WO1994011523A2 - Fully impaired consensus kozac sequences for mammalian expression - Google Patents
Fully impaired consensus kozac sequences for mammalian expression Download PDFInfo
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- WO1994011523A2 WO1994011523A2 PCT/US1993/011221 US9311221W WO9411523A2 WO 1994011523 A2 WO1994011523 A2 WO 1994011523A2 US 9311221 W US9311221 W US 9311221W WO 9411523 A2 WO9411523 A2 WO 9411523A2
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Definitions
- Proteins are the essential constituents of all living cells and proteins are comprised of combinations of 20 naturally occurring amino acids; each amino acid molecule is defined (“encoded”) by groupings ("codons") of three deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”) molecules; a string of
- DNA molecules (“DNA macromolecule") provides, in essence, a blueprint for the production of specific sequences of amino acids specified by that blueprint.
- RNA ribonucleic acid
- RNA messenger RNA; transfer RNA; and ribosomal RNA
- DNA information encoded by the DNA into, eg a protein.
- genetic information is generally transferred as follows: DNA ⁇ RNA ⁇ protein.
- cDNA DNA sequence which encodes a desired protein material
- the ends thereof are tailored to be ligated, or "fit,” into a section of a small circular molecule of double stranded DNA.
- This circular molecule is typically referred to as a "DNA expression vector,” or simply a "vector.”
- the combination of the vector and the genetic material can be referred to as a "plasmid” and the plasmid can be replicated in a prokaryotic host (ie bacterial in nature) as an autonomous circular DNA molecule as the prokaryotic host replicates. Thereafter, the circular DNA plasmid can be isolated and introduced into a eukaryotic host (ie mammalian in nature) and host cells which have incorporated the plasmid DNA are selected.
- a prokaryotic host ie mammalian in nature
- plasmid vectors will replicate as an autonomous circular DNA molecule in mammalian cells, (eg plasmids comprising Epstein Barr virus (“EBV”) and Bovine Papilloma virus (“BPV”) based vectors), most plasmids including DNA vectors, and all plasmids including RNA retroviral vectors, are integrated into the cellular DNA such that when the cellular DNA of the eukaryotic host cell replicates, the plasmid DNA will also replicate.
- EBV Epstein Barr virus
- BBV Bovine Papilloma virus
- RNA retroviral vectors are integrated into the cellular DNA such that when the cellular DNA of the eukaryotic host cell replicates, the plasmid DNA will also replicate.
- CHO Hamster Ovary
- E. coli is utilized as a prokaryotic host cell.
- the vector plays a crucial role in the foregoing - manipulation of the vector can allow for variability as to where the cDNA is inserted, means for determining whether the cDNA was, in fact, properly inserted within the vector, the
- features/aspects/characteristics of one vector may appear to be similar to the features/aspects/characteristics of another vector, it is often necessary to examine the result of the overall goal of the manipulation - improved production of a gene product of interest.
- While one "improved" vector may comprise characteristics which are desirable for one set of circumstances, these characteristics may not necessarily be desirable under other circumstances.
- one characteristic is desirable for all vectors: increased efficiency, ie the ability to increase the amount of protein of interest produced while at the same time decreasing the number of host cells to be screened which do not generate a sufficient amount of this protein.
- increased efficiency would have several desirable advantages, including reducing manufacturing costs and decreasing the time spent by technicians in screening for viable colonies which are expressing the protein of interest. Accordingly, what would be desirable and what would significantly improve the state of the art are expression vectors with such efficiency characteristics.
- the invention disclosed herein satisfies these and other needs.
- Disclosed herein are fully impaired consensus Kozak sequences which are most typically used with dominant selectable markers of transcriptional cassettes which are a part of an expression vector; preferably, the dominant selectable marker comprises either a natural intronic insertion region or artificial intronic insertion region, and at least one gene product of interest is encoded by DNA located within such insertion region.
- a "dominant selectable marker” is a gene sequence or protein encoded by that gene sequence; expression of the protein encoded by the dominant selectable marker assures that a host cell transfected with an expression vector which includes the dominant selectable marker will survive a selection process which would otherwise kill a host cell not containing this protein.
- a "transcriptional cassette” is DNA encoding for a protein product (eg a dominant selectable marker) and the genetic elements necessary for production of the protein product in a host cell (ie promoter;
- vectors are most preferably utilized in the expression of proteins in mammalian expression systems where integration of the vector into host cellular DNA occurs.
- a "natural intronic insertion region” is a region of DNA naturally present within a gene in this case, typically a dominant selectable marker, which can be utilized for insertion of DNA encoding a gene product of interest;
- an "artificial intronic insertion region” is a region of DNA which is selectively created in a gene (again, most typically, a dominant selectable marker) which can be utilized for insertion of DNA encoding a gene product of interest.
- Information regarding intronic positioning is described in Abrams, J.M. et al. "Intronic Positioning Maximizes Co-expression and Co-amplification of Nonselectable Heterologous Genes. "J. Bio. Chem.,
- a "fully impaired consensus Kozak” comprises the following sequence:
- x is a nucleotide selected from the group consisting of adenine (A), quanine (G), cytosine (C) or thymine (T)/ uracil (U);
- Py is a pyrimidine nucleotide, ie C or T/U;
- A is a codon encoding for the amino acid
- -3 and +1 are directional reference points vis-a-vis ATG, ie -3 is meant to indicate three nucleotides upstream of ATG and +1 is meant to indicate one nucleotide downstream of ATG.
- the fully impaired consensus Kozak is part of a methionine start codon that initiates translation of a dominant selectable marker portion of a transcriptional cassette which is part of an expression vector.
- Preferred dominant selectable markers include, but are not limited to: herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase; adenosine deaminase; asparagine synthetase; Salmonella his D gene; xanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase;
- At least one out-of- frame start codon (ie ATG) is located upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon, without an in-frame stop codon being located between the upstream start codon and the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon.
- stop codon is meant to indicate a codon which does not encode an amino acid such that translation of the encoded material is terminated; this definition includes, in particular, the traditional stop codons TAA, TAG and TGA.
- the terms "in-frame” and "out-of-frame” are relative to the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon.
- GAC CAT GGC Cxx ATG Cxx the underlined portion of the sequence is representative of a fully impaired consensus Kozak (where "x” represents a nucleotide) and the codons GAC, CAT and GCC are "in-frame” codons relative to the ATG start codon.
- the above-lined nucleotides represent an "out-of-frame” start codon which is upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon.
- the out-of-frame start codon is within about 1000 nucleotides upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon, more preferably within about 350 nucleotides upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon, and most preferably within about 50 nucleotides upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon.
- the out-of-frame start codon is a part of a consensus Kozak.
- the sequence set forth above satisfies this criteria: the -5 nucleotide is a purine (G); nucleotide -6, -7 and -8 encode an out-of-frame start codon (ATG); and nucleotide -11 is a purine (A).
- Kozak is most preferably located within the stem of a stem loop.
- Particularly preferred expression vectors which incorporate these aspects of the invention disclosed herein are referred to as "TCAE,” and "ANEX" and
- NEOSPLA vectors; particularly preferred vectors are referred to as ANEX 1, ANEX 2 and NEOSPLA3F.
- Figure 2 provides a diagrammatic representation of the vectors TCAE 5.2 and ANEX 1 (TCAE 12) designed for expression of mouse/human chimeric
- FIG. 1 is a histogram comparing protein expression levels with the vectors TCAE 5.2 and ANEX 1;
- Figure 4 provides a diagrammatic representation of the vector ANEX 2 designed for expression of mouse/human chimeric immunoglobulin, where the
- immunoglobulin genes are arranges in a tandem configuration using neomycin phosphotransferase as the dominant selectable marker;
- Figure 5 is a histogram comparing protein expression levels with the vectors TCAE 5.2, ANEX 1 and ANEX 2;
- Figure 6 provides a diagrammatic representation of a NEOSPLA vector designed for expression of mouse/human chimeric immunoglobulin; and Figures 7A, 7B and 7C are histograms comparing protein expression levels with the vectors TCAE 5.2 vs. NEOSPLA 3F (7A). ANEX 2 vs. NEOSPLA3F (7B); and GK-NEOSPLA3F vs. NEOSPLA3F (7C).
- the dominant selectable marker comprises at least one natural or artificial intronic insertion region, and at least one gene product of interest is encoded by DNA located within at least one such intron.
- Such arrangements have the effect of increasing expression efficiency of the gene product of interest by, inter alia, decreasing the number of viable colonies obtained from an equivalent amount of plasmid DNA transfected per cell, while increasing the amount of gene product expressed in each clone.
- mouse/human chimeric immunoglobulin expression vector It is to be
- production cell line One of the most preferred methods utilized by those in the art for producing a mammalian cell line that produces a high level of a protein (ie "production cell line”) involves random integration of DNA coding for the desired gene product (ie “exogenous DNA”) by using, most typically, a drug resistant gene, referred to as a "dominant selectable marker,” that allows for selection of cells that have integrated the exogenous DNA. Stated again, those cells which properly incorporate the exogenous DNA including, eg, the drug resistant gene, will maintain resistance to the corresponding drug.
- amplification gene eg resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in the case of dehydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene.
- the amplification gene can be the same as the dominant selectable marker gene, or it can be a separate gene.
- amplifying individual clones are typically derived in lower levels of the drug(s) used to select for those colonies which comprise the gene for drug(s) resistance and the exogenous gene product (ie in the case of methotrexate and DHFR, 5nM versus 1 ⁇ M). Furthermore, individual clones can typically be isolated in a shorter period of time (3-6 months versus 6-9 months). Ideally then, the tangible benefits of both approaches should be merged: at a practical level, this would involve decreasing the number of colonies to be screened, and increasing the amount product secreted by these colonies. The present invention accomplishes this task.
- the position where the DNA of the dominant selectable marker of the plasmid DNA is integrated within the cellular DNA of the host cell determines the level of expression of the dominant selectable marker protein, as is recognized by those in the art. It is assumed that the expression of a gene encoding a protein of interest which is either co-linked to or positioned near the dominant selectable marker DNA is proportional to the expression of the dominant selectable marker protein.
- the inventor has postulated that if the gene used to select for the integration of the exogenous DNA in the mammalian cell (ie the dominant selectable marker) was designed such that translation of that dominant selectable marker was impaired, then only those plasmids which could overcome such impairment by over-production of the gene product of the dominant selectable marker would survive, eg, the drug- screening process.
- the dominant selectable marker By associating the exogenous DNA with the dominant selectable marker, then, a fiorti, over-production of the gene product of the dominant selectable marker would also result in over-production of the gene product derived from the associated exogenous DNA.
- impairment of translation of the dominant selectable marker gene would be necessary, and an avenue for such impairment was the consensus Kozak portion of the gene.
- Pxx ATG Pxx a "partially impaired consensus Kozak” comprises the following sequence
- P/Pyxx ATG P/Pyxx and a disclosed and claimed "fully impaired consensus Kozak” comprises the following sequence:
- x is a nucleotide selected from the group consisting of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) or thymine (T) (uracil, U, in the case of RNA);
- P is a purine, ie A or G,
- Py is a pyridine, ie C or T/U;
- ATG is a conventional start codon which encodes for the amino acid methionine (Met); the numerical designations are relative to the ATG codon, ie a negative number indicates
- the fully impaired consensus Kozak is associated with the site of translation initiation of a dominant selectable marker which is preferably (but not necessarily) co-linked to exogenous DNA which encodes for a gene product of interest.
- nucleotide is meant to encompass natural and synthetic deoxy- and ribonucleotides as well as modified deoxy- and ribonucleotides, ie where the 3' OH, 5'O H, sugar and/or heterocyclic base are modified, as well as modification of the phosphate backbone, eg methyl phosphates, phosphorothioates and phosphoramidites.
- Information regarding the gene sequence of the dominant selectable marker is preferably known; however, in lieu of the entire sequence, information regarding the nucleic acid sequence (or amino acid sequence) at the site of translation initiation of the dominant selectable marker must be known. Stated again, in order to effectuate a change in the consensus or partially impaired consensus Kozak, one must know the sequence thereof. Changing the consensus or partially impaired consensus Kozak to a fully impaired consensus Kozak sequence can be accomplished by a variety of approaches well known to those in the art including, but not limited to, site specific mutagenesis and mutation by primer-based amplification (eg PCR); most preferably, such change is
- mutation by primer-based amplification relies upon the power of the amplification process itself--as PCR is routinely utilized, focus will be directed thereto.
- other primer-based amplification techniques eg ligase chain reaction, etc.
- One of the two PCR primers incorporates a sequence which will ensure that the resulting amplified DNA product will incorporate the fully impaired consensus Kozak within the transcriptional cassette incorporating the dominant selectable marker of interest; the other PCR primer is complementary to another region of the dominant selectable marker; a transcriptional cassette incorporating the dominant selectable marker; or a vector which comprises the transcriptional cassette.
- the complement to a dominant selectable marker which includes a consensus Kozak could have the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1):
- the mutational primer could have the following sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) (for convenience, SEQ ID NO: 1 is placed over the mutational primer for comparative purposes):
- the length thereof must be sufficient such that hybridization to the target will result.
- the mutational primer will not be 100% complementary to the target.
- a sufficient number of complementary bases are required in order to ensure the requisite hybridization.
- the length of the mutational primer is between about 15 and about 60 nucleotides, more preferably between about 18 and about 40 nucleotides, although longer and shorter lengths are viable. (To the extent that the mutational primer is also utilized to incorporate an out-of-frame start codon or secondary structure, the length of the mutational primer can correspondingly increase).
- the ratio of mutational primer to target must be sufficiently excessive to "force" the mutation.
- the ratio of mutational primer to target is between about 250:1 to about 5000:1, more preferably between about 400:1 to about 2500:1, and most preferably between about 500:1 to about 1000:1.
- Preferred dominant selectable markers include, but are not limited to: herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase; adenosine deaminase; asparagine synthetase; Salmonella his D gene; xanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase ("XGPRT”); hygromycin B phosphotransferase; and neomycin
- NEO phosphotransferase
- the dominant selectable marker is NEO.
- the dominant selectable marker herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase is reported as having the following partially impaired consensus Kozak:
- nucleotide 764 By changing the +1 purine (G) to a pyrimidine (C or T/U). a fully impaired Kozak as defined herein is generated (the -3 of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase is a pyrimidine). Changing +1 purine to a pyrimidine also has the effect of changing the encoded amino acid from alanine (GCT) to proline (CCT) or serine (TCT); it is preferred that conservative amino acid changes result from the changes to the nucleotides.
- GCT alanine
- CCT proline
- TCT serine
- the change to TCT be made because the change from alanine to serine is a more conservative amino acid change than changing alanine to proline.
- Histidinol dehydrogenase is another dominant selectable marker. See, Hartmen, S.C. and Mulligan, R.C. "Two dominant acting selectable markers for gene transfer studies in mammalian cells," PNAS 85:8047-8051 (1988).
- the his D gene of Salmonella typhiinunium has the following partially impaired consensus Kozak:
- Hygromycin B phosphotransferase is another dominant selectable marker; the reported sequence for the hph gene (see, Gritz, L. and Davies, J. "Plasmid encoded hygromycin B resistance: the sequence of hygromycin B
- XGPRT is another dominant selectable marker.
- the reported partially impaired consensus Kozak of XGPRT has the following sequence: -3 +1
- Adenosine deaminase (ADA) can also be utilized as a dominant selectable marker.
- the reported consensus Kozak sequence for adenosine deaminase is:
- the partially impaired consensus Kozak for neomycin phosphotransferase (which includes an upstream out of frame start codon) is as follows:
- transcriptional cassettes which may or may not include a fully impaired consensus Kozak, can be incorporated into a vector which includes
- transcriptional cassettes containing the disclosed and claimed fully impaired consensus Kozak such "other transcriptional cassettes” typically are utilized to allow for "enhancement,” “amplification” or “regulation” of gene product repression.
- co-transfection of the exogenous DNA with the dehydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene is exemplary.
- DHFR dehydrofolate reductase
- MTX antifolate drug methotrexate
- MTX antifolate drug methotrexate
- an increase in DHFR production can occur via amplification of the DHFR gene.
- extensive amounts of flanking exogenous DNA will also become amplified; therefore, exogenous DNA inserted co-linear with an expressible DHFR gene will also become overexpressed.
- transciptional cassettes which allow for regulation of expression are available.
- temperature sensitive COS cells derived by placing SV40ts mutant large T antigen gene under the direction of Rous sarcoma virus LTR (insensitive to feedback repression by T antigen), has been described. See, 227 Science 23-28 (1985). These cells support replication from SV40 ori at 33°C but not at 40°C and allow regulation of the copy number of transfected SV40 on-containing vectors.
- the foregoing is not intended, nor is it to be construed, as limiting; rather the foregoing is intended to be exemplary of the types of cassettes which can be incorporated into expression vectors comprising the disclosed fully impaired consensus Kozak.
- the skilled artisan is credited with the ability to determine the specifiic type of other transsiptional the objective of the expression system, which are applicable and which can be advantageously exploited.
- At least one out-of-frame start codon (ie ATG) is located upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon, without a stop codon being located between the out-of-frame start codon and the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon.
- the intent of the out-of-frame start codon is to, in effect, further impair translation of the dominant selectable marker.
- stop codon is meant to indicate a "nonsense codon," ie a codon which does not encode one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids such that translation of the encoded material terminates at the region of the stop codon. This definition includes, in particular, the traditional stop codons TAA, TAG and TGA.
- gcA_TGc cAT Ggc Cxx ATG Cxx the in-frame codons are separated by triplets, eg, gcA, TGc, cAT and Ggc; the out- of-frame codons would include, eg cAT, ATG, Gcc, ccA, ATG and TGg.
- two start codons (in capital letters and underlined) are out-of-frame relative to the start codon of the fully impaired consensus Kozak.
- the upstream sequence can be manipulated to achieve positioning at least one out-of-frame sequence upstream of the fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon using (most preferably) a mutational primer used in the type of amplification protocol described above.
- a fully impaired consensus Kozak start codon located within a secondary structure ie a "stem-loop" or “hairpin" is beneficially viable to impairment of translation of the protein encoded by the dominant selectable marker.
- this start codon be located within the stem of a stem loop secondary structure.
- the inventor postulates that such an arrangement increases expression efficiency because the number of viable colonies that survive the selection process via-a-vis the dominant selectable marker will decrease; the colonies that do survive the selection process will, by definition, have expressed the protein necessary for survival, and in conjunction therewith, the gene product of interest will have a greater tendency to be expressed.
- the RNA being transcribed from the gene product of interest within the intronic insertion region interferes with completion of transcription (elongation of RNA) of the dominant selectable marker; therefore, the position that the dominant selectable marker is integrated within the cellular DNA is likely to be a position where a larger amount of RNA is initially transcribed.
- prokaryotic proteins do not typically include splices and introns.
- the majority of dominant selectable markers which are preferred for expression vector technology are derived from prokaryotic systems.
- prokaryotic-derived dominant selectable markers when utilized, as is preferred, it is often necessary to generate an artificial splice within the gene so to create a location for insertion of an intron comprising the gene product of interest.
- prokaryotic-derived dominant selectable markers it is often necessary to generate an artificial splice within the gene so to create a location for insertion of an intron comprising the gene product of interest.
- the following rules are provided for selection of a splice site in prokaryotic genes, they can be readily applied to eukaryotic genes.
- a general mechanism for the splicing of messenger RNA precursors in eukaryotic cells is delineated and summarized in Sharp, Philip A. "Splicing of Messenger RNA precursors in eukaryotic cells is delineated and summarized in Sharp, Philip A. "S
- UCUAAC is the preferred branch site for mammalian mRNA splicing
- the branch point is located at least approximately 70 to about 80 base- pairs from the 5'-splice donor (there is no defined upper limit to this distance).
- the poly pyrimidine tract typically is from about 15 to about 30 base pairs and is most typically bounded by the branch point and the 3' splice acceptor.
- codons and amino acids can be located within the encoding region of the dominant selectable marker for generation of the artificial intronoc insertion region:
- amino acid residues Gin Asp are located at the positions 51 and 52 of NEO and amino acid residues Ala Arg (codon group C) are located at positions 172 and
- nucleic acid and amino acid sequences are as follows: 50 51 52 53
- an artificial intronic insertion region can be generated between
- a polyprimidine tract and, preferably, a region for insertion of a gene product of interest, ie a region amendable to enzymatic digestion.
- the first two nucleic acid residues of the 5' splice site are most preferably GT and the first two nucleic acid residues of the 3' splice site (eg abutting G) are most preferably AG.
- an artificial intronic insertion region was between amino acid residues 51 and 52 of NEO:
- the host cell line is most preferably of mammalian origin; those skilled in the art are credited with ability to preferentially determine particular host cell lines which are best suited for the desired gene product to be expressed therein.
- Exemplary host cell lines include, but are not limited to, DG44 and DXBll carcinoma), CV1 (monkey kidney line), COS (a derivative of CV1 with SV40 T antigen), R1610 (Chinese hamster fibroblast) BALBC/3T3 (mouse fibroblast),
- HAK hamster kidney line
- SP2/0 mouse myeloma
- P3x63-Ag3.653 mouse myeloma
- BFA-lclBPT bovine endothelial cells
- RAJI human lymphocyte
- 293 human kidney .
- Host cell lines are typically available from commercial services, the American Tissue Culture Collection or from published literature.
- the host cell line is either DG44 or SP2/O. See, Urland, G. et al, "Effect of gamma rays and the dihydrofolate reductase locus: deletions and inversions.” Som. Cell & Mol. Gen. 12/6:555-566 (1986) and Shulman, M. et al, "A better cell line for making hybridomas secreting specific antibodies.” Nature 276:269 (1978), respectively. Most preferably, the host cell line is DG44.
- Transfection of the plasmid into the host cell can be accomplished by any technique available to those in the art. These include, but are not limited to, transfection (including electrophoresis and electroporation), cell fusion with enveloped DNA, microinjection, and infection with intact virus. See, Ridgway, A.A.G. "Mammalian Expression Vectors.” Chapter 24.2, pp. 470-472 Vectors, Rodriguez and Denhardt, Eds. (Butterworths, Boston, MA 1988). Most preferably, plasmid introduction into the host is via electroporation.
- fully impaired consensus Kozak sequence is intended to be broadly applied as delineated above. However, for presentational efficiency, exemplary uses of particularly preferred embodiments of fully impaired consensus Kozak sequences are utilized in conjunction with tandem chimeric antibody expression vectors (also referred to herein as antibody expression vectors) as disclosed below.
- B cell lymphocytes arise from pluripotent stem cells and proceed through ontogeny to fully matured antibody secreting plasma cells.
- the human B lymphocyte-restricted differentiation antigen Bp35 referred to in the art as "CD20,” is a cell surface non-glycosylated phosphoprotein of 35,000 Daltons; CD20 is expressed during early pre-B cell development just prior to the
- CD20 cytoplasmic ⁇ heavy chains.
- CD20 is expressed consistently until the plasma cell differentiation stage.
- the CD20 molecule regulates a step in the activation process which is required for cell cycle initiation and differentiation.
- CD20 is expressed on neoplastic B cells, CD20 provides a promising target for therapy of B cell lymphomas and leukemias.
- the CD20 antigen is especially suitable as a target for anti-CD20 antibody mediated therapy because of accessibility and sensitivity of hematopoietic tumors to lysis via immune effector mechanisms.
- Anti-CD20 antibody mediated therapy is disclosed in co-pending Serial No. 07/978,891 and Serial No. ________ , filed simultaneously herewith.
- the antibodies utilized are mouse/human chimeric anti-CD20 antibodies expressed at high levels in mammalian cells (chimeric anti- CD20").
- This antibody was derived using vectors disclosed herein, to wit: TCAE 5.2; ANEX 1; ANEX 2; GKNEOSPLA3F; and NEOSPLA3F (an additional vector, TCAE 8, was also utilized to derive chimeric anti-CD20 antibody --
- TCAE 8 is identical to TCAE 5.2 except that the NEO translational start site is a partially impaired consensus Kozak. TCAE 8 is described in the co-pending patent document filed herewith.).
- TCAE 6 is substantially identical to TCAE 5.2; TCAE 6 contains human lambda constant region, while TCAE 5.2 contains human kappa constant region.
- TCAE 5.2 and ANEX 1 are disclosed as vectors which can be utilized in conjunction with human/Old
- TCAE 5.2 was derived from the vector CLDN, a derivative of the vector
- RLDN10b (see, 253 Science 77-91, 1991). RLDN10b is a derivative of the vector TND (see, 7DNA 651-661, 1988). Ie the vector "family line" is as follows: TDN ⁇ RLDN10b ⁇ CLDN ⁇ TCAE 5.2 ⁇ ANEX 1 (the use of the " ⁇ " symbol is not intended, nor is it to be construed, as an indication of the effort necessary to achieve the changes from one vector to the next; e.g. to the contrary, the number and complexity of the steps necessary to generate TCAE 5.2 from CLDN were extensive).
- TND was designed for high level expressions of human tissue plasminogen activator.
- RLDN10b differs from TND in the following ways: the dihydrofolate reductase ("DHFR") transcriptional cassette (comprising promoter, murine DHFR cDNA, and polyadenylation region) was placed in between the tissue plasminogen activator cassette ("t-PA expression cassette”) and the neomycin phosphotransferase (“NEO" cassette”) so that all three cassettes were in tandem and in the same transcriptional orientation.
- DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
- t-PA expression cassette tissue plasminogen activator cassette
- NEO neomycin phosphotransferase
- the promoter in front of the DHFR gene was changed to the mouse beta globin major promoter (see, 3 Mol. Cell Bio. 1246-1254, 1983).
- the t-PA cDNA was replaced by a polylinker such that different genes of interest can be inserted in the polylinker. All three eukaryotic transcriptional cassettes (t-PA, DHFR, NEO) of the TND vector can be separated from the bacterial plasmid DNA (pUC19 derivative) by digestion with the restriction endonuclease Not I.
- CLDN differs from RLDN10b in the following ways:
- CMV human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter enhancer
- TCAE vectors were designed for high level expressions of chimeric antibody.
- TCAE 5.2 differs from CLDN in the following ways:
- TCAE 5.2 comprises four (4) transcriptional cassettes, as opposed to three (3), and these are in tandem order, ie a human immunoglobulin light chain absent a variable region; a human immunoglobulin heavy chain absent a variable region; DHFR; and NEO.
- Each transcriptional cassette contains its own eukaryotic promoter and polyadenylatin region (reference is made to Figure 2 which is a diagrammatic representation of the TCAE 5.2 vector).
- the CMV promoter/enhancer in front of the immunoglobulin heavy chain is a truncated version of the promoter/enhancer in front of the light chain, from the Nhe I site at -350 to the Sst I site at -16 (the numbers are from the Cell reference, supra).
- a human immunoglobulin light chain constant region was derived via amplification of cDNA by a PCR reaction. In TCAE 5.2, this was the human immunoglobulin light chain kappa constant region (Kabat numbering, amino acids 108-214, allotype Km 3), and the human immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma 1 constant region (Kabat numbering amino acids 114-478, allotype Gmla,
- the light chain was isolated from normal human blood (IDEC).
- RNA therefrom was used to synthesize cDNA which was then amplified using PCR techniques (primers were derived vis-a-vis the consensus Kabat).
- the heavy chain was isolated (using PCR techniques) from cDNA prepared from RNA which was in turn derived from cells transfected with a human IgGl vector (see, 3 Prot. Eng. 531, 1990; vector pN ⁇ 1 62).
- the human immunoglobulin light and heavy chain cassettes contain synthetic signal sequences for secretion of the immunoglobulin chains;
- the human immunoglobulin light and heavy chain cassettes contain specific DNA restriction sites which allow for insertion of light and heavy immunoglobulin variable regions which maintain the transitional reading frame and do not alter the amino acids normally found in immunoglobulin chains;
- the DHFR cassette contained its own eukaryotic promoter (mouse beta globin major promoter, "BETA”) and polyadenylation region (bovine growth hormone polyadenylation, "BGH”); and
- the NEO cassette contained its own eukaryotic promoter (BETA) and polyadenylation region (SV40 early polyadenylation, "SV'). With respect to the TCAE 5.2 and the NEO cassette, the Kozak region was a consensus Kozak (which included an upstream Cla I site SEQ ID NO: 7):
- ANEX 1 (previously named TCAE 12 in the referenced case) is identical to TCAE 5.2 except that in the NEO cassette, the Kozak region was fully impaired (SEQ ID NO: 8):
- further impairment of translation initiation of the dominant selectable marker of ANEX 1 could be effectuated by utilization of at least one out-of-frame ATG start codon upstream of the neomycin phosphotransferase start codon.
- utilization of a secondary structure ("hairpin") which incorporated the neo start codon within the stem thereof, would be presumed to further inhibit translation initiation.
- this region was designed such that the possibility of such secondary structures was increased.
- the Kozak region for the neo start codon in the ANEX 1 vector is:
- ANEX 2 The desired sequence for a vector identical to ANEX 1 but incorporating the above-identified changes vis-a-vis the neo start codon, referred to as ANEX 2, is as follows (SEQ ID NO: 9): CCA GCA TGG AGG A ATCGAT CC Tcc ATG Ctt
- Primer 489 The upper-fined portion of Primer 489 is a Cla I site; the under-lined portion is the fully impaired consensus Kozak translation start site.
- ⁇ '-Primer 488 SEQ. ID. NO. 11:
- Primer 485 is an Xho I site.
- microliters of anti-CD20 in TCAE 5.2 in plasmid grown in E. coli strain GM48 was admixed with 77 ⁇ of deionized water; 2 ⁇ of Primer 488 (64 pmoles); and 4 ⁇ of primer 489 (56 pmoles). This was followed by a denaturation step (94°C, 5 min.) and a renaturation step (54°C, 5 min.).
- R-8508 was admixed with 1 ⁇ 10% SDS; 10 ⁇ 3M NaOAc; 45 ⁇ of Cla 1/Xho 1 cut PCR 488/489 (about 22.5 ng); a 1:4 dilution (0.25 ⁇ ) of Cla 1/Xho 1 cut ANEX 1 (about 32 ng) in 0.75 ⁇ tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane ethylenediamine tetracetic acid (TE); and 42 ⁇ TE.
- TE tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane ethylenediamine tetracetic acid
- TE tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane ethylenediamine tetracetic acid
- 42 ⁇ TE To this admixture was added 90 ⁇ phenyl/CHCl 3 /isoamyl, followed by a 30 sec. vortex and a 1 min. spin (1700 RPM).
- the aqueous phase was transferred to a new tube, followed by addition of 270 ⁇ of 100% EtOH (-20° d). 10 min, spin (13.000 RPM) followed by addition of another 270 ⁇ of 100% EtOH (-20° C) and another 1 min. spin (13,000 RPM).
- This admixture was dried in a SpeedVACTM and resuspended in 17 ⁇ TE, 2 ⁇ ligase buffer (Promega, T4 DNA Ligase kit, Prod. No. M180) and 1 ⁇ ligase (Promega Ligase kit). This ligation mix incubated at 14°C overnight.
- Plasmids were isolated from the 10 cultures with a Promega DNA purification System (Prod. No. PR-A7100), following manufacturer instructions; these plasmids may have comprised the ANEX 2 vector, depending on the sufficiency of the foregoing.
- ANEX 2 includes a Hinf I site ("GAATC") upstream of the neo start site (-9 to -13 relative to the neo start codon); ANEX 1 does not include this Hinf I site.
- the purified plasmids comprising putative ANEX 2, and previously purified ANEX 1 standard were subjected to Hinf 1 digestion as follows: 2 ⁇ of each isolate was admixed with 8 ⁇ of Hinf I digestion buffer (15 ⁇ 10 x NEB2 buffer; 15 ⁇ Hinf I (NEB, Prod. No. 155S, 10u/ ⁇ ); and 90 ⁇ H 2 O). This admixture incubated for 3 hrs. at 37°C and each isolate was analyzed via aaarose gel electrophoresis (results not shown); nine (9) of the bands were substantially identical to the
- Electroporation of anti-CD20 in ANEX 2 was accomplished as follows: two- hundred and forty microliters (240 ⁇ ) of the anti-CD20 in ANEX 2 DNA (400 ⁇ g) was admixed with 100 ⁇ of 10 X NEB2 buffer ; 100 ⁇ of Stu I (NEB, Prod. No. 187S, 1000 u); and 560 ⁇ TE, and incubated at 37°C for 2hrs. This admixture was then placed over 8 spin columns (125 ⁇ each), followed by addition of 110 ⁇ 10X Not I buffer (NEB); 10 ⁇ 100X BSA; and 20 ⁇ of Not I (NEB, Prod. No. 189S,
- Electroporation settings were as follows: 210 volts; 400 microfaraday
- an artificial splice was generated between amino acid residues 51 and 52 of the NEO coding region of ANEX 2, followed by insertion therein of the anti-CD20 encoding region.
- Two such vectors were generated: the first, comprising a consensus Kozak sequence for the NEO translation initiation codon and not comprising an out-of-frame start codon, is referred to as "GKNEOSPLA3F;” the second, comprising a fully impaired consensus Kozak and an out-of frame start condon, is referred to as
- NEOSPLA3F Both GKNEOSPLA3F and NEOSPLA3F contain the following artificial intron sequence between amino acid residues 51 and 52 of NEO:
- the underlined portion represents a sequence amenable to digestion with Not I enzyme; the encoding region for anti-CD20, inter alia, was inserted within this region.
- the inventor postulates that during expression, the inclusion of a gene product of interest within an artificial intronic insertion region of a dominant selectable marker (e.g. the NEO gene) should significantly decrease the number of viable colonies producing, in the case of the disclosed GKNEOSPA3F and NEOSPLA3F vectors, anti-CD20 antibody.
- the GKNEOSPLA3F and NEOSPLA3F vectors were constructed in the following manner:
- Anti-CD20 in ANEX 2 was digested with Not I and Xho I in order to isolate the 1503 bp NEO cassette DNA fragment (see Figure 4 between "Not I 7023" and "Xho I 5520”) as follows: 10 ⁇ l of anti-CD20 in ANEX 2 was admixed with 6 ⁇ l deionized H 2 O ("dH 2 O"); 1 ⁇ l Not I enzyme (NEB, Prod. No. 189S); 2 ⁇ l of 10X Not I digestion buffer (NEB; provided with enzyme); and 1 ⁇ Xho I enzyme (Promega, Madison, WS, Prod. No. R4164). This digestion mixture was incubated overnight at 37°C.
- the resulting digested DNA was size fractionated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and the desired fragment migrating at 1503 was isolated via the GlassMAXTM method (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, Prod. No. 15590-011) for insertion into pBluescript SK(-) plasmid DNA (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), pBluescript SK (-) was previously prepared for acceptance of the NEO cassette by double digestion with Not I and Xho I using the same conditions as above for anti-CD20 in ANEX 2. Digested pBluescript SK (-) was then collected by ethanol precipitation by the addition of 70 ⁇ l 0 ⁇ 2 O; 2 ⁇ l tRNA (Sigma, St.
- Ligation of the NEO cassette DNA fragment into prepared pBluescript SK (-) vector was accomplished as follows: 10 ⁇ l of NEO fragment DNA was admixed with 6 ⁇ l dH 2 O; 1 ⁇ l cut pBluescript SK (-) vector DNA; 2 ⁇ l 10 x ligation buffer (Promega, supplied with enzyme); and 1 ⁇ l T-4 DNA Ligase (Promega, Prod. No. M1801) followed by incubation at 14°C overnight. Ligated DNA was collected by ethanol precipitation as described above for the preparation of pBluescript SK (-) vector DNA.
- BlueNEO+ contains a Not I restriction recognition sequence reformed upon ligation of the NEO cassette fragment DNA into the pBluescript SK (-) vector.
- Ligation of the blunt-ended DNA was performed in an analogous way as to the ligation of the NEO cassette fragment DNA into the pBluescript SK (-) vector except that the final DNA was resuspended in 17 ⁇ l of 1 X TE. Following ligation, the DNA was subjected to a second restriction digestion with Not I by mixing the 17 ⁇ l of DNA with 2 ⁇ l 10 X Not I digestion buffer and 1 ⁇ l Not I enzyme (NEB). Digestion was allowed to proceed at 37°C for 60 minutes. Following digestion, the admixture was purified by spin column fractionation resulting in 15 ⁇ l final volume.
- BlueNEO- contains a unique Pst I restriction site spanning the codons for amino acid residues 51 and 52.
- BlueNEO- was digested with Pst I as follows: an admixture was formed containing 15 ⁇ l dH 2 O; 1 ⁇ l BlueNEO- DNA, 2 ⁇ l digestion buffer 3 (NEB) and 2 ⁇ l Pst I enzyme (NEB, Prod. No. 140S). This admixture was incubate at 37°C for 3 hrs. Digested DNA was then purified by spin column fractionation. The following synthetic oligonucleotide was then ligated to the Pst I cohesive ends of BlueNEO-:
- Insertion of this linker creates a consensus 5' splice donor site (by ligation) followed by a Not I site, followed by a consensus splice branch point, followed by a synthetic polypyrimidine tract, followed by a consensus 3' splice acceptor site, as indicated above.
- Ligation was performed as described above for the ligation of the NEO cassette into pBluescript SK (-) except using 2 ⁇ l of Pst I linearized BlueNEO- DNA and 14 ⁇ l (175 pmoles) of annealed complementary oligonucleotides.
- the foregoing (and following) synthetic oligo nucleotides were chemically synthesized using an Applied Biosystems 391 PCR MATETM DNA Synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All reagents for the synthesis were purchased from Applied Biosystems.
- Ligated DNA was collected by ethanol precipitation as described above for the preparation of pBluescript SK (-) vector DNA.
- Plasmids were isolated from the 10 cultures with a Promega DNA purification system, following manufacturer instructions; these plasmids may have comprised the plasmid referred to as NEOSPLA and/or NEOSPLA- depending on the sufficiency of the foregoing and the orientation of the insertion of the oligonucleotides.
- NEOSPLA was digested with Xho I by forming an admixture of 15 ⁇ l dH 2 O; 1 ⁇ l NEOSPLA DNA; 2 ⁇ l 10 X digestion buffer D (Promega, supplied with enzyme); and 2 ⁇ l Xho I enzyme (Promega, Prod. No. R6161). This admixture was digested at 37°C for 3hrs followed by DNA purifcation by spin column
- Anti-CD20 in ANEX 2(G1,K) contains the anti-CD20 light chain and heavy chain immunoglobulin cassettes and a DHFR cassette bounded by a Not I site at the 5' end and an Xho I site at the 3' end.
- Anti-CD20 in ANEX 2(G1,K) was digested with Xho I by forming an admixture of 15 ⁇ ldH 2 O, 1 ⁇ l anti-CD20 in ANEX
- Ligation was performed as described above for the ligation of the NEO cassette into pBluescript SK (-) except using 2 ⁇ l of Xho I Hnearized anti-CD20 in ANEX 2 DNA and 14 ⁇ l (175 pmoles) of annealed complementary oligonucleotides. Ligated DNA was collected by ethanol precipitation as described above for the preparation of pBluescript SK (-) vector DNA.
- Anti-CD20 in ANEX 2(G1,K)A was digested with Not I and Xho I by forming an admixture of 6 ⁇ l dH 2 O; 10 ⁇ l Anti-CD20 in ANEX 2(G1,K); 2 ⁇ l 10 x Not I digestion buffer (NEB, supplied with Not I enzyme); and 1 ⁇ l Not I enzyme (NEB). This admixture was digested at 37°C for 3 hrs followed by size
- NEOSPLA3 was previously prepared for acceptance of the anti-CD20 cassette by digestion of 1 ⁇ l of DNA with Not I using an admixture comprising 16 ⁇ l dH 2 O; 2 ⁇ l 10X Not I digestion buffer (NEB); 1 ⁇ l Not I enzyme (NEB); followed by incubation at 37°C for 2 hrs. This digested DNA was then purified by spin column fractionation resulting in 15 ⁇ l final volume.
- Ligation of the anti-CD20 DNA fragment into prepared NEOSPLA3 vector was accomplished as follows: 10 ⁇ l of anti-CD20 fragment DNA was admixed with 6 ⁇ l dH 2 O; 1 ⁇ l cut NEOSPLA3 vector DNA; 2 ⁇ l 10 x ligation buffer (Promega supplied with enzyme); and 1 ⁇ l T-4 DNA Ligase (Promega); followed by incubation at 14°C overnight. Ligated DNA was collected by ethanol
- Determination of orientation of the anti-CD20 cassette insertion was preformed by double digestion with Kpnl and Spel (NEB, Prod. No. 1335) in NEB buffer 1 plus acetated BSA as follows: an admixture comprising 4 ⁇ l DNA; 2 ⁇ l NEB buffer 1; 1 ⁇ l Kpn I; 1 ⁇ l Spe I; 2 ⁇ l BSA; and 10 ⁇ l dH 2 O was formed. The admixture was digested at 37°C for 2 hrs, followed by size fractionation on an 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. Upon determination of anti-CD20 insert orientation within six independent plasmid isolates, identification of anti-CD20 in NEOSPLA3F was made such that the inserted sequences are in the forward orientation with respect to the direction of NEO transcription.
- the 5515 bp anti-CD20 fragment contains the SV40 origin, a chimeric mouse human immunoglobulin light chain transcriptional cassette, a chimeric mouse human immunoglubulin heavy chain transcriptional cassette, and a murine dihydrofolate reductase transcriptional cassette (see, Figure 4).
- Anti-CD20 in NEOSPLA3F was doubly digested with Kpn I and Stu I by creating the admixture consisting of 14 ⁇ l dH 2 O 1 ⁇ l anti-CD20 in NEOSPLA3F, 2 ⁇ l 10 x digestion buffer 1 (NEB, supplied with enzyme), 2 ⁇ l 10 x acetylated BSA (NEB supplied with Kpn I enzyme), 1 ⁇ l Kpn I enzyme, 1 ⁇ l Stu I enzyme (NEB, Prod. Nos. 142S and 187S respectively).
- This admixture was digested at 37°C for 3 hrs followed by size fractionation by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and the desired fragment migrating at 9368 base pairs by was isolated via the GlassMAX method.
- a PCR fragment of DNA was generated from TCAE 5.2.
- the two following synthetic oligonucleotide primers were utilized in the PCR reaction:
- 5' primer 5' GCA TGC GGT ACC GGA TCC ATC GAG CTA CTA GCT TTG C 3' (SEQ ID NO: 16);
- the underlined portion of SEQ ID NO: 16 represents a Kpn I site
- the underlined portion of SEQ ID NO: 17 represents a Stu I site.
- the PCR product was digested with Kpn I and Stu I and then ligated into prepared anti-CD20 in NEOSPLA3F.
- the DNA was resuspended in 16 ⁇ lTE, 10 ⁇ l of PCR fragment DNA was admixed with 6 ⁇ l dH 2 O, 1 ⁇ l cut anti-CD20 in
- NEOSPLA3F vector DNA 2 ⁇ l 10 x ligation buffer (Promega, supplied with enzyme) and 1 ⁇ l T-4 DNA Ligase (Promega) followed by incubation at 14°C overnight. Ligated DNA was collected by ethanol precipitation as described above for the preparation of pBluescript SK (-) vector DNA.
- the new plasmid differs from anti-CD20 in NEOSPLA3F in its Kozak sequence for the NEO gene which is: -3 +1
- GKNEOSPLA3F - Pac I and Kpn I was electroporated into 4 x 10 6 CHO cells; these digestions were utilized to separate the genes expressed in mammalian cells from the DNA used to grow the plasmid in bacteria. Following digestion, EtOH precipitation of the DNA, and drying thereof, the DNA was resuspended in sterile TE at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l. Electroporation conditions were as described in Example II, except that 230 volts was utilized and, following electroporation, the mixture of cells and DNA was maintained for 10 min. at room temperature in the sterile, disposable electroporation cuvette. Following electroporation, cells were plated into 96 well dishes as shown below in Table I, based upon the expected frequency of G418 resistant colonies (as derived from preliminary experiments; data not shown):
- Figures 7A to 7C provide histogram results and evidence the percentage of colonies at a particular level of expression.
- the Examples provided herein are not to be construed as limited to the specific vectors, fully impaired consensus Kozak sequences, dominant selectable markers, transcriptional cassettes, and/or expressed proteins.
- the fully impaired consensus Kozak, and the utilization thereof are not to be construed as limited to ANEX 1 and ANEX 2 vectors.
- the preferred fully impaired consensus Kozak sequences and vectors in no way constitute an admission, either actual or implied, that these are the only sequences or vectors to which the inventor is entitled. The inventor is entitled to the full breadth of protection under applicable patent laws.
- ANEX 1 and ANEX 2 Preferred vectors incorporating fully impaired consensus Kozak sequences have been identified by the inventor on ANEX 1 and ANEX 2 for purposes of claiming these vectors by designating plasmids comprising these vectors and anti-CD20 were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty for the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure. The plasmids were tested by the ATCC on November 9, 1992, and determined to be viable on that date.
- ATCC American Type Culture Collection
- the ATCC has assigned these plasmids the following ATCC deposit numbers 69120 (anti-CD20 in TCAE 12(ANEX 1)) and 69118 (anti-CD20 in ANEX 2 (G1,K)); for purposes of this deposit, these plasmids were transformed into E. coli.
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Priority Applications (8)
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JP51249894A JP3881006B2 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | Completely impaired consensus Kozaku sequences for mammalian expression |
EP94901599A EP0669986B1 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | Fully impaired consensus kozac sequences for mammalian expression |
DK94901599T DK0669986T3 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | Completely inactivated kozac sequences for expression in mammals |
DE69332859T DE69332859T2 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | CONSENSUS-KOZAK SEQUENCES FOR MAMMAL EXPRESSION |
DE0669986T DE669986T1 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | COMPLETELY FUNCTIONAL CONSENSUS-KOZAK SEQUENCES FOR MAMMAL EXPRESSION. |
AU56132/94A AU682481B2 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | Fully impaired consensus kozac sequences for mammalian expression |
CA002149326A CA2149326C (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | Fully impaired consensus kozak sequences for mammalian expression |
AT94901599T ATE236987T1 (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-11-12 | CONSENSUS KOZAK SEQUENCES FOR MAMMAL EXPRESSION |
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US97769192A | 1992-11-13 | 1992-11-13 | |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU5613294A (en) | 1994-06-08 |
WO1994011523A3 (en) | 1994-07-07 |
JP3881006B2 (en) | 2007-02-14 |
KR100369418B1 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
JP2006271402A (en) | 2006-10-12 |
US20030036113A1 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
AU682481B2 (en) | 1997-10-09 |
JPH08503138A (en) | 1996-04-09 |
KR950704501A (en) | 1995-11-20 |
SG66288A1 (en) | 1999-07-20 |
US5648267A (en) | 1997-07-15 |
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