WO1995013645A1 - Circuit de declenchement d'un circuit de courant de charge pour accumulateur - Google Patents

Circuit de declenchement d'un circuit de courant de charge pour accumulateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995013645A1
WO1995013645A1 PCT/EP1994/003565 EP9403565W WO9513645A1 WO 1995013645 A1 WO1995013645 A1 WO 1995013645A1 EP 9403565 W EP9403565 W EP 9403565W WO 9513645 A1 WO9513645 A1 WO 9513645A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
circuit
schmitt trigger
voltage
charging current
switch
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1994/003565
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Georg Spiekermann
Original Assignee
Braun Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Braun Aktiengesellschaft filed Critical Braun Aktiengesellschaft
Publication of WO1995013645A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995013645A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit for controlling a charging current circuit for an accumulator according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 show the charging and discharging curve of a Nik ⁇ kei cadmium battery or a nickel-metal hydride battery, i.e. the battery voltage or cell voltage over the charging or discharging time.
  • the charging curve shows a steep increase in the battery voltage or battery cell voltage up to a plateau, where there is only a slight increase in the voltage over time. This is followed by a steep climb up to a maximum. Due to temperature increases caused by overcharging the accumulator, the accumulator voltage or accumulator cell voltage drops again after the maximum has been reached. The full charge of the accumulator is reached at the maximum point of the accumulator voltage.
  • the maximum battery voltage is not a fixed value, but the maximum value of the voltage-charging time curve, which, among other things. depends on the parameters "charging current” and "battery temperature” as well as the aging condition of the battery.
  • the voltage level of the charging curve is clearly temperature-dependent with a negative temperature coefficient.
  • the charging curve shifts to higher voltage values in the direction of the arrow I entered, while with increasing battery temperature the cell voltage of the battery is reduced, i.e. the charging curve has a negative temperature coefficient corresponding to the direction of the arrow T entered.
  • the discharge curve of an accumulator shown in FIG. 2 shows a relatively steep drop in the accumulator voltage up to a plateau, where there is only a slight voltage drop with the discharge time. The plateau is followed by a steep drop in battery voltage down to zero voltage. As the discharge current increases, the discharge curve shifts in the direction of the arrow. Compared to the voltage level of the charging curve, the discharge curve shows a significantly lower temperature dependency. If an accumulator is overcharged, its lifespan is considerably reduced.
  • the charging process can be switched off when the temperature rises.
  • the setting of a threshold value for the end of the charging process does not take into account that the maximum cell voltage changes in a relatively large range depending on the remaining capacity and the recovery phase between a discharge and charging of the accumulator as well as through the aging process of the cells. Therefore, if a lower but safe threshold value is selected, the maximum capacity of the rechargeable battery is not exhausted, whereas if a higher threshold value is selected there is the risk of overcharging and thus damage to the rechargeable battery cells.
  • the optimal operation of a rechargeable battery is cyclical operation, in which the rechargeable battery is charged shortly below its maximum voltage and then discharged again as much as possible, etc. Care must be taken to avoid deep discharge of the rechargeable battery.
  • DE 36 26 534 A1 discloses a charger for nickel-cadmium cells with a constant current source for the charging current, in which a peak detector is used in connection with a trigger or comparator circuit for switching off and ending the charging process becomes.
  • the trigger circuit is acted upon on the input side by both the output of the peak detector and the accumulator cell voltage and switches when there is a voltage difference between the two input signals and ends the charging process by means of a switch-off logic.
  • a Schmitt trigger is used as the trigger circuit, the transmission characteristic of which has a switching hysteresis in the form of a voltage difference between the switch-on and switch-off levels.
  • the battery charging current is switched off when a certain voltage level is reached. As soon as the battery voltage drops again below a switch-on level defined by the hysteresis of the Schmitt trigger due to energy extraction or self-discharge, the battery charging current is switched on again.
  • Another problem is that in many cases one would like to assign a certain residual energy content of the battery to the switch-on point of the battery charging current.
  • the charging current is fixed, the difference between the switch-off and the switch-on voltage being constant.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a circuit for controlling a charging current circuit for a rechargeable battery as a function of the rechargeable battery voltage, in which the charging current is switched on again regardless of the rechargeable battery temperature at a certain residual energy content of the rechargeable battery.
  • the solution according to the invention enables a largely temperature-independent re-activation of the charging current at a certain residual energy content of the battery, in that the switch-on voltage can be set independently of the switch-off voltage and the temperature behavior of the discharge curve can be adapted.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the solution according to the invention is characterized in that the switching hysteresis of the first Schmitt trigger lies within the switching hysteresis of the second Schmitt trigger. This ensures that the switch-on level of the second Schmitt trigger reaches the maximum battery voltage, i.e. the switching off of the accumulator charging current determines, while the switch-on and switch-off level of the first Schmitt trigger lies in the entire voltage hysteresis range of the second Schmitt trigger.
  • the switch-on level of the second Schmitt trigger determines the voltage at which the charging current circuit for supplying power to the battery is switched off and the switch-off level of the first Schmitt trigger determines the voltage at which the charging current circuit for supplying the current Battery is turned on.
  • the output of the first Schmitt trigger is connected via a resistor to the input of the second Schmitt trigger such that the first Schmitt trigger detunes the input of the second Schmitt trigger when switched off. that this also switches off.
  • the input divider resistors of the second are detuned so much when the first Schmitt trigger is switched off that the second Schmitt trigger also falls back into the switch-off state.
  • the first Schmitt trigger thus determines the reactivation of the battery charging current by releasing the charging current switch connected to the output of the second Schmitt trigger.
  • the coupling of the two Schmitt triggers by means of a resistor is only an advantageous solution. Other coupling elements can also be used to connect the two Schmitt triggers.
  • the difference between the switch-off levels of both Schmitt triggers is set less than the difference between their switch-on levels.
  • the temperature dependency of the maximum accumulator voltage during the charging process or to determine the remaining capacity for switching the accumulator charging current on again, but also the temperature dependence of the components used in the circuit, is taken into account by means of a temperature-dependent resistor at the input of the Schmitt trigger.
  • a temperature-dependent resistor in the input divider resistors of the two Schmitt triggers, the Schmitt trigger temperature response is adapted to the temperature response of the accumulators, and thus temperature compensation of each of the two Schmitt triggers is achieved.
  • This embodiment of the solution according to the invention ensures that the control circuit for the charging current circuit is only switched on when the charging current circuit is connected to a supply voltage network, so that energy is only consumed by the control circuit in this case. This ensures the supply of energy to the control circuit without, in addition to the self-discharge of the accumulator, an energy loss through the control circuit and thus an increase in the charge-discharge cycle frequency and thus a reduction in the service life of the accumulator. No energy is drawn from the battery to monitor the battery voltage by the charging electronics.
  • the energy supply to the control circuit is provided by means of a resistor arranged in parallel with the switching transistor of the charging current circuit, which resistor is dimensioned according to a further feature of the invention so that just as much current flows as the control circuit consumes.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a charging curve of a nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride battery
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of an accumulator discharge curve
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of the control and charging current circuit according to the invention with two Schmitt triggers
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of the control and charging current circuit with a coupling element for switching level detuning
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the battery voltage over time in a charge and discharge cycle with a coupling between the two Schmitt triggers of a discharge current control circuit
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 shows a detailed circuit diagram of the circuit according to FIGS. 3 and 4 with two temperature-dependent resistors in the inputs of the Schmitt trigger and
  • FIG. 7 shows a detailed illustration of the circuit according to FIG. 6 with a common temperature-dependent resistance in the inputs of the two Schmitt triggers.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of the control and charging current circuit for a rechargeable battery 1, which can be connected to a feeding AC voltage network or - with appropriate polarity - to a DC voltage network U by means of a charging current circuit LS via a rectifier G.
  • the switching on and off of the charging current flow from the AC or DC network U into the accumulator 1 is determined by the charging current circuit LS.
  • the charging current circuit LS is enabled or disabled by means of a control circuit which has two Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 which can be connected to the accumulator 1 via a switch S.
  • the switch S is arranged in such a way that it only connects the control circuit to the accumulator 1 when the circuit arrangement is connected to the supplying direct or alternating voltage network U.
  • the outputs of the two Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 are connected to the inputs of a logic circuit or a coupling element.
  • connection of the outputs of the two Schmitt triggers is established via a NAND gate NG, the output of which is connected to the control connection of the charging current circuit LS.
  • the charging current circuit LS is always switched off when the outputs of both Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 emit an output signal.
  • FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment in a schematic block diagram the control and charging current circuit with a coupling element for switching level detuning, in which instead of a NAND gate NG according to FIG. 3 a switching element is provided which is connected on the input side to the output of the first Schmitt trigger ST1, and on the output side the second Schmitt trigger Controls ST2.
  • the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is influenced by the first Schmitt trigger ST1, which would switch off at a lower voltage without being influenced by the first Schmitt trigger ST1.
  • the coupling element detunes the second Schmitt trigger ST2 in such a way that it is forced to switch off when the first Schmitt trigger ST1 is switched off, i.e. the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is always in the switched-off state when the first Schmitt trigger ST1 is switched off.
  • FIG. 5 shows a time representation of the accumulator voltage, the switching behavior of the Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 and the resulting charging current to explain the mode of operation of the circuit according to FIG. 4, the switching hysteresis of the first Schmitt trigger ST1 being set such that the Switch-on level is lower than the switch-on level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2, while the switch-off level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is set at a lower voltage level than the switch-off level of the first Schmitt trigger ST1.
  • the hysteresis of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is thus selected such that the switch-on and switch-off level of the first Schmitt trigger ST1 lies in the voltage hysteresis range of the second Schmitt trigger ST2.
  • the first Schmitt trigger ST1 switches on, for example, at 3 volts and off at 2 volts.
  • the switching level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is then set so that when switched off first Schmitt trigger ST1 the second Schmitt trigger ST2 switches on at 5 volts and switches off at 2.5 volts.
  • the second Schmitt trigger ST2 switches on at 4 volts and off at 1.5 volts, ie the switching level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is shifted by the coupling via the coupling element.
  • Both Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 are in the switched-off state, so that when the switching transistor is switched on, charging current flows into the accumulator and the accumulator voltage increases.
  • the first Schmitt trigger ST1 turns on and detunes the second Schmitt trigger ST2 so that its switch-on level drops from 5 volts (U 3 ) to 4 volts (U 2 ). Since the first Schmitt trigger ST1 has no direct influence on the switching transistor, the battery voltage increases.
  • the second Schmitt trigger ST2 switches on at a battery voltage of 4 volts (U 2 ), so that the switching transistor is blocked and the charging current is switched off.
  • U 2 battery voltage of 4 volts
  • the first Schmitt trigger ST1 switches off at 2 volts (U 4 ) as the first of the two Schmitt triggers, as long as the first Schmitt trigger ST1 is in the switched-on state, the switch-off level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is lower, namely 1.5 volts (U 5 ).
  • the switch-off level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 is detuned so that it is above the current battery voltage of 2 volts, namely 2.5 volts. Therefore, the second Schmitt trigger ST2 also switches off immediately, because the current battery voltage is lower than this switch-off level. The charging current is thus switched on again, the battery voltage rises and the prescribed process runs again.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates that the difference between the switch-off thresholds of both Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 is less than the difference between the two switch-on thresholds, which is the case for the detailed circuit arrangement according to FIGS Coupling of both Schmitt triggers via a coupling resistor is important.
  • FIG. 6 shows a detailed circuit diagram of the block circuit according to FIG. 4, the blocks shown in FIG. 4 being framed by dash-dotted lines in the detailed circuit arrangement according to FIG.
  • the possibly down-transformed mains direct or mains alternating voltage U is rectified with the diodes 41 to 44 via a rectifier bridge G.
  • the series connection of the accumulator 1 is connected to the load connections of a transistor 2, which is part of the charging current circuit LS.
  • the charging current circuit LS furthermore has a first control transistor 3, the collector of which is connected to the accumulator 1 and the emitter of which is connected to the base of the switching transistor 2 via a resistor 6 and a resistor 7 is connected in parallel to the base-emitter path.
  • the base of the first control transistor 3 is connected via a resistor 5 to the collector of a second control transistor 4, the emitter of which is connected to the output of the switch S, while the base of the second control transistor 4 is connected to the output of the drive circuit via a resistor 8.
  • the switch S for connecting the control circuit to the accumulator voltage only when the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 5 is connected to the mains has a transistor 30, the emitter of which is connected to the accumulator 1 and the collector of which is connected to the supply line for the control circuit, while the base of the transistor stors 30 is connected via a resistor 33 to the connection of a series connection of a capacitor 31 to a diode 32, which are connected in parallel to a diode 42 of the rectifier bridge GB with cathode-side connection of the diode 32 to an AC voltage connection of the rectifier bridge GB.
  • the diode 32 ensures that a base current is only delivered to the transistor 30 when the circuit is connected to the supplying AC or DC voltage network.
  • the capacitor 31 serves to buffer the base current of the transistor 30, so that the transistor 30 during the connection of the circuit to the supplying direct or alternating voltage network is continuously controlled.
  • the drive circuit is then coupled to the accumulator 1 via the small residual resistance of the transistor 30.
  • the first Schmitt trigger ST1 of the drive circuit is formed from two transistors 1 1, 1 2, whose emitters are connected to reference potential, while their collectors are connected to the voltage supply line via resistors 13, 1 5. the output of switch S are connected.
  • the base of the one transistor 11 is additionally connected to the collector of the other transistor 12, while the base of the transistor 12 is connected to the input E1 and via a resistor 14 to the output A1 of the first Schmitt trigger ST1, which is through the collector of the other transistor 1 1 is formed.
  • a voltage divider network is connected to the input of the first Schmitt trigger ST1 and is formed from the series connection of a voltage-dependent resistor 17 with a resistor 16 connected in parallel and two further resistors 18, 19, the connection of the two resistors 18, 19 being the input E1 of the first Schmitt trigger ST1.
  • the structure of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 corresponds to that of the first Schmitt trigger ST1 and consists of two transistors 21, 22 with collector resistors 23, 25 and a resistor 24 arranged between the input E2 and the output A2 of the second Schmitt trigger ST2
  • the voltage divider network of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 consists of resistors 26, 28, 29 connected in series with a voltage-dependent resistor 27 connected in parallel with the resistor 26.
  • the temperature-dependent resistors 17, 27 of the two Schmitt triggers ST1, ST2 have a positive temperature coefficient.
  • the resistors 16, 26 connected in parallel with the temperature-dependent resistors 17, 27 serve to linearize the temperature response.
  • the two Schmitt triggers ST1 and ST2 are coupled to one another via a coupling resistor 9, so that the first Schmitt trigger ST1 influences the switching level of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 and the output of the second Schmitt trigger ST2 behaves in such a way that it can drive the switching transistor 2 directly, that is to say only via the transistor 4 serving as an impedance converter and the transistor 3 serving as an inverter.
  • a network consisting of a transistor 50, a resistor 51 and a capacitor 53 serves to delay the switch-on and prevents the charging current from being switched on every time the circuit is coupled to the supplying direct or alternating voltage network, even if the Accumulator voltage has not yet reached the lower switching threshold.
  • the emitter of transistor 50 is connected to the voltage supply line and its collector is connected via a resistor 52 to the input E2 of the second Schmitt trigger ST2, while its base is connected to the connection of the resistor 51 to the capacitor 53 which is connected to the voltage connections of the control circuit are connected.
  • a resistor 10 connected in parallel to the collector-emitter path of the switching transistor 2 ensures the power supply of the control circuit as long as the second control transistor 4 is blocked.
  • FIG. 7 The detailed circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 7 is constructed in the same way as the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 6 described above. It has the same function as the circuit arrangement according to FIG. 6 and serves to fulfill the same task.
  • the same components are designated with the same reference numerals, so that reference can be made to the description of the circuit according to FIG. 6.
  • Both of the circuit arrangements described above in accordance with FIGS. 6 and 7 enable the switch-on and switch-off level of the charging current circuit to be set independently of one another and the charging current circuit to be controlled in a manner adapted to the temperature behavior of the discharge curve. This ensures that the charging current switches on again independently of the temperature at a certain residual energy content, while at the same time a maximum charging takes place which is adapted to the temperature response of the accumulator.
  • control circuit In order to reduce the energy consumption of the control circuit when the accumulator is not connected to a DC or AC voltage supply network, the control circuit is only activated when the circuit is connected to the AC and DC voltage supply network, so that energy loss of the accumulator essentially only through the self-discharge of the accumulator.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un circuit permettant de déclencher un circuit de courant de charge (LS) pour un accumulateur (1) en fonction de la tension de l'accumulateur, à l'aide de deux bascules de Schmitt (ST1, ST2) couplées l'une à l'autre par l'intermédiaire d'un élément de couplage (KE), qui peuvent être connectées à la tension de l'accumulateur et dont les hystérésis de commutation peuvent être ajustées indépendamment l'une de l'autre.
PCT/EP1994/003565 1993-11-09 1994-10-29 Circuit de declenchement d'un circuit de courant de charge pour accumulateur WO1995013645A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4338183A DE4338183A1 (de) 1993-11-09 1993-11-09 Schaltung zur Ansteuerung einer Ladestromschaltung für einen Akkumulator
DEP4338183.9 1993-11-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995013645A1 true WO1995013645A1 (fr) 1995-05-18

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ID=6502129

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP1994/003565 WO1995013645A1 (fr) 1993-11-09 1994-10-29 Circuit de declenchement d'un circuit de courant de charge pour accumulateur

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DE (1) DE4338183A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995013645A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2143890A1 (fr) * 1971-06-30 1973-02-09 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd
DE3040852A1 (de) * 1980-10-30 1982-06-03 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Ladeschaltung fuer batterien, insbesondere nicd-batterien
EP0226128A2 (fr) * 1985-12-20 1987-06-24 Braun Aktiengesellschaft Alimentation à découpage électronique
DE3626534A1 (de) * 1986-08-06 1988-02-11 Hauser Karl Heinz Ladegeraet fuer nicd-zellen

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2143890A1 (fr) * 1971-06-30 1973-02-09 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd
DE3040852A1 (de) * 1980-10-30 1982-06-03 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Ladeschaltung fuer batterien, insbesondere nicd-batterien
EP0226128A2 (fr) * 1985-12-20 1987-06-24 Braun Aktiengesellschaft Alimentation à découpage électronique
DE3626534A1 (de) * 1986-08-06 1988-02-11 Hauser Karl Heinz Ladegeraet fuer nicd-zellen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE4338183A1 (de) 1995-05-11

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