .
In efforts to increase energy intake, fats have been added to feed given to sows in late gestation as well as during lactation resulting in some implo~"~ent in reproductive performances as evidenced by increased survival of the young, particularly in litters with low-birth weight pigs. The metabolic mechanism and reproducibility of this inc~ease is unclear (Ruwe et al., J. ~nim~l Sci. 69 (1991) p.1935). A neonate pig could deplete its body stores of carbohydrates as a supply of energy under nutritional energy stress conditions.
However, to prevent this, the addition of fat to the diet of the sow appears to increase the level of fat in the sow's milk and colostrum. The neonate and nursing pig feeds on this milk which increases its fat stores. Stahly et al. showed that the addition of fat to the food of sows in late gestation did not improve pig survival at birth but the feeding of fat to the sows in lactation improved pig survival and weight at weaning. ~n~m~l Sci. 63 (1986) p.
1156.
In a review discussing the voluntary food intake of sows and gilts, Lynch (Occ. Publ. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod.
(1989) No. 13) noted that sows tend to eat less with high W097/33~8 PCT~S97/038 energy diets including fat compared to lower energy diets without fat, resulting in an increased energy intake despite the lower total feed intake differential. The response to high fat diets appears to some extent to depend on the environmental temperature. The addition of fat to the ~nlm~l ' S diet in hot conditions has an effect because fat has a lower heat increment and produces less body heat, thereby reducing the nutritional energy stress from high temperatures and allowing the ~n;m~l to eat more.
Due to the lack of a consistent response with fat additions to the diet, it is necessary to consider other aspects of metabolism to produce a satisfactory ~n~m~l feed supplement. In the pig as well as many other species, complex carbohydrates other than starch have long been an important source of energy. These complex carbohydrates are digested via hindgut macrobial fermentation to produce acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. This digestion process is more important in the adult sow compared to the young pig due to the greater development of the hindgut fermentation capacity. Up to 25~ of the energy requirements of the adult sow can be provided from this fermentation. However, fermentation also results in an energy loss to the ~nlm~l through the generation of carbon dioxide and from the poor utilization of acetate. In particular, acetic acid and butyric acid are oxidized directly to carbon dioxide during fermentation. The heat of fermentation can also raise the pig~s body temperature which in hot environments causes a loss of appetite.
~ Propionate and other glucose precursors or gluconeogenic compounds have been used as sources of energy for milk production in rllm;n~nts, often as a treatment for ketosis which is a disease in dairy cows characterized by reduced milk production and weight loss. Propionate and glucose, however, are insulin secretagogues. Higher insulin levels tends to decrease the uptake efficiency of W097/33~8 PCT~S97/0~05 certain glucose precursors such as lactate, alanine, glutamine and glycerol. However, propionate uptake appears not to be inhibited by insulin, so in the presence of propionate, insulin levels favor the conversion of propionate to glucose while other gluconeogenic compounds such as lactate are spared for other uses.
These glucose precursors have not been widely used in the diet of monogastric ~n;mAls. In fact, Dorman et al.
(~AVMA Vol. 198, No. 9 (1991) p. 1643) disclose that propylene glycol, in large quantities can be toxic in horses. Dorman et al. disclose that the accidental feeding of propylene glycol in a quantity of 3.8L (7.6 mg/kg of body weight) to a horse lead to the death of the horse 28 hours after propylene glycol ingestion.
Ferré, P., et al. disclose that orally feeding fat and injecting gluconeogenic substrates to starved, neonatal rats reverses hypoglycaemia (Am. J. Physiol. 234(2):
E129-136). The use of injection makes such a treatment onerous for treating larger ~n;m~l S and large numbers of such animals. Unlike sows, star~ed neonatal rats do not have energy stores to mobilize, thus, the complications with treating sows and other monogastric ~n;m~l S are not evident.
United Kingdom patent application no. 2,102,268 by Nakajima et al. discloses an ~n;m~l feedstuff in soft granular form which contains 1~ to 10~ by weight of propylene glycol, 2~ to 30~ by weight of fatty components consisting of fat and/or oil and 2~ to 25~ by weight of moisture. This composition results in a soft granular ~n;m~l feedstuff in which the granules do not tend to collapse readily into powder. Propylene glycol is added to the feedstuff to promote the ca~ing efficiency of the feedstuff.
WOg7/33488 PCT~S97/03805 United States patent no. 5,182,126 to Vinci et al.
discloses a rl~m;n~nt feed supplement which contains a Cl4 -C22 fatty acid alkaline earth metal salt and a propionate glucogenous ingredient. This compound is a rumen bypass 5 ~ni~l feed supplement to ensure that the components of the compound are metabolized in the abomasum or small intestine and are not metabolized in the rumen. In the case of monogastric ~nimAls~ the components of the feed supplements are selected specifically for absorption in the ~n;m~l ' S
digestive tract and there is no need for the bypass features of such rllm;n~nt compositions.
It is desirable to provide an animal feed supplement for a monogastric animal for maintA; ni ng or enhancing the energy balance in the ~n;m~l. This feed supplement provides an approach to addressing the energy needs of the ~n;m~l which positively affects the health of the ~nim~l.
In particular, in the case of sows, the desired energy requirements during gestation and lactation are addressed by the invention.
Summary of t~e Invention It has been found that an unexpected improvement in maintenance of the energy balance in a monogastric ~nim~l such as swine occurs when the diet of the animal includes a feed supplement comprising a gluconeogenic compound and a long chain fatty acid. For female ~n;m~l S the addition of this feed supplement results in an impL~el~,ent in the reproductive performance during the latter stages of pregnancy, during lactation and subsequent reproductive performance. The addition of the supplement to the diet of 3~ the an-m~l maintains or enhances its energy balance during lactation. The feed supplement of the invention may be adapted for monogastric ~nim~l S such as swine, horses, rabbits, mink, chinchillas, dogs, rodents, fowl and prernmin~nts such as calves and lambs.
W097/33488 PCT~S97/038 In its broad aspect, the feed supplement for a monogastric animal comprises an effective amount of a gluconeogenic compound and an effective amount of a Cl4 -C22 fatty acid. The term "effective" as used herein means any amount that is effective for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance in the ~n;mAl.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for a monogastric ~n;m~l comprises from about 10% to 30~ by weight of a gluconeogenic compound. The gluconeogenic compound is selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl esters, propyl alcohol, alanine, asparate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof. The feed supplement also comprises from about 0% to 5% by weight of propylene glycol, from about 20~ to 60% by weight of a Cl4 - C22 fatty acid, with the balance of the supplement being fillers and other such essentially inert substances or food based carriers.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for a monogastric ~n;m~l comprises about 10% by weight sodium propionate, about 5% by weight propylene glycol, about 40% by weight choice white grease, and about 45% by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre, grain products, flavour enhancer and mixtures thereof.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric ~n;m~l is ~mln;stered in a daily dosage amount of about 0.05-0.5% of the body weight of the animal.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric ~imAl is ~m; n; stered in a daily dosage W097t33488 PCT~S97/03805 amount of about 10~ by weight of the dry matter content of the ~n;m~l ' s feed.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement is ~ml n; stered to a monogastric female animal in a daily dosage amount from within 5 to 15 days prior to the scheduled parturition date of the ~ntm~l and continuing to feed said daily dosage from within 5 to 28 days postpartum.
The composition and use of the composition of the invention provide a number of advantages including the following:
1. Dietary gluconeogenic compounds and sources of long chain fatty acids are com~ined to facilitate metabolic processes at times when energy ~em~n~s are high and when animals are under stress.
Field of the Invention This invention relates to an AnimAl feed supplement and, more particularly, relates to an animal feed supplement for a monogastric ~n;m~l for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of such an ~n;~-l. That is, the invention allows the ~nimAl when it is under heightened energy d~An~s to obtain a flow of metabolic fuels which enables it to maintain a sufficient supply of energy or additionally to enhance a supply of energy, to better meet physiological d~mAn~, and to partition that energy for use in bodily processes so that the ~nim~l is disposed to meet optimal performance criteria.
Bach~ uuud of the Invention Conventional ~Ani~l feed for monogastric ~nim~l S with noncompartmentalized or single stomachs, such as swine, often fail to provide sufficient energy for the Animal during periods of stress or high ~em~n~. For sows, this deficiency has been observed in the latter stages of pregnancy or during lactation. If the ~nl~l 'S dietary energy requirements are not met, an energy deficiency or an energy imbalance, or both, will result. Under such circumstances, the An;mAl may exhibit a depressed appetite and other physiological problems, such as insufficient milk production during lactation and a delay of estrus upon weaning.
f In late gestation, low nutrient intake can impact piglet survival in the first few days after birth. Methods to improve the energy status of the piglet at birth have been related to improving nutrient intake of the sow in late gestation. However, as observed by Weldon et al. (J.
,~nimal Science 72 (1994) p.387), high nutrient intake in W097t33~8 PCT~S97/0~05 late gestation may reduce energy intake during lactation.
Weldon et al. indicated that excessive feed intake during gestation caused the sow to become insensitive to insulin, thereby limiting the sow's appetite. Seerley et al. (J.
~nlm~l Science 46 (1974) p.1009) and Bishop et al. (J.
~nlm~l Science 49, supplement 1 (1979) p.104) noted that fat added to the diet of the sow during late gestation increases the carcass fat content of the newborn pig, decreases the mortality rate of neonatal pigs, and thus, increases litter size at weaning. ~nhAnced maternal energy substrates may be beneficial for fetal energy deposition and improved piglet survival.
During the initial phase of lactation, a sow often has a poor appetite, but the appetite improves during the nursing period. The limited feed intake at the beginning of lactation results in body weight loss, lower milk production and reduced weight gain of the nursing litter.
In the lactating sow, body fat (in the form of non-esterified fatty acids) and muscle mass are rapidly mobilized to meet the nutrient ~em~n~s of milk production.
It is this loss which impairs reproductive performance as evident in the increased interval from weaning to rebreeding or remating. This body weight loss and consequent energy lag of the sow during early lactation places the survival of the nursing litter at risk and impairs the reproductive capacity of the sow once the litter is weaned.
Koketsu et al. in J. ~nimAl Sci. 74 (1996) pp. 2875-2884 analyzed the records from 20,296 lactating sows on thirty commercial farms and noted that low feed intake or a drop in intake in the first week of lactation resulted in longer weaning to breeding and conception intervals. Sows which had a major drop in feed intake had a lower litter weight. Sows were more likely to be removed from the herd if intake dropped due to their ultimate poor reproduction W097/33~ PCT~S97/03805 re~;ness.
Zak et al. found that varying the feed intake of sows during lactation affects the fertility of the sows after weaning (J. Anim. Sci., 75 (1977) pp. 208-216). Sows fed less at the first part of lactation and sows fed less in the last week of a four week lactation lost more body weight than sows fed to appetite, had an increased weaning to estrus interval and a reduced ovulation rate. Thus, Zak et al. concluded that the differences found in postweaning reproduction were due to the extent and timing of weight loss which results in varying the energy balance in the sows .
In efforts to increase energy intake, fats have been added to feed given to sows in late gestation as well as during lactation resulting in some implo~"~ent in reproductive performances as evidenced by increased survival of the young, particularly in litters with low-birth weight pigs. The metabolic mechanism and reproducibility of this inc~ease is unclear (Ruwe et al., J. ~nim~l Sci. 69 (1991) p.1935). A neonate pig could deplete its body stores of carbohydrates as a supply of energy under nutritional energy stress conditions.
However, to prevent this, the addition of fat to the diet of the sow appears to increase the level of fat in the sow's milk and colostrum. The neonate and nursing pig feeds on this milk which increases its fat stores. Stahly et al. showed that the addition of fat to the food of sows in late gestation did not improve pig survival at birth but the feeding of fat to the sows in lactation improved pig survival and weight at weaning. ~n~m~l Sci. 63 (1986) p.
1156.
In a review discussing the voluntary food intake of sows and gilts, Lynch (Occ. Publ. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod.
(1989) No. 13) noted that sows tend to eat less with high W097/33~8 PCT~S97/038 energy diets including fat compared to lower energy diets without fat, resulting in an increased energy intake despite the lower total feed intake differential. The response to high fat diets appears to some extent to depend on the environmental temperature. The addition of fat to the ~nlm~l ' S diet in hot conditions has an effect because fat has a lower heat increment and produces less body heat, thereby reducing the nutritional energy stress from high temperatures and allowing the ~n;m~l to eat more.
Due to the lack of a consistent response with fat additions to the diet, it is necessary to consider other aspects of metabolism to produce a satisfactory ~n~m~l feed supplement. In the pig as well as many other species, complex carbohydrates other than starch have long been an important source of energy. These complex carbohydrates are digested via hindgut macrobial fermentation to produce acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. This digestion process is more important in the adult sow compared to the young pig due to the greater development of the hindgut fermentation capacity. Up to 25~ of the energy requirements of the adult sow can be provided from this fermentation. However, fermentation also results in an energy loss to the ~nlm~l through the generation of carbon dioxide and from the poor utilization of acetate. In particular, acetic acid and butyric acid are oxidized directly to carbon dioxide during fermentation. The heat of fermentation can also raise the pig~s body temperature which in hot environments causes a loss of appetite.
~ Propionate and other glucose precursors or gluconeogenic compounds have been used as sources of energy for milk production in rllm;n~nts, often as a treatment for ketosis which is a disease in dairy cows characterized by reduced milk production and weight loss. Propionate and glucose, however, are insulin secretagogues. Higher insulin levels tends to decrease the uptake efficiency of W097/33~8 PCT~S97/0~05 certain glucose precursors such as lactate, alanine, glutamine and glycerol. However, propionate uptake appears not to be inhibited by insulin, so in the presence of propionate, insulin levels favor the conversion of propionate to glucose while other gluconeogenic compounds such as lactate are spared for other uses.
These glucose precursors have not been widely used in the diet of monogastric ~n;mAls. In fact, Dorman et al.
(~AVMA Vol. 198, No. 9 (1991) p. 1643) disclose that propylene glycol, in large quantities can be toxic in horses. Dorman et al. disclose that the accidental feeding of propylene glycol in a quantity of 3.8L (7.6 mg/kg of body weight) to a horse lead to the death of the horse 28 hours after propylene glycol ingestion.
Ferré, P., et al. disclose that orally feeding fat and injecting gluconeogenic substrates to starved, neonatal rats reverses hypoglycaemia (Am. J. Physiol. 234(2):
E129-136). The use of injection makes such a treatment onerous for treating larger ~n;m~l S and large numbers of such animals. Unlike sows, star~ed neonatal rats do not have energy stores to mobilize, thus, the complications with treating sows and other monogastric ~n;m~l S are not evident.
United Kingdom patent application no. 2,102,268 by Nakajima et al. discloses an ~n;m~l feedstuff in soft granular form which contains 1~ to 10~ by weight of propylene glycol, 2~ to 30~ by weight of fatty components consisting of fat and/or oil and 2~ to 25~ by weight of moisture. This composition results in a soft granular ~n;m~l feedstuff in which the granules do not tend to collapse readily into powder. Propylene glycol is added to the feedstuff to promote the ca~ing efficiency of the feedstuff.
WOg7/33488 PCT~S97/03805 United States patent no. 5,182,126 to Vinci et al.
discloses a rl~m;n~nt feed supplement which contains a Cl4 -C22 fatty acid alkaline earth metal salt and a propionate glucogenous ingredient. This compound is a rumen bypass 5 ~ni~l feed supplement to ensure that the components of the compound are metabolized in the abomasum or small intestine and are not metabolized in the rumen. In the case of monogastric ~nimAls~ the components of the feed supplements are selected specifically for absorption in the ~n;m~l ' S
digestive tract and there is no need for the bypass features of such rllm;n~nt compositions.
It is desirable to provide an animal feed supplement for a monogastric animal for maintA; ni ng or enhancing the energy balance in the ~n;m~l. This feed supplement provides an approach to addressing the energy needs of the ~n;m~l which positively affects the health of the ~nim~l.
In particular, in the case of sows, the desired energy requirements during gestation and lactation are addressed by the invention.
Summary of t~e Invention It has been found that an unexpected improvement in maintenance of the energy balance in a monogastric ~nim~l such as swine occurs when the diet of the animal includes a feed supplement comprising a gluconeogenic compound and a long chain fatty acid. For female ~n;m~l S the addition of this feed supplement results in an impL~el~,ent in the reproductive performance during the latter stages of pregnancy, during lactation and subsequent reproductive performance. The addition of the supplement to the diet of 3~ the an-m~l maintains or enhances its energy balance during lactation. The feed supplement of the invention may be adapted for monogastric ~nim~l S such as swine, horses, rabbits, mink, chinchillas, dogs, rodents, fowl and prernmin~nts such as calves and lambs.
W097/33488 PCT~S97/038 In its broad aspect, the feed supplement for a monogastric animal comprises an effective amount of a gluconeogenic compound and an effective amount of a Cl4 -C22 fatty acid. The term "effective" as used herein means any amount that is effective for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance in the ~n;mAl.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for a monogastric ~n;m~l comprises from about 10% to 30~ by weight of a gluconeogenic compound. The gluconeogenic compound is selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl esters, propyl alcohol, alanine, asparate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof. The feed supplement also comprises from about 0% to 5% by weight of propylene glycol, from about 20~ to 60% by weight of a Cl4 - C22 fatty acid, with the balance of the supplement being fillers and other such essentially inert substances or food based carriers.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for a monogastric ~n;m~l comprises about 10% by weight sodium propionate, about 5% by weight propylene glycol, about 40% by weight choice white grease, and about 45% by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre, grain products, flavour enhancer and mixtures thereof.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric ~n;m~l is ~mln;stered in a daily dosage amount of about 0.05-0.5% of the body weight of the animal.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric ~imAl is ~m; n; stered in a daily dosage W097t33488 PCT~S97/03805 amount of about 10~ by weight of the dry matter content of the ~n;m~l ' s feed.
In another aspect of the invention, the feed supplement is ~ml n; stered to a monogastric female animal in a daily dosage amount from within 5 to 15 days prior to the scheduled parturition date of the ~ntm~l and continuing to feed said daily dosage from within 5 to 28 days postpartum.
The composition and use of the composition of the invention provide a number of advantages including the following:
1. Dietary gluconeogenic compounds and sources of long chain fatty acids are com~ined to facilitate metabolic processes at times when energy ~em~n~s are high and when animals are under stress.
2. Nutrient intake and/or energy available for metabolic processes is enhanced by the addition of the feed supplement of the invention which may be used with traditional feed rather than having to remix an entire feed.
3. Reproductive efficiency is enhanced by nutrient intake and/or energy available for metabolic processes resulting in improving owlatory processes and reduced time for conception.
4. The feeding of the composition of the invention to a monogastric 2n~m~l improves the energy status providing substrates for gluconeogenesis.
5. An ~nlm~l fed the composition of the invention produces healthier offspring.
WO 97/33488 PCT~USg7/03805 _g_ 6. The nutrient and feed intake immediately postpartum is increased which enhances the overall nutrient intake and/or energy available for the metabolic processes of the ~nim~l .
Detailed DeQcriDtion of the Preferred Embodime~t The feed supplement of the invention is added to the normal feed for a monogastric ~nlm~l. The feed supplement includes a gluconeogenic compound as well as a long ~h~lned fatty acid which provides nutrients to a monogastric ~nlm~l. In a female ~nlm~l, the feed supplement allows for the treatment and/or prevention of lost appetite postpartum, for the production of healthier offspring, improved conception and subsequent reproductive performance and for the maintenance or enhancement of the energy balance of the ~nlm~l.
Examples of suitable gluconeogenic compounds are propionic acid, propionic acid ester, propionic acid salt, propyl ester, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine or any protein or any other source of amino acids pertinent in energy metabolism, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and other gluconeogenic compounds which are well known in the art, and propylene glycol.
Examples of suitable fatty acids are beef and mutton tallow, lard, choice white grease, cotton seed oil, palm seed oil, in addition to other naturally occurring fatty acid oils or oils from genetically altered sources which are well known in the art, and mixtures thereof, including triglycerides of any of these fatty acids.
The fatty acids used according to the present invention are s~raight or branched, unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having 14 or more carbon atoms in the molecule W097/33~8 PCT~S97/03805 (herein referred to generally by the term "fatty acid"), or mixtures of these acids. The upper limit on the number of carbons is not critical; however, straight chAln~
containing 14 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred. Branched chain fatty acids and acids containing up to 30 or more carbon units can also be used according to the present invention.
It has been found that the simultaneous addition to the diet of gluconeogenic compounds and Cl4 - C22 fatty acids enables female monogastric ~nlm~l S such as sows to recover their appetites relati~ely quickly postpartum. The use of such a supplement shows increased dry matter intake, decreased litter mortality, shorter weaning to conception interval and increased subsequent litter size.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement for a monogastric An;m~l comprises from about 10~ to 30~ by weight of a gluconeogenic compound. The gluconeogenic compound is selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl ester, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof. The feed supplement also comprises from about 0~ to 5~ by weight of propylene glycol, from about 20~ to 60~ by weight of a C14 - C22 fatty acid with the balance of the supplement being fillers and other essentially inert substances or food based carriers.
The balance of the feed supplement may be alfalfa, legume hay, grass hay, corn grain, forages, oats, barley, distiller's grain, brewer's grain, soya bean meal, corn seed meal, mineral sources such as calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide, soy hulls and corn cob meal, anti-caking agents and mixtures thereof. A flavour enhancer such as anise and others known in the art may also be added.
W097/3~8 PCT~S97/03~5 In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises about 10~ by weight sodium propionate, about 5~ by weight propylene glycol ~the gluconeogenic compounds), about 40~ by weight choice white grease (the fatty acid source), and about 45~ by weight of a ~ combination of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre material, grain products, as noted above, and flavour enhancers.
Sows consume about 4 pounds to 16 pounds of feed per day. The supplement totals a daily dosage amount equal to 2~ to 20~ by weight to the dry matter content of the Anim~l~s feed, and preferably, a daily dosage amount equal to 10% by weight of the dry matter content of the ~n;mAl's feed.
15For a pregnant AnimAl, the preferred method for feeding the supplement of the invention comprises orally feeding the Anim~l the composition in a daily dosage amount from within 5-15 days prior to the scheduled parturition date of the An;~l and continuing to feed said daily dosage from within 5 to 28 days postpartum. The composition is fed to the animal as a supplement to the Anl~Al ls feed.
The daily dosage is preferably 0.05-0.5% of the body weight of the ~nim~l depending on the metabolic needs of the AnimAl. For the sow this dosage is about 45 to 681g (0.1 to 1.5 lb.). The daily dosage can be varied throughout the ~m; n; stration period, as needed. The monogastric An;m~l may be swine, equine, rabbits, mink, rhinch;llas~ dogs, rodents, fowl and prer~m;n~nts such as calves and lambs.
The following examples are included to further illustrate the invention herein described and claimed. The examples are not intended as limitations of the present invention. The examples show that sows fed the test product ate more, had decreased litter mortality, had a shorter weaning to conception interval and had increased CA 02248787 l998-09-ll W097/33488 PCT~S97/03805 subsequent litter size. In particular, the examples show that the sows had an increased feed intake during the first week postpartum.
Examples The composition of the inve~tion tested comprised 10 by weight sodium propionate, 5~ by weight propylene glycol, 40~ by weight choice white grease, and 45~ by weight of a combination of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre material, grain products and flavour enhancers (the "test product"). The control was 40~ by weight choice white grease and 60~ by weight filler which was dairy by-products and grain products. The test product and the control were fed beginning day 102 of gestation which was approximately 11 days prior to parturition at a rate ranging from 227 to 568 grams/head/day and this was continued for 21 days postpartum. Ten sows were fed the test product and ten sows were fed the control. Each group of sows included an equal number of either primiparous or multiparous (average prior litters: 3.4) sows.
The feed intake of the sows and the piglets after the first parity and after the second parity were observed.
Table 1 lists the total feed intake per sow in early lactation for day 1 and 2 and for the first week postpartum.
Table 1 Kg In~ake 1st Pari y 2nd Pariry Average Al_ Sow8 Day l and 2 Week Day 1 and 2 Week Day 1 and 2 Week control 6.7 33.8 8.2 41.5 7.4 37.6 test 7.6 36.8 10.2 47.6 8.9 42.2 product CA 02248787 l998-09-ll W 0 97t33488 PCTrUS97/03805 A s~udy of average daily feed intake for the sows for the twenty-one day lactation period is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Kg/day 1st Parity Multiparity All sows control 5.26 6.81 6.04 test product 5.51 7.58 6.55 Table 3 shows the per cent mortality and the weights and gains of the piglets at 21 days of age. The average data from all sows fed the control and sows fed the test product is also shown.
V ~n s V _ o~
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,~
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n n_ ~ C~ Y
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s -W097/33~ PCT~S97/0~05 Table 4 shows the weaning to estrus interval, the number of sows with delayed estrus and reproductive failure. The number of sows which had a weaning to estrus interval of less than eight days is shown and those which had a weaning to estrus interval greater than eight days is shown. The average weaning to estrus interval for the first and second parities is shown as WEI and the number of fetus aborted naturally is shown.
Table 4 No. c 8 Day~ No. > 8 day~ WEI Abort 1st Multiparity 1st Multiparity 1 ~ 2 Week Parity Parity 0 control 3 4 2 1 9.0 2 test 4 4 0 0 5.1 0 product Table 5 shows the subsequent litter size of the sows fed the control and the sows fed the test product. The column entitled "Changen refers to the increase or decrease of litter size as compared to the previous litter of the sows. Sows fed the control had almost the same litter size as the prior litter (-0.14) while sows fed the test product increased the number of pigs born alive by 0.77 compared to the prior litter.
Table 5 Born Alive Change# Sows having 2 or more Fewer Pigs Compared to Last Parity control 10.1 -0.14 4 test product 11.1 0.77 CA 02248787 l998-09-ll W O 97t33488 PCT~USg7/03805 In summary, the composition of the invention increases the nutrient and feed intake of the sow which leads to a decreased mortality rate in piglets. In particular, nutrient intake during the first week postpartum was increased.
It will be understood that modifications can be made in the embodiments of the invention herein without departing from the scope and purview of the invention as described in the appended claims.
WO 97/33488 PCT~USg7/03805 _g_ 6. The nutrient and feed intake immediately postpartum is increased which enhances the overall nutrient intake and/or energy available for the metabolic processes of the ~nim~l .
Detailed DeQcriDtion of the Preferred Embodime~t The feed supplement of the invention is added to the normal feed for a monogastric ~nlm~l. The feed supplement includes a gluconeogenic compound as well as a long ~h~lned fatty acid which provides nutrients to a monogastric ~nlm~l. In a female ~nlm~l, the feed supplement allows for the treatment and/or prevention of lost appetite postpartum, for the production of healthier offspring, improved conception and subsequent reproductive performance and for the maintenance or enhancement of the energy balance of the ~nlm~l.
Examples of suitable gluconeogenic compounds are propionic acid, propionic acid ester, propionic acid salt, propyl ester, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine or any protein or any other source of amino acids pertinent in energy metabolism, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and other gluconeogenic compounds which are well known in the art, and propylene glycol.
Examples of suitable fatty acids are beef and mutton tallow, lard, choice white grease, cotton seed oil, palm seed oil, in addition to other naturally occurring fatty acid oils or oils from genetically altered sources which are well known in the art, and mixtures thereof, including triglycerides of any of these fatty acids.
The fatty acids used according to the present invention are s~raight or branched, unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids having 14 or more carbon atoms in the molecule W097/33~8 PCT~S97/03805 (herein referred to generally by the term "fatty acid"), or mixtures of these acids. The upper limit on the number of carbons is not critical; however, straight chAln~
containing 14 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred. Branched chain fatty acids and acids containing up to 30 or more carbon units can also be used according to the present invention.
It has been found that the simultaneous addition to the diet of gluconeogenic compounds and Cl4 - C22 fatty acids enables female monogastric ~nlm~l S such as sows to recover their appetites relati~ely quickly postpartum. The use of such a supplement shows increased dry matter intake, decreased litter mortality, shorter weaning to conception interval and increased subsequent litter size.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement for a monogastric An;m~l comprises from about 10~ to 30~ by weight of a gluconeogenic compound. The gluconeogenic compound is selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl ester, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof. The feed supplement also comprises from about 0~ to 5~ by weight of propylene glycol, from about 20~ to 60~ by weight of a C14 - C22 fatty acid with the balance of the supplement being fillers and other essentially inert substances or food based carriers.
The balance of the feed supplement may be alfalfa, legume hay, grass hay, corn grain, forages, oats, barley, distiller's grain, brewer's grain, soya bean meal, corn seed meal, mineral sources such as calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide, soy hulls and corn cob meal, anti-caking agents and mixtures thereof. A flavour enhancer such as anise and others known in the art may also be added.
W097/3~8 PCT~S97/03~5 In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed supplement comprises about 10~ by weight sodium propionate, about 5~ by weight propylene glycol ~the gluconeogenic compounds), about 40~ by weight choice white grease (the fatty acid source), and about 45~ by weight of a ~ combination of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre material, grain products, as noted above, and flavour enhancers.
Sows consume about 4 pounds to 16 pounds of feed per day. The supplement totals a daily dosage amount equal to 2~ to 20~ by weight to the dry matter content of the Anim~l~s feed, and preferably, a daily dosage amount equal to 10% by weight of the dry matter content of the ~n;mAl's feed.
15For a pregnant AnimAl, the preferred method for feeding the supplement of the invention comprises orally feeding the Anim~l the composition in a daily dosage amount from within 5-15 days prior to the scheduled parturition date of the An;~l and continuing to feed said daily dosage from within 5 to 28 days postpartum. The composition is fed to the animal as a supplement to the Anl~Al ls feed.
The daily dosage is preferably 0.05-0.5% of the body weight of the ~nim~l depending on the metabolic needs of the AnimAl. For the sow this dosage is about 45 to 681g (0.1 to 1.5 lb.). The daily dosage can be varied throughout the ~m; n; stration period, as needed. The monogastric An;m~l may be swine, equine, rabbits, mink, rhinch;llas~ dogs, rodents, fowl and prer~m;n~nts such as calves and lambs.
The following examples are included to further illustrate the invention herein described and claimed. The examples are not intended as limitations of the present invention. The examples show that sows fed the test product ate more, had decreased litter mortality, had a shorter weaning to conception interval and had increased CA 02248787 l998-09-ll W097/33488 PCT~S97/03805 subsequent litter size. In particular, the examples show that the sows had an increased feed intake during the first week postpartum.
Examples The composition of the inve~tion tested comprised 10 by weight sodium propionate, 5~ by weight propylene glycol, 40~ by weight choice white grease, and 45~ by weight of a combination of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre material, grain products and flavour enhancers (the "test product"). The control was 40~ by weight choice white grease and 60~ by weight filler which was dairy by-products and grain products. The test product and the control were fed beginning day 102 of gestation which was approximately 11 days prior to parturition at a rate ranging from 227 to 568 grams/head/day and this was continued for 21 days postpartum. Ten sows were fed the test product and ten sows were fed the control. Each group of sows included an equal number of either primiparous or multiparous (average prior litters: 3.4) sows.
The feed intake of the sows and the piglets after the first parity and after the second parity were observed.
Table 1 lists the total feed intake per sow in early lactation for day 1 and 2 and for the first week postpartum.
Table 1 Kg In~ake 1st Pari y 2nd Pariry Average Al_ Sow8 Day l and 2 Week Day 1 and 2 Week Day 1 and 2 Week control 6.7 33.8 8.2 41.5 7.4 37.6 test 7.6 36.8 10.2 47.6 8.9 42.2 product CA 02248787 l998-09-ll W 0 97t33488 PCTrUS97/03805 A s~udy of average daily feed intake for the sows for the twenty-one day lactation period is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Kg/day 1st Parity Multiparity All sows control 5.26 6.81 6.04 test product 5.51 7.58 6.55 Table 3 shows the per cent mortality and the weights and gains of the piglets at 21 days of age. The average data from all sows fed the control and sows fed the test product is also shown.
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,~
v . .
v a~ 0 O ~
r a îJ~ ~ O
n n_ ~ C~ Y
_I ~t~
~P 0 t~U~
o I Q ~
,~ r- ~. .
n ~ ~
.
C ~ 0 ~D
v ~ Y ~ ~r o~ _I 'I r _I
s -W097/33~ PCT~S97/0~05 Table 4 shows the weaning to estrus interval, the number of sows with delayed estrus and reproductive failure. The number of sows which had a weaning to estrus interval of less than eight days is shown and those which had a weaning to estrus interval greater than eight days is shown. The average weaning to estrus interval for the first and second parities is shown as WEI and the number of fetus aborted naturally is shown.
Table 4 No. c 8 Day~ No. > 8 day~ WEI Abort 1st Multiparity 1st Multiparity 1 ~ 2 Week Parity Parity 0 control 3 4 2 1 9.0 2 test 4 4 0 0 5.1 0 product Table 5 shows the subsequent litter size of the sows fed the control and the sows fed the test product. The column entitled "Changen refers to the increase or decrease of litter size as compared to the previous litter of the sows. Sows fed the control had almost the same litter size as the prior litter (-0.14) while sows fed the test product increased the number of pigs born alive by 0.77 compared to the prior litter.
Table 5 Born Alive Change# Sows having 2 or more Fewer Pigs Compared to Last Parity control 10.1 -0.14 4 test product 11.1 0.77 CA 02248787 l998-09-ll W O 97t33488 PCT~USg7/03805 In summary, the composition of the invention increases the nutrient and feed intake of the sow which leads to a decreased mortality rate in piglets. In particular, nutrient intake during the first week postpartum was increased.
It will be understood that modifications can be made in the embodiments of the invention herein without departing from the scope and purview of the invention as described in the appended claims.
Claims (21)
1. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal comprising:
(a) from about 10% to 30% by weight of a gluconeogenic compound, said gluconeogenic compound comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl esters, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof;
(b) from about 0% to 5% by weight of propylene glycol;
(c) from about 20% to 60% by weight of a fatty acid; and (d) the balance of said supplement being a compatible filler.
(a) from about 10% to 30% by weight of a gluconeogenic compound, said gluconeogenic compound comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl esters, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof;
(b) from about 0% to 5% by weight of propylene glycol;
(c) from about 20% to 60% by weight of a fatty acid; and (d) the balance of said supplement being a compatible filler.
2. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 1, wherein said monogastric animal is swine.
3. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 1, wherein said monogastric animal is equine.
4. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 1, wherein said monogastric animal is rabbit, mink, chinchilla, dog, rodent, a fowl, or a preruminant calf or a preruminant lamb.
5. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fatty acid is a C14 - C22 fatty acid.
6. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as Claimed in claim 1, wherein said fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of beef tallow, mutton tallow, lard, choice white grease, cotton seed oil, palm seed oil, natural fat, triglycerides of such fatty acids and mixtures thereof.
7. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 1, wherein said filler is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, legume hay, grass hay, forages, corn grain, oats, barley, distiller's grain, brewer's grain, soya bean meal, corn seed meal, calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, anti-caking agents and mixtures thereof.
8. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 7 additionally comprising a flavour enhancer.
9. A feed supplement for a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 1 comprising about 10% by weight sodium propionate, about 5% by weight propylene glycol, about 40% by weight choice white grease, and about 45% by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre, grain products, flavour enhancer and mixtures thereof.
10. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal by administering to said monogastric animal a sufficient amount of a feed supplement composition, comprising:
(a) from about 10% to 30% by weight of a gluconeogenic compound, said gluconeogenic compound comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl ester, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof;
(b) from about 0% to 5% by weight of propylene glycol;
(c) from about 20% to 60% by weight of a C14 - C22 fatty acid; and (d) the balance of said supplement being a compatible filler.
(a) from about 10% to 30% by weight of a gluconeogenic compound, said gluconeogenic compound comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of propionic acid, propionic acid esters, propionic acid salts, propyl ester, propyl alcohol, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, serine, lactose, lactate, glycerol, pyruvate, glutamine and mixtures thereof;
(b) from about 0% to 5% by weight of propylene glycol;
(c) from about 20% to 60% by weight of a C14 - C22 fatty acid; and (d) the balance of said supplement being a compatible filler.
11. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein said monogastric animal is swine.
12. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein said monogastric animal is equine.
13. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein said monogastric animal is a calf, lamb, rabbit, mink, chinchilla, primate, dog, breeding rat or a fowl.
14. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein said fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of beef tallow, mutton tallow, lard, choice white grease, cotton seed oil, palm seed oil, natural fat, triglycerides of such fatty acids and mixtures thereof.
15. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein said filler is selected from the group consisting of alfalfa, legume hay, grass hay, forages, corn grain, oats, barley, distiller's grain, brewer's grain, soya bean meal, corn seed meal and mixtures thereof.
16. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 15 additionally comprising a flavour enhancer.
17. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, comprising about 10% by weight sodium propionate, about 5% by weight propylene glycol, about 40% by weight choice white grease, and about 45% by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of dairy by-product, inert mineral, fibre, grain products, flavour enhancer and mixtures thereof.
18. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric female animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein a daily dosage amount of said composition is administered to said monogastric animal from within 5 - 15 days prior to the scheduled parturition date of the animal to within 5 to 28 days postpartum.
19. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 10, wherein a daily dosage of said composition is administered in about 0.05-0.5% of the body weight of the animal.
20. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 18 wherein said daily dosage is about 10% of the dry matter content of the animal's feed.
21. A method for maintaining or enhancing the energy balance of a monogastric animal as claimed in claim 19, wherein the dosage is about 45 to 681g.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US1319696P | 1996-03-13 | 1996-03-13 | |
| US60/013,196 | 1996-03-13 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2248787A1 true CA2248787A1 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
Family
ID=21758758
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002248787A Abandoned CA2248787A1 (en) | 1996-03-13 | 1997-03-13 | Animal feed supplement |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2321697A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2248787A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997033488A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9807287D0 (en) * | 1998-04-03 | 1998-06-03 | Verdugt Bv | Biocidal compositions |
| DE19836450A1 (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-02-17 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Stable animal feed formulation containing pyruvic acid, e.g. supplement for horse, dog and cat, also contains aminoacid, other organic acid and/or physiologically valuable additive |
| US6440447B1 (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2002-08-27 | Land O'lakes, Inc. | Method and composition for enhancing milk production |
| GB0008249D0 (en) * | 2000-04-04 | 2000-05-24 | Mars Uk Ltd | Supplementation of engine feedstuffs |
| GB0114419D0 (en) * | 2001-06-13 | 2001-08-08 | Mars Uk Ltd | Health food |
| US8519008B2 (en) | 2003-01-22 | 2013-08-27 | Purina Animal Nutrition Llc | Method and composition for improving the health of young monogastric mammals |
| US8110214B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2012-02-07 | Land O'lakes Purina Feed Llc | Method and composition for enhancing milk production and milk component concentrations |
| US8691843B2 (en) | 2006-07-12 | 2014-04-08 | Novus International, Inc. | Antioxidant combinations for use in ruminant feed rations |
| CN101594849A (en) * | 2006-11-17 | 2009-12-02 | 诺华丝国际股份有限公司 | Matrix-embedded compositions with organic acid and fatty acid |
| EP2161986A4 (en) | 2007-07-03 | 2014-06-25 | Novus Int Inc | Piglet feed rations having low levels of fermentable carbohydrates |
| US8658199B2 (en) | 2012-02-01 | 2014-02-25 | Purina Animal Nutrition Llc | Systems and methods for feeding sugar alcohol to ruminants during periods of heat stress |
| US9495129B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2016-11-15 | Apple Inc. | Device, method, and user interface for voice-activated navigation and browsing of a document |
| US11064717B2 (en) | 2013-02-20 | 2021-07-20 | Palm Silage, Inc. | Palm-based animal feed |
| US11071313B2 (en) | 2013-02-20 | 2021-07-27 | Palm Silage, Inc. | Palm-based animal feed |
| RU2671470C2 (en) * | 2017-01-20 | 2018-10-31 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Омский аграрный научный центр" (ФГБНУ "Омский АНЦ") | Method of feeding of lactating cows |
| CN112006170A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-12-01 | 黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧研究所 | Feed additive for promoting production performance of fur-bearing animals and application thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1546819A (en) * | 1967-01-14 | 1968-11-22 | Union Agricole Ag Fuer Landw S | Process for supplemental feeding of high-yield dairy cows, in particular before and after calving, and supplemental feed for the implementation of the process |
| DE2644351C3 (en) * | 1976-10-01 | 1979-05-17 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Preservatives for animal feed |
| JPS5850709B2 (en) * | 1981-05-30 | 1983-11-11 | 日本配合飼料株式会社 | Granular soft feed for animals |
| US5182126A (en) * | 1992-03-20 | 1993-01-26 | Church & Dwight Co., Inc. | Ruminant feed supplement |
| GB9418420D0 (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 1994-11-02 | Mckeown Neil A | Composition for the treatment of an energy imbalance in ruminents |
-
1997
- 1997-03-13 AU AU23216/97A patent/AU2321697A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-13 CA CA002248787A patent/CA2248787A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-13 WO PCT/US1997/003805 patent/WO1997033488A1/en active Application Filing
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| WO1997033488A1 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
| AU2321697A (en) | 1997-10-01 |
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