Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

• the invention relates to a fuel composition which contains a biological oil, and to the use of such a fuel composition as a fuel in engines and in heat/electricity production plants.
• the conventional liquid fuels for combustion engines are made up of hydrocarbon mixtures, and they are mostly derived from petroleum.
• the dwindling of crude oil resources has increased the demand for fuels in which fuel hydrocarbons have, at least in part, been replaced with renewable fuels, such as oils of plant or animal origin.
• renewable fuels such as oils of plant or animal origin.
• the target set for the trans ⁇ portation sector is a 5 % share for biofuels in the total consumption of fuels for transportation; this corresponds to an annual use of approx. 5-10 metric megatons.
• the most important uses are gasoline additive components, ethanol or methanol, and ethers, ethyl-t-butyl ether and methyl-t-butyl ether.
• the target is the production of biofuels mainly from rapeseed or, in the Nordic countries, from the tall oil derived from the pulping process.
• DE publication 24 41 737 describes fuel compositions for internal combustion engines equipped with a carburetor, the fuel compositions being made up of a hydrocarbon mixture and a mixture which contains a lower alcohol, water and possibly a small amount of vegetable oil which serves as a compatibilizer.
• DE-31 49 170 and DE-31 50 988 disclose diesel fuels in which up to 90 % of the hydrocarbons have been replaced with vege ⁇ table oil alkyl fatty acid esters, the fuel additionally containing a lower alcohol. In this case, however, it has been necessary to convert the vegetable oils completely to alkyl fatty acid esters, in particular to methyl fatty acid esters, which on the one hand means high costs and on the other the formation of a glycerine residue difficult to exploit.
• US-4 359 324 discloses a diesel fuel which is made up of butyl alcohol in an amount of 25-75 % and vegetable oil in an amount of 75-85 %.
• US-4 557 734 for its part discloses a diesel oil composed of vegetable oil, methanol or ethanol, and a straight-chain octanol.
• DE-4 116 905 discloses a fuel composition which comprises at least one vegetable and/or animal oil in an amount of 60-88 % by volume, at least one straight-chain or branched aliphatic monoalcohol having 1-5 carbon atoms in an amount of 6-20 % by volume, and gasoline in an amount of 6-20 % by volume.
• WO publication 83/00344 discloses internal combustion engine fuel which is a mixture of oil, alcohol and tall oil.
• the tall oil serves as a compatibilizer for the oil and the alcohol.
• the oil is preferably a fatty oil or diesel oil, and the alcohol is preferably ethanol or methanol.
• the preferred amount of tall oil is at minimum 15 % by volume.
• rapeseed cannot be used as such in diesel engines, since it fouls and encrusts in particular the injection nozzles after 500-1500 hours of use.
• Attempts have been made to eliminate the problem with specially structured engines, such as the so-called Elsbett engine, or by chemically altering the physical properties of rapeseed oil to bring them close to those of ordinary diesel oil, mainly by means of esterification.
• the specialized engines are about double in price, since in them the injection apparatus in the engine and the combustion chambers have been altered, and a higher temperature has been adopted to prevent encrustation.
• the encrustation is due to incomplete combustion of the triglyceride structure of the vegetable oil and to poor atomization of the oil in the nozzles.
• the viscosity of oil also increases when the outer temperature decreases, in which case their use in winter conditions is out of the question.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a fuel which is substantially made up of a natural renewable material.
• a particular object is to exploit vegetable and/or animal oil.
• a particular object of the invention is a fuel which with respect to its chemical and physical properties is suitable for conventional use, i.e. for the engines of conven ⁇ tional vehicles, drives, and power plants, and for conventio ⁇ nal combustion devices in heat production. It is also an object of the invention to provide a biodegradable fuel which is suitable for use as fuel in present-type diesel engines.
• the fuel according to the invention must also be as environment-friendly as possible.
• a fuel composition more usable than previously is obtained if it comprises a) a biocomponent composition in an amount of 5-100 % of the weight of the fuel composition, the biocomponent composition containing a j ) at least one vegetable or animal oil in an amount of approx. 50-95 %, preferably 70-90 %, of the weight of the biocomponent composition and a 2 ) a fatty acid and/or resin acid C,-C 6 alkyl ester, or a mixture thereof, in an amount of approx. 5- 50 %, preferably 10-30 %, of the weight of the biocomponent composition, and b) a hydrocarbon component in an amount of 0-95 % of the weight of the fuel.
• composition according to the invention was arrived at when it was observed that by esterifying tall oil or rapeseed oil, which is mostly made up of a mixture of fatty acids (and resin acids, tall oil) , and by adding the esterified tall oil or rapeseed oil to a bio-oil, in this case rapeseed oil, a fuel or a fuel additive was obtained which did not cause encrus- tation in a diesel engine and the viscosity of which did not increase rapidly at lower temperatures.
• a fuel composition according to the invention may thus contain, in an amount of 5-100 % by weight, the said biocomponent composition made up of bio-oil and a fatty and/or resin ester.
• the lower limit for the concentration is possible when the said biocomponent composition is used as an additive of the hydrocarbon component of a fuel composition or when, for ecological reasons, it is desired to incorporate environment-friendly components into conventional hydrocarbon fuels.
• the upper limit set for the concentration range is 100 % by weight, which means that in this case the fuel composition consists in its entirety of the said biocomponent composition. Since the invention is based on the realization that a C,-C 6 alkyl ester of fatty acid and/or resin acid removes the drawbacks of conventional bio-oils, there is no obstacle to the use of a completely biological material as a fuel.
• the fuel composition according to the invention contain the said biocomponent com ⁇ position in an amount of approx. 10-60 % by weight. It is preferable that the fuel composition contain the said hydrocarbon component in an amount of 40-90 % by weight.
• tall oil serves as a compatibilizer for the hydrocarbon fuel and the bio-oil, whereupon an synergic ternary composition is formed.
• glycerides mainly triglycerides, and they are based primarily on saturated C 4 -C 26 fatty acids such as butyric acid, capronic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and cerotic acid; monounsaturated C 10 -C 26 fatty acids such as obtusilinic acid, caproleic acid, lauroleic acid, physeteric acid, petroselinic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, gadoleic acid, brassidic acid, cetoleic acid, erucic acid, selacholeic acid, and ximenic acid; polyunsaturated C 18 -C 24 fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, parinary acid, clupanodonic acid, and ricin
• biocomponent ai is a vegetable oil, such as cottonseed oil, hemp oil, rape (colza) oil, arachis oil, beech kernel oil, tung oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, poppyseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, oiticica oil, corn oil, safflor oil, mustard seed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, perilla oil, coconut oil, linseed oil, castor oil, etc. Owing to the very closely related properties of the triglyceride molecules, these oils are highly similar in their chemical and physical (density, viscosity) properties.
• a preferred bio-oil, i.e. component a 1# for use in a fuel com ⁇ position according to the invention is rapeseed oil.
• Rapeseed oil is also a triester of glycerol, i.e. triglyceride, in which there are various fatty acids esterified in glycerol, mainly palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Rapeseed and other vegetable oils contain hardly any free fatty acids. Most fatty acids present in rapeseed oil have 18 carbon atoms. The proportion of oleic acid is the largest, that of linolenic acid the second largest, and that of alpha-linolenic acid the third largest.
• Rapeseed oil is prepared in small oil pressing mills, in gen ⁇ eral by treating the seeds in an injection press without an external source of heat, in which case the temperature will not rise above 40 °C.
• the product is purified by sedimenta ⁇ tion, and it is called cold-pressed rapeseed oil.
• the refining takes place by the hot pressing technique according to the following steps:
• the crude rapeseed oil produced by oil pressing can be refined further.
• Cold-pressed rapeseed oil can be used as such, de- gummed with water and/or phosphoric acid or with sulfuric acid.
• corresponding purification methods are used and the following products are obtained: 1) crude hot-pressed rapeseed oil, 2) water degummed rapeseed oil, 3) water and acid degummed (superdegummed) rapeseed oil, 4) partially refined (neutralized) rapeseed oil, 5) completely refined rapeseed oil.
• the obtained rapeseed oil should be stored protected from light and heat and preferably from atmospheric oxygen.
• the second component a 2 of biocomponent composition a in the fuel composition of the invention is a C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or resin acid, or a mixture thereof.
• the alkyl ester may thus be methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl ester.
• bio-component composition a of the fuel composition according to the invention so that, in addition to bio-oil a 1# it contains as component a 2 a C,-C 6 alkyl ester of a fatty acid or resin acid, or a mixture thereof, whereby it can be ensured that the idea of the invention is protected.
• the fatty acid fraction of tall oil greatly resembles the fatty acid fraction of soybean oil. It is thus natural for the patent in this case to protect the C,-C 6 alkyl esters of also other vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, as component a 2 .
• Typical fatty acids of component a 2 include the fatty acids mentioned above in connection with bio-oil, in particular oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid.
• Typical resin acids according to the invention include primary acids and abietic acids of different types. Resin acids have been discussed, for example, in Ullmanns Encyklopadie der ischen Chemie, 3rd edition, volume 8, pp. 400-417, which is incorporated herein by reference. It should be pointed out that resin acids are present not only in tall oil but also in other wood processing products, etc.
• component a 2 i.e. the C t -C 6 alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or resin acid be a C,-C 6 alkyl ester of the fatty acid component and/or resin acid component of tall oil or of the fatty acid component of rapeseed oil, preferably ethyl or methyl ester, and most preferably methyl ester.
• the invention relates to the use of both individual fatty acids and/or resin acids together with bio-oil to improve a fuel composition, it is, however, advantageous and economical to utilize their natural mixtures.
• the mixture of a C,-C 6 -alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or resin acid is C,-C 6 -alkyl esterified tall oil, preferably ethyl- or methyl-esterified tall oil, i.e. ethyl tall oil ester or methyl tall oil ester, most preferably methyl-esterified tall oil, i.e. methyl tall oil ester.
• the mixture of C,-C 6 -alkyl ester of a fatty acid is C,-C 6 -alkyl esterified (interesteri- fied) bio-oil, such as fish oil, cotton seed oil, arachis oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, safflor oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, linseed oil, castor oil, etc., preferably C,-C 6 -alkyl esterified rapeseed oil, more preferably ethyl- or methyl- esterified rapeseed oil, i.e. ethyl rapeseed oil ester or methyl rapeseed oil ester, most preferably methyl-esterified rapeseed oil, i.e. methyl rapeseed oil ester.
• bio-oil such as fish oil, cotton seed oil, arachis oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed
• the fuel composition according to the invention contains only the biocomponent com ⁇ position, but it is preferable to mix the biocomponent composition with a hydrocarbon component.
• the hydrocarbon component i.e. the above-mentioned component b, may in principle be any hydrocarbon suitable for fuel, or a mixture thereof, but for practical reasons it is preferably a hydrocarbon component obtained from petroleum by refining, such as light fuel oil or diesel oil.
• the most preferable hydrocarbon component used in the invention is diesel oil, which, when mixed with biocomponent a, enables the biocomponent composition according to the invention to be used as diesel fuel.
• the protection of the patent relates to the use of the fuel composition described above as a fuel in combustion engines and in particular diesel engines.
• the fuel composition described above can be used to replace fuel oil in the production of heat and electricity.
• the fuel composition according to the invention mainly replaces light fuel oil.
• a fuel composition to which cold-pressed rapeseed oil in an amount of 20 % by weight, methyl tall oil ester in an amount of 5 % by weight, and reformulated diesel oil in an amount of 75 % by weight were added was tested in a Peugeot diesel engine nozzle encrustation test according to the norm CEC PCF- 26.
• the testing time was 6 hours, during which no encrustation was observed in the injection system of the engine.
• the result obtained was a fouling degree of 79 % when the nozzle needle had been raised 0.1 mm.
• the fouling de ⁇ gree was 87 %, i.e. the result with the vegetable oil composi ⁇ tion was better than with conventional diesel fuel.
• the fouling degree was 71 %.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

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Cited By (11)

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Citations (2)

• 1994
  • 1994-03-14 FI FI941198A patent/FI95391C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
• 1995
  • 1995-03-13 WO PCT/FI1995/000134 patent/WO1995025152A1/en active Application Filing

Patent Citations (2)

Non-Patent Citations (2)

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