WO1994022740A1 - A dispenser for plastic material - Google Patents

A dispenser for plastic material Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1994022740A1
WO1994022740A1 PCT/SE1993/000293 SE9300293W WO9422740A1 WO 1994022740 A1 WO1994022740 A1 WO 1994022740A1 SE 9300293 W SE9300293 W SE 9300293W WO 9422740 A1 WO9422740 A1 WO 9422740A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
holder
dispenser
carrier
dispenser according
piston rod
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1993/000293
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Reimar JUNGEGÅRD
Original Assignee
Ab Hisingeplast
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ab Hisingeplast filed Critical Ab Hisingeplast
Priority to DK93910493T priority Critical patent/DK0693033T3/en
Priority to AU40964/93A priority patent/AU683615B2/en
Priority to ES93910493T priority patent/ES2127275T3/en
Priority to PCT/SE1993/000293 priority patent/WO1994022740A1/en
Priority to DE69322287T priority patent/DE69322287T2/en
Priority to EP93910493A priority patent/EP0693033B1/en
Publication of WO1994022740A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994022740A1/en
Priority to NO953938A priority patent/NO307414B1/en
Priority to FI954708A priority patent/FI954708A/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C17/00—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces
    • B05C17/005—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes
    • B05C17/01—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes with manually mechanically or electrically actuated piston or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C17/00—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces
    • B05C17/005—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes
    • B05C17/01—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes with manually mechanically or electrically actuated piston or the like
    • B05C17/0116—Hand tools or apparatus using hand held tools, for applying liquids or other fluent materials to, for spreading applied liquids or other fluent materials on, or for partially removing applied liquids or other fluent materials from, surfaces for discharging material from a reservoir or container located in or on the hand tool through an outlet orifice by pressure without using surface contacting members like pads or brushes with manually mechanically or electrically actuated piston or the like characterised by the piston driving means
    • B05C17/012—Stepwise advancing mechanism, e.g. pawl and ratchets
    • B05C17/0123—Lever actuated

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a dispenser for dispensing plastic material from at least one cylindrical container unit, said dispenser comprising a carrier with at least one manoeuvrable piston rod, which is connected to means for displacing the rod when dispensing said material, and a holder for mounting the container unit in a fixed position for use, which position is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the piston rod, which holder is provided with valve means for opening or closing a feed out opening for said material.
  • Dispensers for plastic material can for example be used for dispensing two-component putty, which for instance can be used in car garages when repairing collision damages, before lacquering.
  • Said putty is available in different qualities, from coarse to fine putty.
  • the putty is supplied in a cylindrical container, whose bottom is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the cylinder, so that the putty compound can be pressed out through an opening at the opposite end of the cylinder.
  • a dispenser for dispensing such putty is provided with a screw attachment for the container, and means for displacing a piston rod which drives the bottom of the container ahead.
  • the putty is often of a two-component type, whereby an amount of hardener, which is directly propor ⁇ tional to the amount of putty, is dispensed simultaneously with the help of a second piston rod arranged in parallel with the first rod.
  • a dispenser fixed to the wall is difficult to clean from dispensed putty, which remains at the feed out opening.
  • a common problem is therefore, that remaining remnants of old, slowly drying putty are to be found in the feed out opening area. If such old putty is mixed into a batch of fresh putty, the result of the puttying will be poor. If the batch of putty is rejected as unfit for use, this will lead to economical consequences since the price per kilogram of putty is relatively high. Alternatively, if a batch of putty is used which contains hard lumps of old putty, this will lead to an increase of the job time, required to attain a perfect puttying result.
  • the purpose of the present invention is therefore to provide a putty dispenser, being more comfortable and easier to keep clean, and also to obtain an environmentally better working situation.
  • the holder forms a unit with the valve device, said unit being detachable from the carrier.
  • the holder forms a unit with the valve device, said unit being detachable from the carrier.
  • FIG. 1 is a planar view showing a dispenser accor ⁇ ding to the invention seen from the front
  • Fig. 2 shows the dispenser in Fig. 1 in a side- elevation, with an extra replaceable holder
  • Fig. 3 shows the replaceable holder seen from below.
  • the dispenser according to the invention is useful for different types of plastic material.
  • the dispenser shown in the drawings is specially designed to provide putty of two- component type.
  • the putty is supplied in a cylindrical cartridge container 10, provided with a neck portion 11 at its feed out end, having an outer screw thread.
  • the opposite end of the cartridge container 10 is provided with a bottom which is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the cylinder, so that the putty compound can be pressed out through the neck opening 11 at the opposite end of the cylinder.
  • the hardener is supplied in a tube-shaped container 12.
  • the dispenser includes a carrier 13 and a detachably arranged holder 14.
  • the carrier includes a L-shaped plate 15, 16 with a short shank section 15 and a long shank section 16.
  • the dispenser is oriented hanging vertically on a wall, so that the long shank 16 rests against the wall.
  • the short shank 15 then extends perpendicularly from the wall and forms a hold for a per se known pistol mechanism 17.
  • This mechanism is provided with a fixed handle 18 and a hinged handle 19, with whose help a piston rod 20 can be pumped in the longitudinal direction of the rod.
  • the lower end of the rod is provided with a pressure plate 21, which acts against the bottom of the cartridge container 10.
  • connection element 22 transfers the motion of the rod 20 to a second, in parallel working piston rod 23, which extends into the hardener container 12 with its lower end, and acts to dispense hardener fluid via a downwards bent spout 24. From the above is evident that the diameters of the containers 10 and 12 determine the quantity of dispense compound, so the correct proportions of putty and hardener are obtained.
  • the connection piece 22 is provided with a locking nut 25, with whose help the piston rod 23 can be disconnected and dislocated in relation to rod 20.
  • the carrier 13 is provided with two perpendicularly projecting bars 26 at the lower end of the shank section 16, which bars are connected via vertical rods 27 to the shank section 15.
  • the bars 26 are U-shaped with the openings turned against each other.
  • the holder 14 includes a rectangular plate 28 formed by a strong sheet metal, resting in the slots of the U-shaped bars 26, in a position defined by bosses 26a.
  • the upper side of the plate 28 is provided with an internal screw attachment 29 for the container 10 and a pipe joint 30 for the container 12.
  • the underside of the plate 28 is provided with a valve in the form of a disc 31, which is pivoted at a bolt axle 32 and manoeuvrable by means of a handle 33.
  • the disc is provided with an opening 34 located between the axle 32 and the periphery edge of the disc, which opening is placed in front of a corresponding opening in the plate 28, in one turning position of the plate. This turning position is defined by a downwards directed pro ⁇ jecting boss 35 at the underside of the plate 28.
  • a second end position for the handle 33 is defined by a stopping surface 36 at a downwards folded border of the plate.
  • the disc 31 is provided with a first sealing strip 37 along its periphery edge and a second sealing strip 38 round the opening 34. By means of these both strips, an efficient sealing is obtained in the valve area.
  • the distance between the dispense opening of the container and the opening 34 of the disc is very short and contains an insignificant amount of putty. Besides, a distinct cut of the putty string takes place when the handle is manoeuvred from the open position to the closed position. Due to the long distance between the opening 34 of the disc and the spout 24 for the hardener, the risk of contact between hardener and putty at the under ⁇ side of the holder is nonexistent.
  • the detachable holder 14 can be lifted out from the carrier 13 after that the piston rod 20 has been disconnected from its displacing mechanism 17-19, and has been displaced upwardly to its upper end position together with the piston rod 23.
  • the holder can now be removed to a place suitable for cleaning the valve opening, e.g. in a fume cupboard.
  • the holder can then either be remounted in the carrier 13, or be replaced by another holder with putty of another quality.
  • the carrier can be provided with other means for displacing the piston rod 20.

Abstract

A dispenser for dispensing plastic material from at least one cylindrical container unit (10). The dispenser comprises a carrier (13) with at least one manoeuvrable piston rod (20), which is connected to means for displacing the rod when dispensing said material, and a holder (14) for mounting the container unit in a fixed position for use, which position is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the piston rod (20). The holder is provided with a connection device (29) for a neck piece belonging to the container unit, and a valve device (31) for opening or closing a feed out opening (34) for said material. The holder (14) with the valve device (31) forms a unit which is detachable from the carrier (13).

Description

A DISPENSER FOR PLASTIC MATERIAL
TECHNICAL AREA The present invention refers to a dispenser for dispensing plastic material from at least one cylindrical container unit, said dispenser comprising a carrier with at least one manoeuvrable piston rod, which is connected to means for displacing the rod when dispensing said material, and a holder for mounting the container unit in a fixed position for use, which position is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the piston rod, which holder is provided with valve means for opening or closing a feed out opening for said material.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Dispensers for plastic material can for example be used for dispensing two-component putty, which for instance can be used in car garages when repairing collision damages, before lacquering.
Said putty is available in different qualities, from coarse to fine putty. The putty is supplied in a cylindrical container, whose bottom is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the cylinder, so that the putty compound can be pressed out through an opening at the opposite end of the cylinder. A dispenser for dispensing such putty is provided with a screw attachment for the container, and means for displacing a piston rod which drives the bottom of the container ahead. The putty is often of a two-component type, whereby an amount of hardener, which is directly propor¬ tional to the amount of putty, is dispensed simultaneously with the help of a second piston rod arranged in parallel with the first rod.
These dispensers must be designed rather strong in order to resist the forces required to press out the viscous putty. Putty dispensers are consequently usually units that are fixed to the wall, of which two or more normally are needed in a workshop, in order to provide both coarse and fine putty.
A dispenser fixed to the wall is difficult to clean from dispensed putty, which remains at the feed out opening. A common problem is therefore, that remaining remnants of old, slowly drying putty are to be found in the feed out opening area. If such old putty is mixed into a batch of fresh putty, the result of the puttying will be poor. If the batch of putty is rejected as unfit for use, this will lead to economical consequences since the price per kilogram of putty is relatively high. Alternatively, if a batch of putty is used which contains hard lumps of old putty, this will lead to an increase of the job time, required to attain a perfect puttying result.
Problems also arise when the old putty emigrates and comes into contact with hardener paste, which can result in that the dispenser becomes unfit for use, at least temporary.
It is consequently necessary to clean each putty dispenser regularly in order to avoid problems with old putty. As the construction is fixed to the wall, it will be difficult to dismount the dispenser, and the cleaning therefore takes place in situ, which usually causes spreading of volatile solvents within the workshop.
THE TECHNICAL PROBLEM
The purpose of the present invention is therefore to provide a putty dispenser, being more comfortable and easier to keep clean, and also to obtain an environmentally better working situation. THE SOLUTION
For this purpose the holder forms a unit with the valve device, said unit being detachable from the carrier. According to this solution one and the same dispenser can be used for different types of putty.
Further variants of the invention will be clear from the subsequent claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described with references to an embodiment shown in the enclosed drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a planar view showing a dispenser accor¬ ding to the invention seen from the front, Fig. 2 shows the dispenser in Fig. 1 in a side- elevation, with an extra replaceable holder, and Fig. 3 shows the replaceable holder seen from below.
DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT
The dispenser according to the invention is useful for different types of plastic material. The dispenser shown in the drawings is specially designed to provide putty of two- component type.
The putty is supplied in a cylindrical cartridge container 10, provided with a neck portion 11 at its feed out end, having an outer screw thread. The opposite end of the cartridge container 10 is provided with a bottom which is displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the cylinder, so that the putty compound can be pressed out through the neck opening 11 at the opposite end of the cylinder. The hardener is supplied in a tube-shaped container 12.
The dispenser includes a carrier 13 and a detachably arranged holder 14. The carrier includes a L-shaped plate 15, 16 with a short shank section 15 and a long shank section 16. The dispenser is oriented hanging vertically on a wall, so that the long shank 16 rests against the wall. The short shank 15 then extends perpendicularly from the wall and forms a hold for a per se known pistol mechanism 17. This mechanism is provided with a fixed handle 18 and a hinged handle 19, with whose help a piston rod 20 can be pumped in the longitudinal direction of the rod. The lower end of the rod is provided with a pressure plate 21, which acts against the bottom of the cartridge container 10.
A connection element 22 transfers the motion of the rod 20 to a second, in parallel working piston rod 23, which extends into the hardener container 12 with its lower end, and acts to dispense hardener fluid via a downwards bent spout 24. From the above is evident that the diameters of the containers 10 and 12 determine the quantity of dispense compound, so the correct proportions of putty and hardener are obtained. The connection piece 22 is provided with a locking nut 25, with whose help the piston rod 23 can be disconnected and dislocated in relation to rod 20.
The carrier 13 is provided with two perpendicularly projecting bars 26 at the lower end of the shank section 16, which bars are connected via vertical rods 27 to the shank section 15. The bars 26 are U-shaped with the openings turned against each other.
The holder 14 includes a rectangular plate 28 formed by a strong sheet metal, resting in the slots of the U-shaped bars 26, in a position defined by bosses 26a.
The upper side of the plate 28 is provided with an internal screw attachment 29 for the container 10 and a pipe joint 30 for the container 12. The underside of the plate 28 is provided with a valve in the form of a disc 31, which is pivoted at a bolt axle 32 and manoeuvrable by means of a handle 33. The disc is provided with an opening 34 located between the axle 32 and the periphery edge of the disc, which opening is placed in front of a corresponding opening in the plate 28, in one turning position of the plate. This turning position is defined by a downwards directed pro¬ jecting boss 35 at the underside of the plate 28. A second end position for the handle 33 is defined by a stopping surface 36 at a downwards folded border of the plate.
The disc 31 is provided with a first sealing strip 37 along its periphery edge and a second sealing strip 38 round the opening 34. By means of these both strips, an efficient sealing is obtained in the valve area. The distance between the dispense opening of the container and the opening 34 of the disc is very short and contains an insignificant amount of putty. Besides, a distinct cut of the putty string takes place when the handle is manoeuvred from the open position to the closed position. Due to the long distance between the opening 34 of the disc and the spout 24 for the hardener, the risk of contact between hardener and putty at the under¬ side of the holder is nonexistent.
The detachable holder 14 can be lifted out from the carrier 13 after that the piston rod 20 has been disconnected from its displacing mechanism 17-19, and has been displaced upwardly to its upper end position together with the piston rod 23. The holder can now be removed to a place suitable for cleaning the valve opening, e.g. in a fume cupboard. The holder can then either be remounted in the carrier 13, or be replaced by another holder with putty of another quality.
The invention is not limited to the embodiment described above, instead several variants are conceivable within the scoop of the following claims. For instance, the carrier can be provided with other means for displacing the piston rod 20.

Claims

1. A dispenser for dispensing plastic material from at least one cylindrical container unit (10), said dispenser comprising a carrier (13) with at least one manoeuvrable piston rod (20), which is connected to means for displacing the rod when dispensing said material, and a holder (14) for mounting of the container unit in a fixed position for use, which position is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the piston rod (20), which holder is provided with a connection device (29) for a neck portion belonging to the container unit, and valve means (31) for opening or closing a feed out opening (34) for said material, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the holder (14) forms a unit with the valve device (31), said unit being detachable from the carrier (13).
2. A dispenser according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the carrier (13) is pro- vided with a device (26a) for fixation of the position for the holder (14).
3. A dispenser according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the holder (14) includes a rectangular plate (28), having an upper side onto which a connection sleeve (29) for the container unit (10) is mounted, and an underside onto which a manoeuvrable feed out valve (31) is mounted by means of the handle (33).
4. A dispenser according to claim 2 or 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the means for fixation of the position for the holder (14) include two bars (26), which extend in a principally right angle to the longitudinal axis of the piston rod (20), and between which the holder (14) is displaceable to or from a working position.
5. A dispenser according to claim 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the bars (26) are U-shaped.
6. A dispenser according to any of preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the carrier (13) in¬ cludes a L-shaped plate (15, 16), in whose short shank section (15), which is turned upwards, the piston rod (20) and its displacing means (17-19) are mounted.
7. A dispenser according to claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the bars (26) are mounted at a lower end of the long shank section (16) of the plate, and that rod (27) reaches between the outer ends of the bars (26) and the short shank section (15).
8. A dispenser according to any of preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the carrier (13) is provided with two parallel working piston rods (20, 23), and that the holder (14) is provided with connection devices (29, 30) for two container units (10, 12), of which one unit (12) contains a hardener for the plastic material.
PCT/SE1993/000293 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 A dispenser for plastic material WO1994022740A1 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK93910493T DK0693033T3 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 Plastic material dispensing device
AU40964/93A AU683615B2 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 A dispenser for plastic material
ES93910493T ES2127275T3 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 DISTRIBUTOR OF PLASTIC MATTER.
PCT/SE1993/000293 WO1994022740A1 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 A dispenser for plastic material
DE69322287T DE69322287T2 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 DISPENSER FOR PLASTIC MATERIAL
EP93910493A EP0693033B1 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 A dispenser for plastic material
NO953938A NO307414B1 (en) 1993-04-05 1995-10-03 Dispensing device for plastic material
FI954708A FI954708A (en) 1993-04-05 1995-10-04 Molding material dispenser

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/SE1993/000293 WO1994022740A1 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 A dispenser for plastic material

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994022740A1 true WO1994022740A1 (en) 1994-10-13

Family

ID=20388718

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE1993/000293 WO1994022740A1 (en) 1993-04-05 1993-04-05 A dispenser for plastic material

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0693033B1 (en)
AU (1) AU683615B2 (en)
DE (1) DE69322287T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0693033T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2127275T3 (en)
FI (1) FI954708A (en)
NO (1) NO307414B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1994022740A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2330880A (en) * 1997-11-01 1999-05-05 Lii Liang Kuen Combined C-clamp and adhesive applicator.

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009031249B4 (en) * 2009-07-01 2011-06-01 Manfred Schindler Clutch-brake unit and double clutch with ball-ramp operation

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1979000430A1 (en) * 1977-12-23 1979-07-12 O Nielsen A container for containing liquid substances and a method for making the same
GB2099514A (en) * 1981-05-30 1982-12-08 Hill Henry Rowland Dispenser
DE3723100A1 (en) * 1987-07-13 1989-01-26 Fischer Artur Werke Gmbh Device for injecting a sealing composition
DE3739459A1 (en) * 1987-10-07 1989-04-27 Knieriem Guenther Dipl Ing Fh TUBE PACK
DE3902476A1 (en) * 1989-01-27 1990-08-02 Feldmuehle Ag DISPENSING DEVICE FOR LIQUID OR PASTOESE GOETER
US5082149A (en) * 1989-09-06 1992-01-21 3C Chemical Labaratories Pty Ltd. Dispenser and pump type containers

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2247049B (en) * 1990-05-25 1993-12-22 Whiterock Prod Ltd Sealant gun

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1979000430A1 (en) * 1977-12-23 1979-07-12 O Nielsen A container for containing liquid substances and a method for making the same
GB2099514A (en) * 1981-05-30 1982-12-08 Hill Henry Rowland Dispenser
DE3723100A1 (en) * 1987-07-13 1989-01-26 Fischer Artur Werke Gmbh Device for injecting a sealing composition
DE3739459A1 (en) * 1987-10-07 1989-04-27 Knieriem Guenther Dipl Ing Fh TUBE PACK
DE3902476A1 (en) * 1989-01-27 1990-08-02 Feldmuehle Ag DISPENSING DEVICE FOR LIQUID OR PASTOESE GOETER
US5082149A (en) * 1989-09-06 1992-01-21 3C Chemical Labaratories Pty Ltd. Dispenser and pump type containers

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2330880A (en) * 1997-11-01 1999-05-05 Lii Liang Kuen Combined C-clamp and adhesive applicator.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO307414B1 (en) 2000-04-03
FI954708A0 (en) 1995-10-04
EP0693033B1 (en) 1998-11-25
DK0693033T3 (en) 1999-06-23
DE69322287D1 (en) 1999-01-07
AU683615B2 (en) 1997-11-20
NO953938D0 (en) 1995-10-03
EP0693033A1 (en) 1996-01-24
FI954708A (en) 1995-10-05
DE69322287T2 (en) 1999-08-19
ES2127275T3 (en) 1999-04-16
NO953938L (en) 1995-12-04
AU4096493A (en) 1994-10-24

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