WO1995014385A1 - Triazole phosphonate pesticides - Google Patents
Triazole phosphonate pesticides Download PDFInfo
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- WO1995014385A1 WO1995014385A1 PCT/GB1994/002568 GB9402568W WO9514385A1 WO 1995014385 A1 WO1995014385 A1 WO 1995014385A1 GB 9402568 W GB9402568 W GB 9402568W WO 9514385 A1 WO9514385 A1 WO 9514385A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/18—Testing for antimicrobial activity of a material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- A01N57/24—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing heterocyclic radicals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N61/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing substances of unknown or undetermined composition, e.g. substances characterised only by the mode of action
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6515—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6518—Five-membered rings
Definitions
- This invention relates to pesticides based on triazole linked to a phosphonate group.
- EP 528760 there are disclosed [3-(1,2,4-triazolyl) - 3-hydroxypropyl]phosphonic acid derivatives (excluding those claimed in WO 92/19629) , for which herbicidal activity only was exemplified, but are also claimed to have fungicidal activity.
- WO 93/15610 there are disclosed as herbicides, compounds based on triazole linked to a phosphonate group by a optionally substituted chain or ring of three carbon atoms. Similar herbicidal compounds are disclosed in EP 78613.
- Tr is optionally substituted 1,2,4-triazol-l-yl or
- A is a) Q, where Q is an optionally substituted chain containing 3 to 6 atoms, and in which
- Tr when Tr is unsubstituted 1,2,4-triazol-l-yl and the carbon adjacent Tr -is unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl, aryl or haloaryl, the middle chain carbon is not substituted by hydroxy, together with esters, salts and complexes with metal salts thereof.
- Q comprises 4 or 5 atoms and especially 5 atoms.
- the compound is present as the free acid or salt thereof, though in certain cases metabolisable esters, e.g. acyloxyalkyl or phenyl may be advantageous.
- the preferred hetero atoms are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or sulfur.
- the nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus may be oxidised.
- Optional substituents on carbon atoms forming A include an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, which may be unsaturated, amino, hydrazono, hydroxy, mercapto or hydroximino, each of which is optionally substituted, acyl, carboxy (and salt and ester derived forms thereof) , halogen, azido, nitro, cyano, oxo, aryl or heterocyclyl.
- Optional substituents on nitrogen atoms forming A include acyl or aryl, or alkyl, amino or hydroxy, each of which is optionally substituted.
- Optional substituents on the triazolyl include alkyl, e.g methyl, acyl and other protecting groups, especially trityl, acyloxymethyl and dimethylsulfa oyl.
- Aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals are generally of up 10 carbon atoms and can be cyclic or acyclic. Acyclic groups may branched or straight chained. Substituents, when present on any aliphatic hydrocarbon radical group, halogen, cyano, alkoxy (e.g. of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and which may be optionally substituted, e.g. by halo) , hydroxy, alkylthio, nitro, optionally substituted amino, carboxy (and salt and ester derivatives thereof) , acyl, acyloxy or aryl. Cyclic aliphatic groups are generally of 3 to 8 carbon atoms.
- Aryl groups are usually phenyl, optionally substituted, e.g. by halogen, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted alkyl, alkylthio or alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, nitro, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted carba oyl, carboxy, optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl, In some cases two substituents, together with the phenyl to which they are attached, can form a fused ' ring which itself can be optionally substituted as for phenyl.
- heterocyclyl includes aromatic and non-aromatic rings which usually contain 5 to 7 ring atoms and including up to three hetero atoms usually selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
- groups include thienyl, furyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolone, oxazolyl, benzi idazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, dioxolanyl, i idazopyridinyl, 1,3-benzoxazinyl, 1,3-benzothiazinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, imidazolyl, morpholino, benzofuranyl, pyrazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, dihydroquinazolinyl or benzothiazo
- Amino and hydrazono groups may be substituted, e.g. by one or two optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or acyl groups or two substituents can form a ring, e.g. a morpholino or piperidino ring.
- Hydroxy, mercapto or hydroximino groups may be substituted, e.g. by one or two optionally substituted alkyl, aryl or acyl groups.
- acyl includes the residue of sulfur and phosphorus-containing acids as well as carboxylic acids.
- Salts of compounds of the invention are usually those of agriculturally acceptable metal cations or of organic bases, especially tertiary amines.
- Complexes of compounds of the invention are usually formed from a salt of formula M n2, in which M is a divalent metal cation, e.g. copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel, iron or zinc and An is an anion, e.g. chloride, nitrate or sulfate.
- the compounds of the invention are particularly suitable for combating phytopathogenic fungi, such as mildews and particularly barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe gramin ⁇ s) and vine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) , rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) , late tomato or potato blight
- phytopathogenic fungi such as mildews and particularly barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe gramin ⁇ s) and vine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) , rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) , late tomato or potato blight
- fungi against which the compounds may be active include other powdery mildews, other rusts, and general pathogens of Deuteromycete, Ascomycete, Phyco ycete and Basidomycete origin.
- the compounds may also have activity against wood damaging fungi and also human pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albican ⁇ .
- novel compounds of the invention as well as, or instead of, fungicidal activity may have other pesticidal activity and especially herbicidal activity.
- IGPD i idazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase
- the IGPD assay will identify the intrinsic fungicidal activity of a compound, it is subsequently necessary to use conventional tests to confirm the in vivo fungicidal activity.
- the invention also provides a method for identifying potential fungicides which comprised testing a candidate compound in an IGPD inhibition assay and also includes fungicides identified using this test.
- the invention still further provides the use as a fungicide of a compound which is an IGPD inhibitor, with the proviso that the compound is not a general enzyme inhibitor and is not a compound previously known to have fungicidal activity.
- the IGPD inhibitor is one which produces at least a 20%, and preferably at least a 50%, reduction in IGPD activity when tested against a fungal enzyme preparation at 100 ⁇ M or less.
- One suitable enzyme preparation is that derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
- the compounds of the invention have activity against a wide range of pathogens of Deuteromycete, Ascomycete, Phycomycete and Basidiomycete origin, and especially against fungal diseases of plants, e.g. mildews and particularly cereal powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) and vine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) , rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and glume blotch (Leptosphaeria nodorum) .
- mildews and particularly cereal powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) and vine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) , rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) and glume blotch (Leptosphaeria nodorum) e.g. mildews and particularly cereal powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) and vine downy mildew
- Some compounds also have herbicidal activity, against a wide range of undesirable weeds such as those disclosed in Test Example 2.
- the compounds of the invention are generally formulated in conventional compositions used for pesticides. These compositions can contain one or more additional pesticides, for example compounds known to possess herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal or nematicidal properties.
- the diluent or carrier in the composition of the invention can be a solid or a liquid optiona ' lly in association with a surface-active agent, for example a dispersing agent, emulsifying agent or wetting agent.
- Suitable surface-active agents include anionic compounds such as a carboxylate, for example a metal carboxylate of a long chain fatty acid; an N-acylsarcosinate; mono- or di-esters of phosphoric acid with fatty alcohol ethoxylates or salts of such esters; fatty alcohol sulfates such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium octadecyl sulfate or sodium cetyl sulfate; ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfates; ethoxylated alkylphenol sulfates; lignin sulfonates; petroleum sulfonates; alkyl-aryl sulfonates such as alkyl-benz
- butyl-naphthalene sulfonate salts of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates; salts of sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde condensates; or more complex sulfonates such as the amide sulfonates, e.g. the sulfonated condensation product of oleic acid and N-methyl taurine or the dialkyl sulfosuccinates, e.g. the sodium sulfonate of dioctyl succinate.
- amide sulfonates e.g. the sulfonated condensation product of oleic acid and N-methyl taurine or the dialkyl sulfosuccinates, e.g. the sodium sulfonate of dioctyl succinate.
- Nonionic agents include condensation products of fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, fatty acid amides or fatty-alkyl- or alkenyl-substituted phenols with ethylene oxide, fatty esters of polyhydric alcohol ethers, e.g. sorbitan fatty acid esters, condensation products of such esters with ethylene oxide, e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, acetylenic glycols such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl- 5-decyne-4,7-diol, or ethoxylated acetylenic glycols.
- a cationic surface-active agent examples include, for instance, an aliphatic mono-, di-, or polyamine as an acetate, naphthenate or oleate; an oxygen-containing amine such as an amine oxide or polyoxyethylene alkylamine; an amide-linked amine prepared by the condensation of a carboxylie acid with a di- or polyamine; or a quaternary ammonium salt.
- compositions of the invention can take any form known in the art for the formulation of agrochemicals, for example, a solution, a dispersion, an aqueous emulsion, a dusting powder, a seed dressing, a fumigant, a smoke, a dispersible powder, an emulsifiable concentrate or granules. Moreover it can be in a suitable form for direct application or as a concentrate or primary composition which requires dilution with a suitable quantity of water or other diluent before application.
- the composition comprises a compound of the invention dispersed in a liquid medium, preferably water. It is often convenient to supply the consumer with a primary composition which can be diluted with water to form a dispersion having the desired concentration.
- the primary composition can be provided in any one of the following forms. It can be a dispersible ' solution which comprises a compound of the invention dissolved in a water-miscible solvent with the addition of a dispersing agent.
- a further alternative comprises a compound of the invention in the form of a finely ground powder in association with a dispersing agent and intimately mixed with water to give a paste or cream which can if desired be added to an emulsion of oil in water to give a dispersion of active ingredient in an aqueous oil emulsion.
- An emulsifiable concentrate comprises a compound of the invention dissolved in a water-immiscible solvent together with an emulsifying agent and which is formed into an emulsion on mixing with water.
- a dusting powder comprises a compound of the invention intimately mixed with a solid pulverulent diluent, for example, kaolin.
- a granular solid comprises a compound of the invention associated with similar diluents to those which may be employed in dusting powders, but the mixture is granulated by known methods. Alternatively it comprises the active ingredient adsorbed or absorbed on a pre-granular diluent, for example, Fuller's earth, attapulgite or limestone grit.
- a wettable powder usually comprises the active ingredient in admixture with a suitable surfactant and an inert powder diluent such as china clay.
- Another suitable concentrate particularly when the product is a solid, is a flowable suspension concentrate which is formed by grinding the compound with water, a wetting agent and a suspending agent.
- the concentration of the active ingredient in the composition of the present invention, as applied to plants is preferably within the range of 0.001 to 3.0 per cent by weight, especially 0.01 to 0.1 per cent by weight.
- the amount of active ingredient can vary widely and can be, for example, from 5 to 95 per cent by weight of the composition.
- the compound is generally applied to seeds, plants or their habitat.
- the compound can be applied directly to the soil before, at or after drilling so that the presence of active compound in the soil can control the growth of the pest (e.g fungus or weed) .
- the active compound can be applied in any manner which allows it to be intimately mixed with the soil such as by spraying, by broadcasting a solid form of granules, or by applying the active ingredient at the same time as drilling by inserting it in the same drill as ' the seeds.
- a suitable application rate is within the range of from 0.05 to 20 kg per hectare, more preferably from 0.1 to 10 kg per hectare.
- the active compound can be applied directly to the plant by, for example, spraying or dusting either at the time when the pest (e.g fungus or weed) has begun to appear or before the appearance of the pest as a protective measure.
- the preferred mo d e of application is by foliar spraying.
- a suitable rate of application is from 0.001 to 5 kg per hectare, preferably from 0.01 to 0.5 kg per hectare.
- novel compounds of the invention may be prepared using known methodology, in a variety of ways, for example: compounds which are acids may be obtained by de- esterifying, in known manner, the corresponding esters.
- the esters can be obtained in known manner.
- Salts may be obtained from acids or esters in conventional manner.
- Esters may be prepared for example according to the following reaction schemes.
- X CH-A'-P0 3 Alkyl 2 Tr . ⁇ > Tr-CH (XH) -A'-P0 3 Alkyl 2
- X CH-A"-P0 3 Alkyl 2
- Tr-Y ⁇ 7 > Tr-Y-CH (XH) -A"-P0 3 Alkyl 2 ⁇ A-P0 3 Alkyl 2 Tr-Z > Tr-A-P0 3 Alkyl 2 ⁇ A'-P0 3 Alkyl 2 Tr-Y-Z > Tr-Y-A'-P0 3 Alkyl 2 ⁇ A'-P0 3 Alkyl
- Tr-CH X - > Tr-CH (XH) -A'-P0 3 Alkyl 2
- Tr 1,2 , 4-triazolyl (or a precursor thereof)
- A' A minus one atom
- A" A minus two atoms
- esters contain carbonyl or hydroxy moieties in chain A
- these can be subjected to functional group transformations, using known methodology, to yield a variety of different substituents as defined under Q.
- Such interconversions are extensively documented in the literature, for example by R.C. Larock in "Comprehensive Organic Transformations," VCH Publications, New York, 1989.
- Various other methods of preparation will be clear from the following Examples, which serve to illustrate the invention. Structures of isolated novel compounds were confirmed by elemental and/or other appropriate analyses. Temperatures are in °C. Example 1
- Potassium carbonate (6.9 g) was added to a solution of diethyl (2-bromoethyl)phosphonate (12.1 g) and 3-mercapto- 1,2,4-triazole (5 g) in dry dimethylformamide (50 ml) .
- the mixture was heated to 80° under a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 hours. It was allowed to cool to room temperature, poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give diethyl [2-(1,2,4-triazol- 3-ylthio) ethyl]phosphonate, as an oil.
- Benzyltriethylammonium chloride 140 mg was added and the mixture stirred overnight.
- Aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate (100 ml) was added until the mixture was pH 9 and the aqueous phase was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted continuously with dichloromethane for 2 days.
- 3-Amino-l,2 ,4-triazole (2.33 g) was suspended in a mixture of ethanol (38 ml) and toluene (19 ml) and diethyl (2-oxoethyl)phosphonate (5 g; prepared as described by J M Varlet et a_l; Tetrahedron letters, 1981, 3_7, 1377) was added. The mixture was heated under reflux and a nitrogen atmosphere. Condensing solvent was passed through a pressure equalising dropping funnel containing 4A sieves to remove water. The solvent was collected until the volume of the reaction vessel had reduced to about half. Fresh solvent was added and the drying/collection process was repeated three times and then the mixture was heated under reflux overnight. It was cooled and evaporated to give diethyl [2-(1,2,4-triazol- 3-ylimino) ethyl]phosphonate, as a yellow oil.
- Diethyl (mercaptomethyl)phosphonate (l g) and l-chloromethyl-l,2,4-triazole (0.67 g) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) and potassium hydroxide (0,43 g) in water (0.5 ml) was added at room temperature. After 30 minutes the solvents were evaporated and the residue was redissolved in water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried and evaporated to give diethyl [ (l,2,4-triazol-l-ylmethylthio)methyl]phosphonate, as an oil.
- Diethyl [ (1,2,4-triazol-l-ylmethylthio) ethyl]phosphonate (4.0 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (60 ml) and the solution was cooled to 3°C before solid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (5.47 g; 50% pure) was added so that the temperature did not exceed 10°C. The mixture was left at 4° in a refrigerator overnight. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was purified using silica gel chromatography to give diethyl [ (1,2,4-triazol-l-ylmethylsulfinyl) ]- phosphonate as an oil.
- 1,2,4-triazole (0.29 g) , triethylamine (0.59 ml) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.04 g) were added. The mixture was left overnight at room temperature, filtered and evaporated. This material was heated to 200° in an oil bath for 15 minutes and then purified by silica gel column chromatography to give diethyl [2-(l,2,4-triazol- 3-ylaminocarbonyl)ethyl]phosphonate as a white solid.
- Butyllithiu (2.5 m in hexanes; 192 ml) was added slowly, with stirring, over 30 minutes to trimethyl phosphonate (59.6 g) in dry tetrahydrofuran (500 ml) at -78°, under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred for a further 10 minutes at this temperature. Copper(I) iodide (104.4 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at -78°, then gradually allowed to warm to -30° and stirred at this temperature for 1 hour. A solution of chloroacetyl chloride (61.8 g) in dry ether (240 ml) was added over 30 minutes.
- Example 14 Sodium borohydride (0.38 g) was added to a stirred solution of dimethyl [2-oxo-3-(l,2,4-triazol- 3-ylthio)propyl]phosphonate (4.20 g) in methanol (50 ml). The mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature and solvent removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in saturated brine and extracted with dichloromethane. The extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated to give a viscous oil. This was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give dimethyl [2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)propyl]- phosphonate, as a clear colourless oil.
- 1,2,4-triazole 3.1 ml in dry tetrahydrofuran (90 ml). After 1 hour, a solution of diethyl 5-oxopentylphosphonate (2.2 g) in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was instilled into the reaction mixture. After a further 2 hours, saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined extracts were washed with saturated brine, dried and evaporated.
- nmr data (Where separate peaks clearly occur for different diastereoisomers the chemical shift of the major isomer is underlined): ⁇ S H (D 2 0) 1.5 (4H,m) , 2.1 (2H,t) , 2.4 and 2.5 (3H,2 x s) , 3.5 (lH,m), 4.4 and 4.5 (1H,2 x t, 8.50 and 8.55 (1H,2 x s) .
- Example 19 Sodium hydride (60% in oil; 4.8 g) was added portionwise to a solution of diethyl (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate (16.9 g) in dry tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) with cooling by an ice/water bath. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (11.8 ml) was added dropwise over 20 minutes. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days and then poured into saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and extracted with dichloromethane. The extracts were dried and evaporated, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography to give diethyl [ (2,2-dimethoxyethoxy)methyl]phosphonate, as an oil.
- Example 20 In a similar manner to that described in Example 1, diethyl (2-oxiranylmethoxymethyl)phosphonate (2.3 g) was reacted with 5-mercapto-3-methyl-l,2 , 4-triazole (1.2 g) , followed by deesterification as described in example 17 to give ⁇ [2-hydroxy-3-(5-methyl-l,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio) - propoxy]methyl ⁇ phosphonate, as an oil. (compound 20) nmr data: 5 H (D 2 0) 2.41(3H,s), 3.07(lH,m), 3.22(lH,m), 3.49(2H,m) , 3.53(2H,d), 3.90(lH,m)
- Example 21 and 22 l,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.77 ml) , chloromethyl pivaloate (0.88 ml) and sodium iodide (0.15 g) were added sequentially to suspension of trans-[3-hydroxy- 3-(l,2,4-triazol-3-yl) cyclohexyl]phosphonic acid, (0.5 g; prepared as described in EP 528760) in dry acetonitrile (10 ml) . The mixture was stirred at 70° for 60 hours and evaporated to dryness. The residue was partitioned between brine and ethyl acetate and the aqueous phase extracted twice more with ethyl acetate.
- Compounds are assessed for activity against one or more of the following:
- Erysiphe graminis barley powdery mildew
- Leptosphaeria nodorum glume blotch
- Plasmopara viticola vine downy mildew
- Phytophthora infestans late potato blight Pyricularia oryzae : rice blast
- Venturia inaequalis apple scab Aqueous solutions or dispersions of the compounds at the desired concentration, including a wetting agent, were applied by spray or by drenching the stem base of the test plants, as appropriate. Plants or plant parts were then inoculated with appropriate test pathogens and kept under controlled environment conditions suitable for maintaining plant growth and development of the disease. After an appropriate time, the degree of infection of the affected part of the plant was visually estimated. Compounds were considered active if they gave greater than 25% control of the disease at a concentration of 500 ppm (w/v) or less.
- Test Example 2 Herbicide Test - in vivo a) Pre-Emerqence test In a greenhouse, the noted plant species were treated pre-emergently with the noted compounds of the invention, at the rate shown. The compounds of the invention were sprayed evenly over the vessels containing seeds of the plants as an aqueous acetone solution containing a wetting agent. After 3 to 4 weeks growth, the plants were visually assessed for any herbicidal response.
- the IGPD assay detects the formation of imidazole acetol phosphate (IAP) from imidazole glycerol phosphate (IGP) .
- IAP imidazole acetol phosphate
- IGP imidazole glycerol phosphate
- IGPD from Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae for use in the assay was cloned, overexpressed and isolated as follows:
- Mutant oligonucleotides BB3919 (5' TAAACGAAGGCACATATGACA GAGCAGA 3') and BB3920 (5' CATACTGTTCGGATCCTACTTACTGA 3') were designed to the open reading frame of the Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae IGPD gene (HIS3 ) from the Gen EMBL data base (Accession Number X03245, Strahl, K. and Davis, R.W. "Promoter mutants of the yeast HIS3 gene", J. Mol. Biol. 1981, 152 , 553-568) .
- the oligonucleotides were synthesised by British Biotechnology Products Ltd.
- BB3939 was designed to include an Ndel restriction site (CATATG) at the start codon (ATG) of the Hi ⁇ 3 gene and BB3920 was designed to include a BamHl, restriction site (GGATCC) downstream of the HIS3 gene stop codon (TGA) .
- Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae (YNN295) genomic DNA was supplied by Cambridge BioScience, 25 Signet Court, Newmarket Road, Cambridge, CB5 8LA, UK.
- the Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae HIS3 gene was amplified from genomic DNA using Taq DNA polymerise (Boehringer Mannheim UK, (Diagnostics and Biochemicals) Ltd., Bell Lane, Lewes, East Canal, BN7 1LG, UK) .
- the amplification used 100 ng of Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae DNA; 100 pmoles each of BB3919 and BB3920; 200 mM each of adenosine-5'-triphosphate, cytidine-5'-triphosphate, guanosine-5'-triphosphate and thymidine-5'-triphosphate with 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase in buffer supplied by the manufacturer.
- the amplification was performed at 94° for 90 seconds, followed by 25 cycles of 37° for 120 seconds, 72° for 120 seconds and 94° for 60 seconds, finishing with 37° for 120 seconds and 72° for 7 minutes.
- the 770 base-pair amplification product was digested with restriction enzymes Ndel and BamHI and ligated into Ndel and BamHI - digested pJLA503 to yield pSAL119.
- the plasmid, pSAL119 was maintained in E ⁇ cherichia coli XL1- BLUE (Stratagene Ltd. , Cambridge Innovation Centre, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 4GF, UK.
- Overexpression of IGPD activity was demonstrated in pSAL119 using the induction regimes described by Schander, B., Bl ⁇ chrer, H. , Frank, R. , McCarthy, J.E.G. in "Inducible Expression Vectors Incorporating the Escherichia coli atpE translational initiation region", Gene 1987, 5_2, 279-283.
- Recombinant IGPD for inhibition assays was isolated from pSAL119 transformed E . coli XL-1 Blue grown up in liquid culture as follows.
- LB liquid medium was prepared by dissolving 10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract and 5 g sodium chloride per litre of distilled water before autoclaving for 15 minutes.
- 50 mg ampicillin and 20 mg tetracycline were added to 1 litre of medium.
- Colonies from stock plates were used to inoculate 100 ml of medium which was incubated with shaking (225 rp ) at 28° until the optical density at 600 nm of the medium had reached 0.5. The medium was then incubated overnight at 42° to induce recombinant protein expression.
- Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 x g for 30 minutes at 4°.
- the cell pellet (1-2 g wet weight) was suspended in 2 ml cold buffer A (30 mM triethanolamine, pH 8.0, also containing 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 50 ⁇ M anganous chloride) and lysed by sonnication (3 cycles; 30s on; 30s) off at 4°, using a MSE Soniprep 150 (Fisons, Loughborough, UK) .
- the soluble fraction was recovered as supernatant after centrifugation of lysate at 15,000 x g for 15 minutes at 4°.
- the supernatant was removed and buffer exchanged using a prepacked Sephadex G-25 column (PO-10 supplied by Pharmacia Biotech) pre-equilibrated with buffer A.
- Sephadex G-25 eluate could be stored as 100 ⁇ l aliquots at -80°.
- IGPD solution was prepared by diluting one volume of Sephadex G-25 eluate with nineteen volumes of buffer A. Using the dilution rate ensured linearity of IGPD activity with respect to time and enzyme concentration, and gives an activity in the IGPD assay of 300-375 mAbs 290nm for 15 minutes incubation period at 37° in the presence of 1.5 mM IGP, (prepared as described by B.N. Ames, J. Biol. Chem. 1957, 228 , 131 and B.N. Ames et .al, J. Biol. Chem. 1961, 236. 2019) .
- Samples of compounds to be screened are dissolved in water (or ethanol) to obtain a stock sample solution having a concentration of 10 mM for each compound.
- "Diluted stock sample solutions” were prepared by diluting one volume with nine volumes of water to obtain a stock sample having a concentration of 1 mM. The dilution was repeated to give a third stock sample solution having a concentration of 0.1 mM.
- the assay is conducted using disposable polystyrene test tubes (75 mm x 11 mm) . To each tube is added 3 ⁇ l of a different stock solution, 275 ⁇ l of buffer A and 15 ⁇ l dilute IGPD solution. The assay is initiated by adding 10 ⁇ l of IGP (15 mm) solution. After this solution is added, the concentration of test compounds is either 100, 10 or 1 ⁇ M. The contents of each tube are mixed and all tubes are kept at 37° for 15 minutes. The reaction is stopped by the addition of 600 ⁇ l 2 M sodium hydroxide. The contents of each tube are mixed and all tubes are kept at 37° for 30 minutes while the IAP formed during the enzyme reaction enolises in the now alkaline solution. The absorbence at 290 nm is recorded for every tube with a Shimadzu spectrophotometer (V.A. Howe, Banbury, UK) .
- the absorbence change due to the conversion of IGP to IAP is then calculated for each sample and the background controls.
- Compounds that inhibit IGPD reduce the absorbence change.
- Percentage activity is calculated using the following formula:
- % activity 100 x ( ⁇ A Test T15 - ⁇ A Test TQ ) ⁇ A Control T15 " ⁇ A Control TO where ⁇ A Test is given by tubes containing test compounds,
- ⁇ A Con t rol is given by tubes containing no test compounds and T 15 and T 0 refer to the time in minutes when the enzyme assay was stopped.
- Percentage inhibition is calculated using the following formula:
- At least 20% inhibition at a concentration of 100 ⁇ M or less was shown by compounds 4-9, 11, 13-20 and A.
- Test Example 4 This example illustrates that Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevisiae and other fungi are inhibited by compounds of the invention and that this inhibition can be reversed by addition of L-histidine.
- Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevisiae is inhibited by the compounds and that the inhibition effect is by perturbation of histidine biosynthesis, the biochemical pathway in which imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase (IGPD) is involved.
- Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae wild-type when grown on minimal medium (yeast nitrogen base, DIFCO, 1.7 g/1; glucose 2%, w/v and agar 1.5%, w/v) , is completely inhibited at 500 parts per million (ppm) by Compound A and compound 17. This inhibition is completely reversed by the addition of L-histidine at 20 mg/1, but not with an equivalent concentration of D-histidine.
- overexpression of an inhibitor's target enzyme will often confer resistance to that inhibitor.
- overexpression can be realised, in Saccharomyces cerevi ⁇ iae , by inserting the gene for the target enzyme upstream of a galactose-inducible promoter such as GALI or GAL10.
- a galactose-inducible promoter such as GALI or GAL10.
- Such promoters are present in cloning vectors pYES2.0 (supplied by Ti_v.itrogre.r_ Corporation, San Diego, USA) or pEMBLyex4 (supplied by Dr J Murry, Department of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge) .
- pSAL59-pSAL61 inclusive were transferred to a Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae mutant deficient in IGPD activity (Saccharomyces cerevi ⁇ iae INVScl, the genotype of which is: MAT ⁇ , his3-dl, (IGPD-deficient) ; leu2 ; trpl-289 and ura3-52 ) .
- Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae INVScl normally requires histidine at 20 ⁇ g/ml (hi ⁇ 3 ) , leucine at 60 ⁇ g/ml (leu2) , tryptophan at 40 ⁇ g/ml (trpl ) and uracil at 20 ⁇ g/ml (ura3 ) for growth in the minimal medium described above.
- uracil is not required because the URA3 gene deficient in Saccharomyce ⁇ cerevi ⁇ iae INVScl is carried on the cloning vectors pYES2.0 and pEMBLyex4.
- Table A demonstrates the elevated resistance to the compounds when Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVScl, containing "sense" constructs pSAL60 and pSAL62, is grown on minimal medium containing leucine and tryptophan and the expression-inducing carbon source, galactose. Elevated resistance is not manifested when glucose is used as the sole carbon source, a non-inducing carbon source. It is noteworthy that the antisense constructs, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVScl , are more sensitive to compound 17 than the wild-type.
- the reaction was stopped by the addition of 30 ⁇ l 1M perchloric acid.
- the contents of the tube are mixed and 19 ⁇ l 1M potassium hydroxide was added to return the solution pH to around pHlO.
- the IAp formed was converted to imidazole acetol (IA) by addition of 2 ⁇ l alkaline phosphatase (Sigma, UK; 2,500 U.ml "1 ) , 4 ⁇ l 50 mM MgCl**** and 4 ⁇ l water.
- tubes were incubated at 45° for 20 minutes.
- This reaction was stopped by the addition of 800 ⁇ l 2M sodium hydroxide.
- IA formed during the alkaline phosphatase reaction quickly enolises in the alkaline solution at room temperature and the change in absorbance at 370 nm was recorded for every tube between 10 and 15 minutes of the addition of the alkali.
- the absorbance change due to the conversion of IGP to IAP to IA is then calculated for each sample and the background controls.
- IGPD activity is calculated using the published extinction coefficient for the enol form of IA (10.4 x 10° nmol/ml/cm; Ames and Mitchell (1955) J. Biol. Chem., 212 68-697) .
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU10730/95A AU1073095A (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1994-11-23 | Triazole phosphonate pesticides |
EP95901533A EP0730408A1 (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1994-11-23 | Triazole phosphonate pesticides |
JP7514909A JPH09505577A (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1994-11-23 | Triazole phosphonate pesticide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB939324143A GB9324143D0 (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1993-11-24 | Triazole phosphonate pesticides |
GB9324143.8 | 1993-11-24 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1995014385A1 true WO1995014385A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
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ID=10745612
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/GB1994/002568 WO1995014385A1 (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1994-11-23 | Triazole phosphonate pesticides |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP0730408A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH09505577A (en) |
AU (1) | AU1073095A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2177256A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9324143D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1995014385A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997018221A1 (en) * | 1995-11-14 | 1997-05-22 | Hoechst Schering Agrevo Gmbh | Triazolylmethyl cyclophosphane oxides, the uses thereof as herbicides or plant growth regulators and process for producing the same |
US6489476B1 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 2002-12-03 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Heteroaromatic compounds containing a phosphonate group that are inhibitors of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
US7977323B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2011-07-12 | Novartis Ag | C2-C5-alkyl-imidazole-bisphosphonates |
CN104497047A (en) * | 2014-11-24 | 2015-04-08 | 苏州乔纳森新材料科技有限公司 | Phosphate ester compound and preparation method thereof |
CN108484666A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2018-09-04 | 山东省农药科学研究院 | A kind of synthetic method of essence glufosinate-ammonium |
Citations (7)
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BE644164A (en) * | 1963-02-21 | 1964-06-15 | ||
DE2924600A1 (en) * | 1979-06-19 | 1981-01-22 | Hoechst Ag | N-aryl-carbamoyl-thio-phosphoric or phosphonic acid ester or amide - are herbicides effective against e.g. avena and echinochloa spp. |
GB2158071A (en) * | 1984-04-30 | 1985-11-06 | Ici Plc | 3-(imidazolyl or triazolyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl phosphonic acid derivatives |
EP0170228A1 (en) * | 1984-08-02 | 1986-02-05 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Diphosphonic-acid derivatives, process for their preparation and medicines containing them |
EP0438375A2 (en) * | 1990-01-18 | 1991-07-24 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Phosphonic acids and thiophosphonic acid derivatives |
EP0511826A2 (en) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-11-04 | Rohm And Haas Company | Phosphosulfonate herbicides |
WO1992019629A1 (en) * | 1991-04-27 | 1992-11-12 | Japat Ltd. | Triazole compounds |
-
1993
- 1993-11-24 GB GB939324143A patent/GB9324143D0/en active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-11-23 AU AU10730/95A patent/AU1073095A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-11-23 JP JP7514909A patent/JPH09505577A/en active Pending
- 1994-11-23 WO PCT/GB1994/002568 patent/WO1995014385A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-11-23 CA CA002177256A patent/CA2177256A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-11-23 EP EP95901533A patent/EP0730408A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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BE644164A (en) * | 1963-02-21 | 1964-06-15 | ||
DE2924600A1 (en) * | 1979-06-19 | 1981-01-22 | Hoechst Ag | N-aryl-carbamoyl-thio-phosphoric or phosphonic acid ester or amide - are herbicides effective against e.g. avena and echinochloa spp. |
GB2158071A (en) * | 1984-04-30 | 1985-11-06 | Ici Plc | 3-(imidazolyl or triazolyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl phosphonic acid derivatives |
EP0170228A1 (en) * | 1984-08-02 | 1986-02-05 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Diphosphonic-acid derivatives, process for their preparation and medicines containing them |
EP0438375A2 (en) * | 1990-01-18 | 1991-07-24 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Phosphonic acids and thiophosphonic acid derivatives |
WO1992019629A1 (en) * | 1991-04-27 | 1992-11-12 | Japat Ltd. | Triazole compounds |
EP0511826A2 (en) * | 1991-04-29 | 1992-11-04 | Rohm And Haas Company | Phosphosulfonate herbicides |
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Title |
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BRIGHTON CROP PROT. CONF.--WEEDS, vol. 2, 1993, pages 739 - 744 * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 121, no. 9, 29 August 1994, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 101852b, T.R. HAWKES ET AL.: "Iimidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase: a herbicide target." * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997018221A1 (en) * | 1995-11-14 | 1997-05-22 | Hoechst Schering Agrevo Gmbh | Triazolylmethyl cyclophosphane oxides, the uses thereof as herbicides or plant growth regulators and process for producing the same |
US6489476B1 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 2002-12-03 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Heteroaromatic compounds containing a phosphonate group that are inhibitors of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
US7312219B2 (en) | 1998-09-09 | 2007-12-25 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Heteroaromatic inhibitors of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase |
US7977323B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2011-07-12 | Novartis Ag | C2-C5-alkyl-imidazole-bisphosphonates |
CN104497047A (en) * | 2014-11-24 | 2015-04-08 | 苏州乔纳森新材料科技有限公司 | Phosphate ester compound and preparation method thereof |
CN108484666A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2018-09-04 | 山东省农药科学研究院 | A kind of synthetic method of essence glufosinate-ammonium |
CN108484666B (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2021-02-26 | 山东省农药科学研究院 | Synthetic method of refined glufosinate-ammonium |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1073095A (en) | 1995-06-13 |
JPH09505577A (en) | 1997-06-03 |
GB9324143D0 (en) | 1994-01-12 |
CA2177256A1 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
EP0730408A1 (en) | 1996-09-11 |
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