WO1995006307A1 - Affichage electrophoretique a temps d'ecriture reduit - Google Patents

Affichage electrophoretique a temps d'ecriture reduit Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995006307A1
WO1995006307A1 PCT/US1994/009217 US9409217W WO9506307A1 WO 1995006307 A1 WO1995006307 A1 WO 1995006307A1 US 9409217 W US9409217 W US 9409217W WO 9506307 A1 WO9506307 A1 WO 9506307A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
display
lines
pixels
image
pixel
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1994/009217
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO1995006307B1 (fr
Inventor
Frank J. Disanto
Denis A. Krusos
Original Assignee
Copytele, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Copytele, Inc. filed Critical Copytele, Inc.
Priority to EP94926505A priority Critical patent/EP0715751A4/fr
Priority to JP7507639A priority patent/JPH09504618A/ja
Publication of WO1995006307A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995006307A1/fr
Publication of WO1995006307B1 publication Critical patent/WO1995006307B1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
    • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
    • G09G2320/0252—Improving the response speed

Definitions

  • Electrophoretic displays are now well known. A variety of display types and features are taught in several patents issued in the names of the inventors herein, Frank J. DiSanto and Denis A Krusos and assigned to the assignee herein, Copytele, Inc. of Huntington Station, New York. For example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,655,897 and 4,732,830, each entitled ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY PANELS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS describe the basic operation and construction of an electrophoretic display.
  • the localized pigment particle migration results either in a localized area of concentration or rarefaction of particles depending upon the polarity and direction of the electrostatic field and the charge on the pigment particles.
  • the electrophoretic display apparatus taught in the foregoing U.S. Patents are "triode-type" displays having a plurality of independent, parallel, cathode row conductor elements or "lines” deposited in the horizontal on one surface of a glass viewing screen.
  • a glass cap member forms a fluid-tight seal with the viewing window along the cap's peripheral edge for containing the fluid suspension and also acts as a substrate for an anode plate deposited on the interior flat surface of the cap.
  • the anode surface is in spaced parallel relation to both the cathode elements and the grid elements.
  • the cathode element voltage, the anode voltage, and the grid element voltage can then be ascertained such that when a particular voltage is applied to the cathode and another voltage is applied to the grid, the area proximate their intersection will assume a net charge sufficient to attract or repel pigment particles in suspension in the dielectric fluid.
  • cathode and grid lines are employed, there are numerous discrete intersection points which can be controlled by varying the voltage on the cathode and grid elements to cause localized visible regions of pigment concentration and rarefaction. Essentially then, the operating voltages on both cathode and grid must be able to assume at least two states corresponding to a logical one and a logical zero. Logical one for the cathode may either correspond to attraction or repulsion of pigment. Typically, the cathode and grid voltages are selected such that only when both are a logical one at a particular intersection point, will a sufficient electrostatic field be present at the intersection relative to the anode to cause the writing of a visual bit of information on the display through migration of pigment particles.
  • the bit may be erased, e.g., upon a reversal of polarity and a logical zero-zero state occurring at the intersection coordinated with an erase voltage gradient between anode and cathode. In this manner, digitized data can be displayed on the electrophoretic display.
  • An apparatus for operating an electrophoretic information display with grey scale capability has a plurality of pixel areas each accessible by an X- Y addressing format and each indicative of a given display content at that associated display area.
  • the display comprises means for sequentially applying an electric field across selected pixel areas during a series of equal time intervals, each interval being less than the time necessary to completely remove pigment particles associated with the selected pixel areas therefrom. In this manner, incrementally darker pixels are provided after each successive time interval with the darkest pixels being obtained when all of the pigment particles are removed from corresponding intersections.
  • a grey scale image is obtained by re-applying the electric field only to pixel areas which are not of the desired shade after a previous interval.
  • a method of providing grey scale capability for an electrophoretic information display comprises the steps of applying an electrical field across selected intersections for a fixed interval of time less than that required to completely remove the particles therefrom, thereby causing an image having pixels of a first shade to be formed thereon and applying in a second applying step an electrical field across at least some of said selected intersections for said fixed interval, thereby causing an image having pixels of a second shade darker than said first shade to be formed thereon.
  • FIG. 1 is a rear perspective view of an electrophoretic display panel employed with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram depicting an apparatus employed with an electrophoretic display and capable of grey scale operation.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown the rear side of an electrophoretic display panel 10 as exemplified by U.S. Patent No. 4,742,345 to
  • the panel 10 includes a faceplate typically formed from glass which serves as a substrate upon which is deposited a plurality of independent, electrically conductive cathode members 14 (horizontal rows) using conventional deposition and etching techniques. It is preferred that the cathode members 14 be composed of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as set forth in U.S. Patent No. 4,742,345. A plurality of independent grid conductor members 16 are superposed in the horizontal over the cathode members 14 and are insulated therefrom by an interstitial photoresist layer (not shown).
  • ITO Indium Tin Oxide
  • the grid members 16 may be formed by coating the photoresist layer with a metal, such as nickel, using sputtering techniques or the like and then selectively masking and etching to yield the intersecting but insulated configuration shown in FIG. 1.
  • a metal such as nickel
  • Each cathode and grid member 14, 16 terminates at one end of a contact pad 18 or is otherwise adapted to permit connection to display driver circuitry, which circuitry will be described later.
  • An anode cap 20 is sealably affixed to the faceplate 12 and over the cathode and grid members 14 and 16 to form an envelope for containing the dielectric fluid/pigment particle suspension.
  • the anode cap 20 is formed from an insulating material, such as glass, and has an inner surface coating of conductor material to form the anode.
  • suspended pigment particles in the dielectric fluid can be made to accumulate near, or disperse from, the intersections of selected cathode and grid members 14 and 16 to translate these voltages into a visible display.
  • the discrete cathode and grid members 14 and 16 of the electrophoretic display 10 can assume a variety of voltages during operation for controlling the display operations or erase, hold and write at the numerous points of intersection defining a cathode/grid matrix.
  • a workable panel would have a large number of intersections, e.g., 2,200 X 1,700 or a total of 3,740,000 separately addressable intersection points.
  • a small set of intersections are shown in FIG. 1 and only a single intersection is depicted in the remaining figures.
  • the dimensions of the respective elements have also been greatly enlarged for illustration and are not necessarily in proportion to an actual operational device.
  • Representative illustrations of electrophoretic displays, their components and electrical circuitry can be seen by referring to U.S. Patent Nos. 4,742,345 and 4,772,820, each being awarded to the inventors herein and which are incorporated by reference herein.
  • the pigment at the intersections of selected rows and columns is forced out of wells associated therewith (not shown) by selectively applying voltages to the rows and columns, thereby exposing the dye solution and making such intersections dark.
  • the removal of the pigment from the wells is not instantaneous but requires a period of time, which depends upon the dimensions of the display, the applied voltages, and the properties of the suspension. Applying a potential for too short a period of time to a grid and cathode line intersection results in incomplete removal of pigment from the well at that intersection. Accordingly, a pixel intensity which is less than full black may be obtained by utilizing a scan time which is less than the scan time required to completely remove the pigment from the wells. This essentially is the basis of the present application and such techniques for accomplishing this will be further described.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a top view of a typical X-Y matrix consisting of cathode lines which are arranged in the horizontal plane and grid lines which are perpendicular to the cathode lines and insulated therefrom.
  • cathode lines designated 22, 24, 26, and N.
  • the number of cathode lines in the Y direction may consist of hundreds of thousands, depending upon the size of the display.
  • grid lines 28, 30, 32, and X.
  • each cathode line has a suitable driving amplifier circuit shown in modular form and indicated by reference numerals 36, 38, 40, and 42.
  • each grid line has a suitable driving amplifier referenced by modules 44, 46, 48, and 50.
  • the driver amplifiers are fabricated by typical integrated circuit techniques and may, for example, be
  • CMOS devices all of which are well known and many of which are available as conventional integrated circuit chips.
  • the display of the present invention can typically be operated in an erase mode, a hold mode, or a writing mode.
  • the erase mode the anode electrode, which is not shown in
  • FIG. 2 is placed at a negative potential while the cathodes as lines 22-N are operated at a positive potential.
  • the grid lines as 28 to X are operated at a negative potential.
  • the anode is positive while the cathodes are held positive and the grids are again at low potential.
  • the cathode operates between zero and positive voltages.
  • the grid operates between low and high voltages.
  • the anode In the write mode, the anode is held positive while cathode lines which are being written are placed at zero potential while non-writing cathodes are placed at positive potential. This is the same potential employed in the hold mode. In this manner, the writing grids are operated at high potential.
  • the Y driving amplifiers are coupled to a Y address module 52.
  • the address module 52 is a well known component and consists of various conventional decoding devices and may include buffer registers and so on for the storage of data for introduction to the various cathode lines associated with the display 10.
  • the X driving amplifiers are coupled to an X address module 54 which module operates to provide X information for the X-Y intersections provided by the display.
  • pixel intensities of less than full black can be obtained by utilizing a scan time which is less than the scan time required to completely remove the pigment from the wells.
  • a scan time which is less than the scan time required to completely remove the pigment from the wells.
  • a readable image may also be produced using very fast scan times and by repeated scans can be enhanced sequentially to attain full black.
  • both faster writing times and grey scale operation are made possible by selecting a scan time according to the equation:
  • t s is the fixed duration for which a voltage is applied to a given pixel intersection or scan time
  • n is the number of shades of grey desired
  • T d is the minimum amount of time required to remove pigment particles from the pixel location and thus fully write that pixel full black.
  • t s is the fixed duration for which a voltage is applied to a given pixel intersection or scan time
  • n is the number of shades of grey desired
  • T d is the minimum amount of time required to remove pigment particles from the pixel location and thus fully write that pixel full black.
  • the total time needed to write a display pixel full black is 80 milliseconds
  • any scan time which is less than the minimum full black scan time may be utilized in accordance with the present invention.
  • a scan time of 60 milliseconds may be used even though the total scan sequence of 120 milliseconds exceeds the minimum scan time.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one possible arrangement for operating the display of the present invention in accordance with a keyboard mode.
  • information is input by keyboard 56 into the memory 60 of computer microprocessor 58.
  • a pulse generator 62 which is coupled to X- address module 54 and Y-address module 52, provides write pulses of a predetermined fraction of the total write time T d , which predetermined fraction is selected as discussed above to achieve the desired number of grey scale levels.
  • one or more key strokes may be utilized to define ASCII codes which correspond to particular grey scale values.
  • line select grey code module 64 which may be part of microprocessor 58, to selectively address those lines of the display containing characters which are to appear darker than the other characters.
  • the character data is converted into a bit stream which is received by shift registers within the X and Y address modules. All portions of the image are written during this first image scan. However, those portions of the image which are to be at the lightest shade of grey are written only during this first image scan.
  • Selected cathode lines, as 22, 24, 26, and N, are placed at the enable voltage level by the cathode driving amplifiers, which driving amplifiers are fed row information by the Y address module of the microprocessor.
  • the column information for row 22 is fed into a shift register within X address module 54, the output of the shift register feeding the grid driving amplifiers.
  • the line select grey code module 64 feeds the row and column information of the display into the shift registers of the X and Y address modules, but, as already indicated, the row and column information corresponding to those pixels at the lightest shade of grey is omitted.
  • the line select module 64 only those rows and columns which contain characters of the second lightest shade or darker are energized by the pulse generator. Sequential scanning procedure is continued for shades three, four, five, six, and seven. Only those portions of the image which are black are scanned on all eight sequential scans. Hence, in this manner as one will readily understand, all pixels of the display can be written into during a first scan, with only successively darker pixels being written into during subsequent scans.
  • the present invention makes it possible to achieve grey scale operation, but it also permits a readable image to be displayed in significantly less time than is taught by prior art EPIDs. It should thus be apparent to those skilled in the art that the above-described techniques and associated apparatus lends itself to many alternate embodiments.
  • the display instead of operating the display in a keyboard mode, the display may be adapted to receive data from a typical telephone line or other transmission media using an analog to digital converter and digital signal pixel generator (not shown).
  • an analog to digital converter and digital signal pixel generator not shown.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)

Abstract

Affichage électrophorétique (10) assurant la production d'une image en mettant sous tension sélectivement des lignes de grille (16) et de cathode (14) dont chacune des intersections définit un pixel, et en faisant varier la polarisation entre les lignes de façon à amener les particules de pigment en suspension à migrer vers une anode (20) en s'éloignant des pixels alimentés. Des intersections sélectionnées de lignes de grille (16) et de cathode (14) représentant des pixels sont soumises à des séquences de tension pendant un intervalle fixe de temps ce qui produit une image. L'intervalle de temps choisi est inférieur au temps nécessaire pour que les pigments quittent les pixels et l'image est ravivée séquentiellement en resoumettant au moins une fois certains des pixels à des séquences de tension. Cela permet de produire une image lisible beaucoup plus rapidement et d'obtenir des pixels à noircissement incrémentiel puisque les pigments additionnels quittent les intersections sélectionnées pendant les intervalles subséquents de mise sous tension.
PCT/US1994/009217 1993-08-26 1994-08-15 Affichage electrophoretique a temps d'ecriture reduit WO1995006307A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94926505A EP0715751A4 (fr) 1993-08-26 1994-08-15 Affichage electrophoretique a temps d'ecriture reduit
JP7507639A JPH09504618A (ja) 1993-08-26 1994-08-15 書込み時間の短い電気泳動表示装置

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11211693A 1993-08-26 1993-08-26
US112,116 1993-08-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995006307A1 true WO1995006307A1 (fr) 1995-03-02
WO1995006307B1 WO1995006307B1 (fr) 1995-04-13

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EP (1) EP0715751A4 (fr)
JP (1) JPH09504618A (fr)
CA (1) CA2170263A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995006307A1 (fr)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6177921B1 (en) 1997-08-28 2001-01-23 E Ink Corporation Printable electrode structures for displays
US6445374B2 (en) 1997-08-28 2002-09-03 E Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for displays
US6664944B1 (en) 1995-07-20 2003-12-16 E-Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
WO2004003650A1 (fr) * 2002-07-01 2004-01-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Panneau d'affichage electrophoretique
US6710540B1 (en) 1995-07-20 2004-03-23 E Ink Corporation Electrostatically-addressable electrophoretic display
US6724519B1 (en) 1998-12-21 2004-04-20 E-Ink Corporation Protective electrodes for electrophoretic displays
WO2006013502A1 (fr) * 2004-07-27 2006-02-09 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Fonction de defilement amelioree pour dispositif d'affichage electrophoretique
US7019889B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2006-03-28 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
US7304634B2 (en) 1995-07-20 2007-12-04 E Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
US7352353B2 (en) 1995-07-20 2008-04-01 E Ink Corporation Electrostatically addressable electrophoretic display
US7957054B1 (en) 2009-12-21 2011-06-07 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Electro-optical display systems
US8089687B2 (en) 2009-12-21 2012-01-03 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Electro-optical display systems
US8749590B2 (en) 2006-11-30 2014-06-10 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Display device using movement of particles
US9293511B2 (en) 1998-07-08 2016-03-22 E Ink Corporation Methods for achieving improved color in microencapsulated electrophoretic devices
US10331005B2 (en) 2002-10-16 2019-06-25 E Ink Corporation Electrophoretic displays
DE112018002121B4 (de) 2017-06-23 2021-09-30 International Business Machines Corporation Mikrofluidik-einheit mit programmierbaren verifikationsmerkmalen

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4613727B2 (ja) * 2000-06-22 2011-01-19 セイコーエプソン株式会社 電気泳動表示装置の駆動方法、駆動回路、電気泳動表示装置および電子機器
JP4618031B2 (ja) * 2000-06-22 2011-01-26 セイコーエプソン株式会社 電気泳動表示装置の駆動方法、駆動回路、電気泳動表示装置および電子機器
JP4479841B2 (ja) * 2000-06-22 2010-06-09 セイコーエプソン株式会社 電気泳動表示装置の駆動方法、駆動回路、電気泳動表示装置および電子機器
WO2007043003A1 (fr) * 2005-10-14 2007-04-19 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif afficheur a commutation dans le plan
JP5223188B2 (ja) * 2006-12-05 2013-06-26 セイコーエプソン株式会社 電気泳動表示装置の駆動方法及び電気泳動表示装置

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US4833464A (en) * 1987-09-14 1989-05-23 Copytele, Inc. Electrophoretic information display (EPID) apparatus employing grey scale capability
US4947157A (en) * 1988-10-03 1990-08-07 501 Copytele, Inc. Apparatus and methods for pulsing the electrodes of an electrophoretic display for achieving faster display operation
US5023603A (en) * 1989-02-21 1991-06-11 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Display control device

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US3612758A (en) * 1969-10-03 1971-10-12 Xerox Corp Color display device
US4827255A (en) * 1985-05-31 1989-05-02 Ascii Corporation Display control system which produces varying patterns to reduce flickering
US4833464A (en) * 1987-09-14 1989-05-23 Copytele, Inc. Electrophoretic information display (EPID) apparatus employing grey scale capability
US4947157A (en) * 1988-10-03 1990-08-07 501 Copytele, Inc. Apparatus and methods for pulsing the electrodes of an electrophoretic display for achieving faster display operation
US5023603A (en) * 1989-02-21 1991-06-11 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Display control device

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7304634B2 (en) 1995-07-20 2007-12-04 E Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
US7352353B2 (en) 1995-07-20 2008-04-01 E Ink Corporation Electrostatically addressable electrophoretic display
US6664944B1 (en) 1995-07-20 2003-12-16 E-Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays
US6710540B1 (en) 1995-07-20 2004-03-23 E Ink Corporation Electrostatically-addressable electrophoretic display
US6535197B1 (en) 1997-08-28 2003-03-18 E Ink Corporation Printable electrode structures for displays
US6177921B1 (en) 1997-08-28 2001-01-23 E Ink Corporation Printable electrode structures for displays
US6445374B2 (en) 1997-08-28 2002-09-03 E Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for displays
US6842167B2 (en) 1997-08-28 2005-01-11 E Ink Corporation Rear electrode structures for displays
US9293511B2 (en) 1998-07-08 2016-03-22 E Ink Corporation Methods for achieving improved color in microencapsulated electrophoretic devices
US6724519B1 (en) 1998-12-21 2004-04-20 E-Ink Corporation Protective electrodes for electrophoretic displays
US7019889B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2006-03-28 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
USRE44484E1 (en) 2000-06-22 2013-09-10 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
US7359110B2 (en) 2000-06-22 2008-04-15 Seiko Epson Corporation Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display and electronic device using same
WO2004003650A1 (fr) * 2002-07-01 2004-01-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Panneau d'affichage electrophoretique
US10331005B2 (en) 2002-10-16 2019-06-25 E Ink Corporation Electrophoretic displays
WO2006013502A1 (fr) * 2004-07-27 2006-02-09 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Fonction de defilement amelioree pour dispositif d'affichage electrophoretique
US7796115B2 (en) 2004-07-27 2010-09-14 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Scrolling function in an electrophoretic display device
US8749590B2 (en) 2006-11-30 2014-06-10 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Display device using movement of particles
TWI471836B (zh) * 2006-11-30 2015-02-01 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv 使用移動粒子的顯示裝置
US7957054B1 (en) 2009-12-21 2011-06-07 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Electro-optical display systems
US8089687B2 (en) 2009-12-21 2012-01-03 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Electro-optical display systems
DE112018002121B4 (de) 2017-06-23 2021-09-30 International Business Machines Corporation Mikrofluidik-einheit mit programmierbaren verifikationsmerkmalen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH09504618A (ja) 1997-05-06
EP0715751A4 (fr) 1997-04-09
EP0715751A1 (fr) 1996-06-12
CA2170263A1 (fr) 1995-03-02

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