Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
  • C09K17/02—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
  • C09K17/06—Calcium compounds, e.g. lime

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a binding agent for use for stabilizing soil materials and for reducing the water- permeability of water-permeable soils.
• the invention also re ⁇ lates to a binding agent composition which contains this bind ⁇ ing agent and also contains other binding agents, known per se.
• British application publication 2073090 A describes a method for improving the strength of soil, in which method long and wide pieces made of a resilient plastic material are embedded in parallel into the soil.
• burnt lime was used as a binding agent.
• burnt lime (CaO) and cement are generally used at a suitable mixing ratio.
• Finnish application publication No. 812355 discloses a method for improving the strength of the subgrade, wherein both cement and plasticizers are admixed into a soil which contains mois ⁇ ture.
• these plasticizers are concrete plasticiz ⁇ ers and/or concrete flow promoters, known per se, and they are used in an amount of 2.5 - 5 %, calculated from the cement content.
• So-called quick-clay soils are especially difficult in terms of stabilization. They are encountered, for example, in the north ⁇ ern parts of the Soviet Union, in Scandinavia, in Canada, in the northern parts of New York State, and in New Zealand. These clays originally sedimented in sea or lake waters within a short period of time during the first ice age elevation to above sea level. However, only some of these clay deposits later transformed into sensitive quick clays. Such a change was mainly due to the following two processes: adsorbed groundwater may have leached the salt content of the original pore water of the clay, or an organic substance derived from bogs or mires and serving as a dispersing agent may have ended up in the clay. The first process has been the most important in the clays encountered in Norway, whereas clays with a high content of organic matter, formed by the second process, are often en ⁇ countered in Sweden and Canada.
• a number of chemical stabilization formulae have been experi ⁇ mented with previously in such clays.
• the formulae have in ⁇ cluded aluminum chloride (A1C1 3 ) and potassium chloride (KC1).
• Quick clays have been stabilized in two different ways: the clay may be mixed and worked with the chemicals, or the chemi ⁇ cals may be allowed to diffuse into undisturbed quick clay.
• the disadvantage of the salt diffusion method is the long time it requires to reach the required penetration.
• Chemicals usable instead of potassium chloride include potas ⁇ sium nitrate, potassium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate. It is advantageous to carry out the mixing in such a manner that the stabilized clay will form a series of stacks which extend, at spots separate from each other, to inside the clay deposit, thereby stabilizing the entire clay-containing deposit. The desired size, location and number of the stacks are determined. An effective amount of aluminum hydroxide is mixed with the clay in situ at each spot of the deposit, whereupon it will react with the clay and thus form the desired stacks.
• FI patent application 822412 describes a method for the stabi ⁇ lization of clay soil, wherein an effective amount of aluminum hydroxide is mixed with the clay soil, there having preferably been added potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate or ammonium sul ⁇ fate to the aluminum hydroxide.
• Both the lime method and the potassium chloride method have certain disadvantages.
• Potassium chloride stabilizes an undis ⁇ turbed surrounding clay but not disturbed clay.
• unslaked lime produces non-homogenous stabilization.
• Lime pockets produce brittle cylinders which have a low lateral shear strength.
• unslaked lime is not usable for clays having a high water content.
• Finnish patent publication No. 77078 discloses a method for improving the strength of soil, wherein a composition made of Portland cement and a hydrated alkali metal silicate is used.
• the composition may additionally contain burnt gypsum, a thick ⁇ ening agent, silicon fluoride, and/or a dust binding agent.
• the composition is admixed into filler soil which has been removed from an excavation, after which the filler soil is returned to the excavation and is compacted.
• the most common prior-known binding agents for improving the strength of various soils are lime- and cement-based. They are generally used in an amount of 4-8 % by weight, calculated from the dry weight of the soil. The admixing is carried out at an optimum water content, and thereafter the soil is compacted.
• the cement binding agent forms with water -a cement paste which begins to set after approximately 2 hours.
• the lime binding agent (CaO and Ca(OH) 2 ) forms with water a pulp which will not stiffen or set in water. Setting may begin in a damp soil, but not in a wet soil. Thereupon, ion exchange will occur, or the so-called pozzolanic reaction will begin, leading to a re ⁇ forming of the minerals.
• the disadvantages of the binding agents mentioned above include a relatively high price and limited uses.
• Cement is suitable for stabilizing coarse soils, lime for stabilizing primarily clay and silt soils.
• the soil must not contain humus.
• lime is not useful in the treatment of soils, such as muds, which contain a large amount of water.
• a binding agent which is a gypsum-containing binding agent which contains cer ⁇ tain amounts of titanium hydroxide and iron hydroxide com ⁇ pounds, possibly together with conventional binding agents, is suitable for use also in clays for which the state-of-the-art binding agents are not really suitable.
• the binding agent according to the invention is thus charac ⁇ terized in that it contains gypsum as the main component and additionally titanium hydroxide and iron hydroxide compounds.
• the binding agent contains gypsum 30-75 % by weight, preferably 50-70 % by weight, calcu ⁇ lated as CaS0 4 ; a titanium hydroxide compound 0.1-15 % by weight, calculated as Ti; and an iron hydroxide compound 0.5- 15 % by weight, calculated as Fe.
• the gypsum is preferably in the form of a hemihydrate or dihy- drate.
• the invention also relates to a binding agent composition which contains the binding agent according to the invention as in ⁇ gredient A which promotes stabilization, as well as ingredient B, which contains at least one other agent which promotes sta ⁇ bilization.
• the said ingredient B is typically some binding agent prior known per se, such as CaO, cement, bentonite, or the like, or a mixture of these.
• the developed new binding agent and binding agent composition make it possible to widen considerably the range of use of the deep stabilization method; this facilitates the taking into use of new land areas difficult to use. In addition, considerably improved strength values are usually achieved.
• the mixing ratio of ingredients A and B may vary within a wide range. The optimum ratio has to be determined separately for different types of applications.
• a binding agent composition according to the invention preferably contains ingredient A and ingredient B at a weight ratio of 6:1-1:6.
• the uses of the new binding agent and of the new binding agent composition are not limited to deep stabilization; they can also be used successfully for various layered stabilization, for example in road construction, for improving the strength of pipeline excavations and of the subgrades of storage areas and other such areas, for the solidification of mud-like materials, etc.
• the binding agent according to the invention together with ben ⁇ tonite and cement ⁇ considerably reduces water-permeability and thus enhances the protective effect of the procedure.
• the pro ⁇ tecting layer can be built by known working methods generally used, or also by using the pile-jetting technique used in deep stabilization.
• the binding agent according to the invention can be prepared by adding a basic calcium compound, such as lime slurry or lime ⁇ stone, to a sulfuric acid containing solution which also con ⁇ tains titanium and iron compounds, and by filtering, drying and calcining the precipitated product by prior-known techniques to produce the desired binding agent.
• a basic calcium compound such as lime slurry or lime ⁇ stone
• the gypsum content, titanium hydroxide content and iron hydroxide content of the binding agent according to the invention may vary depending on the precipitation conditions.
• the binding agent according to the invention is preferably mixed with other binding agents at a suitable ratio, either in a separate mixing plant or on the worksite, for example in a deep stabilization machine or in some other manner.
• Examples are presented below of the uses of the binding agent according to the invention. Included are four examples of the deep stabilization of different clays, also indicating the effect of the clay type.
• the fifth example concerns the making of a protecting waterstop by using a binding agent according to the invention.
• the new binding agent is re ⁇ ferred to by F.
• the clay to be stabilized with a gypsum- containing binding agent had been taken from Musa in Pori.
• the new binding agent contained gypsum 67 % by weight calculated as CaSCv, titanium hydroxide 4.5 % by weight calculated as Ti, and iron hydroxide 2.7 % by weight calculated as Fe.
• the amount of binding agent corresponds to the binding agent amount fed at 20 kg/m into a pillar having a diameter of 500 mm. All the ex ⁇ periments were carried out in comparable conditions.
• the tar ⁇ geted shear strength was at minimum 100 kPa. Binding agent Ratio Shear strength kPa (30 days)
• the effect of the new gypsum-containing binding agent on the water-permeability of a mixture was tested by measuring, by a specific test arrangement, the amount of water which leaked through a test piece.
• the water pressure height was 3 m.
• the binding agent mixtures mentioned below were admixed in an amount of 20 % by weight into the sand to be made water- impermeable.
• the new binding agent according to the invention contained gypsum 58 % by weight calculated as CaS0 4 , titanium hydroxide 9.5 % by weight calculated as Ti, and iron hydroxide 4.1 % by weight calculated as Fe.
• the binding agent composition was varied, and the following results were obtained:
• the filtered amount of water at 30 days was in total 1150 ml and no longer increased.
• Test composition A blast-furnace cement 50 % by weight, ben ⁇ tonite 25 % by weight, and new binding agent 25 % by weight The filtered amount of water was 500 ml and no longer in ⁇ creased.
• Test composition B blast-furnace cement 25 % by weight, ben ⁇ tonite 25 % by weight, and new binding agent 50 % by weight
• the filtered amount of water was respectively 350 ml, with a slight further increase.
• the gypsum-containing binding agent clearly had a reducing effect on the amount of water which filtered through.
• similar satisfactory compressive strength values of 900-700 kPa were obtained with all the com ⁇ positions.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Soil Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
• Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)

Priority Applications (4)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=8535312

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (7)

Cited By (1)

Citations (4)

• 1992
  • 1992-05-19 FI FI922265A patent/FI93739C/fi active
• 1993
  • 1993-05-18 ES ES93910038T patent/ES2137258T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-05-18 DK DK93910038T patent/DK0650515T3/da active
  • 1993-05-18 EP EP93910038A patent/EP0650515B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1993-05-18 WO PCT/FI1993/000209 patent/WO1993023494A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1993-05-18 DE DE69326150T patent/DE69326150T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1994
  • 1994-11-18 NO NO944431A patent/NO944431D0/no not_active Application Discontinuation

Patent Citations (4)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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