WO1993013974A1 - Suspension arriere pour bicyclettes - Google Patents

Suspension arriere pour bicyclettes Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1993013974A1
WO1993013974A1 PCT/US1993/000502 US9300502W WO9313974A1 WO 1993013974 A1 WO1993013974 A1 WO 1993013974A1 US 9300502 W US9300502 W US 9300502W WO 9313974 A1 WO9313974 A1 WO 9313974A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
rear wheel
arm members
wheel suspension
shock absorber
seat tube
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1993/000502
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Horst Leitner
Original Assignee
Horst Leitner
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Horst Leitner filed Critical Horst Leitner
Priority to JP5512723A priority Critical patent/JPH07502950A/ja
Priority to EP93903598A priority patent/EP0621840A4/fr
Publication of WO1993013974A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993013974A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62K—CYCLES; CYCLE FRAMES; CYCLE STEERING DEVICES; RIDER-OPERATED TERMINAL CONTROLS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES; CYCLE AXLE SUSPENSIONS; CYCLE SIDE-CARS, FORECARS, OR THE LIKE
    • B62K25/00—Axle suspensions
    • B62K25/04—Axle suspensions for mounting axles resiliently on cycle frame or fork
    • B62K25/28—Axle suspensions for mounting axles resiliently on cycle frame or fork with pivoted chain-stay
    • B62K25/30—Axle suspensions for mounting axles resiliently on cycle frame or fork with pivoted chain-stay pivoted on pedal crank shelf
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62K—CYCLES; CYCLE FRAMES; CYCLE STEERING DEVICES; RIDER-OPERATED TERMINAL CONTROLS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES; CYCLE AXLE SUSPENSIONS; CYCLE SIDE-CARS, FORECARS, OR THE LIKE
    • B62K25/00—Axle suspensions
    • B62K25/04—Axle suspensions for mounting axles resiliently on cycle frame or fork
    • B62K25/28—Axle suspensions for mounting axles resiliently on cycle frame or fork with pivoted chain-stay
    • B62K25/286—Axle suspensions for mounting axles resiliently on cycle frame or fork with pivoted chain-stay the shock absorber being connected to the chain-stay via a linkage mechanism

Definitions

  • This invention relates to rear wheel suspensions for bicycles.
  • a bicycle is provided with a frame that is rigid or is flexible only to the extent that particular frame members are flexible.
  • a conventional frame is made of welded generally tubular members, including a generally upright seat tube that supports the seat at its upper end and abuts the bottom bracket, in which the crank rotates, at its lower end; a generally horizontal top tube that is welded at its rear end near the top of the seat tube and at its front end to a head tube, in which the front fork, constituting the front wheel suspension, rotates for steering; a down tube that is welded at its upper front end to the head tube and at its lower rear end to the bottom bracket; and a rear wheel suspension.
  • the seat tube, top tube, and down tube form the rigid generally triangular configuration of the main frame, with the bottom bracket carried at the lower apex.
  • a conventional rigid rear suspension is made up of a pair of generally horizontal chain stays that are welded at their front ends to the bottom bracket and are adapted to receive the rear wheel axle near their rear ends; and a pair of seat stays that are welded at their upper ends near the top of the seat tube and are welded near the ends of the chain stay arms at their lower ends.
  • the seat tube, chain stays, and seat stays form a rigid generally triangular configuration, with the rear wheel carried at the rear apex.
  • Such a conventional rigid arrangement can be suitable for road or track use, where the riding surface is generally free of irregularities, but is unsatisfactory for comfort and optimum performance off-road.
  • variously referred to as “mountain bikes”, “trail bikes”, or “cross-country bikes” bicycle makers have recognized the desirability of providing a pivoting spring suspension for at least the rear wheel.
  • Pivoting "swingar” spring suspensions have long been used for rear wheel suspension on motorcycles.
  • the chain stays are replaced by a pair of arms that are pivotally attached at their front ends to the frame at a pivot point near the bottom bracket.
  • the rear ends of the swing arms, carrying the rear wheel move upward and downward in arcs parallel to the plane described by the rear wheel and centered on the swing arm pivot axis.
  • the range of movement of the swing arms is limited, in a simple configuration, by means such as a spring or a hydraulic shock absorber, affixed between the swing arm and a member of the rigid frame.
  • Jacking further reduces performance because the upward movement of the rear wheel results in a dissipation of power that might otherwise go to forward propulsion of the bike. Such losses may be of little consequence for a motorcycle, but are intolerable to a bicyclist seeking peak performance.
  • Lawwill U.S. Patent Nos. 4,789,174 and 5,121,937 propose more complex pivoting rear wheel suspensions, in which a pair of swing arms is pivotally attached about or at the bottom bracket; the rear ends of the swing arms are pivotally attached to the lower end of a pair of rear hub plates, which carry the rear wheel; the upper ends of the rear hub plates are pivotally attached to the rear ends of a pair of control arms; and the front ends of the control arms are attached to a pivot point on the seat tube.
  • the invention features a rear wheel suspension for a bicycle, including paired right and left lower arm members whose front ends are pivotally connected to the bicycle frame seat tube such that the lower arm members can pivot about a pivot axis situated above the center of the bottom bracket; paired right and left upper arm members whose lower ends are pivotally connected to the respective lower .arm members such that the upper and lower arm members can pivot about a pivot axis near the rear ends of the lower arm members, and adapted to receive the rear wheel axle at hub points located on an axis situated above the horizon of their lower end pivot axis; and means associated with the upper ends of the upper arm members and pivotally connected to an upper pivot point on the seat tube for limiting the path of movement of, and for resiliently limiting the extent of movement of, the upper ends of the upper arm members.
  • the invention features a bicycle having such a rear suspension.
  • the bicycle rear wheel suspension according to the invention provides for isolation of the pedal forces and braking forces from the suspension, resulting in reduced power dissipation and increased performance and improved comfort and safety.
  • the suspension is structurally resistant to lateral and torsional flex, yet is lightweight and of straightforward construction, and has the traditional appearance of a bicycle.
  • the suspension according to the invention can be applied to conventional bicycle main frames, and can accommodate conventional bicycle components such as standard chain wheels and sprockets, derailleurs, rear wheels, pedals, caliper brakes, and other standard components.
  • the means for limiting the path and the extent of movement of the upper arm members includes a telescopic shock absorber pivotally connected to the seat tube and rigidly connected to the upper ends of the upper arm members.
  • the means for .limiting the path of movement of the upper end of the upper arm members includes a lever, most preferably an A-arm, which is pivotally connected at one end to the seat tube and at the other end to the upper end of the upper arm member; and the means for limiting the extent of movement of the upper end of the upper arm member includes a shock absorber operatively connected between the lever and the seat tube.
  • the shock absorber can include a spring or an elastomer or a spring-elastomer combination, or a spring-hydraulic shock absorber combination.
  • the pivot axis for the front ends of the lower arm members is situated at a point both above the crank axis horizon and at or below the horizon of the tangent point of a chainwheel with the tension run of the chain; where the bicycle is equipped with two or more chainwheels of different diameter, the pivot axis is preferably situated at a point at or below the horizon of the tangent point of the smaller one of two chainwheels, or a midsize one of three or more chainwheels, with the tension run of the chain.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram in elevational view showing an embodiment of a rear suspension according to the invention in operational relation to a bicycle, only a part of which is shown in the Fig.
  • Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the embodiment of Fig. 1 in a rear view.
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram in elevational view showing an alternative embodiment of a rear suspension according to the invention in operational relation to a bicycle, only a part of which is shown in the Fig.
  • Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the embodiment of Fig. 3 in a rear view.
  • paired right and left lower arm members 2, 102 are pivotally attached to seat tube 14 such that they are pivotal about lower arm pivot axis 20.
  • Paired right and left upper arm members 3, 103 are pivotally attached to respective right and left lower arm members 2, 102 such that they are pivotal about rear pivot axis 4.
  • the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103 are rigidly connected to one end of telescoping shock absorber 5, and the other end of shock absorber 5 is pivotally attached to seat tube 14 at upper pivot point 6.
  • Upper arm members 3, 103 are provided with dropouts 22, 122, of which only the right one appears in Fig.
  • brackets provided with holes or pins for pivotal attachment can be clamped onto the seat tube at the appropriate points.
  • brackets can be welded directly to the seat tube in the manufacture process.
  • the pivot point 6 is situated at a point opposite the point of attachment of the top tube, as that provides maximal strength.
  • the rear end of the top tube may interfere with positioning a clamp, and where brackets are to be clamped onto the seat tube as a retrofit, the clamp may preferably be positioned immediately below (or less preferably, above) the point of attachment of the top tube.
  • the lower arm member pivot point can be located such that the lower arm pivot axis 20 is situated on or above the horizon of the crank axis 28; and the lower arm pivot axis 20 can be situated rearwardly from the crank axis 20.
  • mountain bikes are provided with two or more chain wheels of various diameters at the crank, and a cluster of sprockets of various diameters at the rear wheel hub, providing a combination of gearing ratios over a suitably wide range.
  • the lower arm pivot axis is preferably located at or below the horizon of the tangent point of the tension run of the drive chain with the chainwheel, that is, at or below the horizon of the point where that chainwheel is first contacted by each link of the chain as the chain runs forward from a rear wheel sprocket to that chainwheel.
  • the lower arm pivot axis preferably is located at or below the horizon of the smaller or smallest chainwheel, as that is the one that is capable of delivering the greatest forces through the chain to the rear wheel.
  • the lower arm pivot axis 20 is preferably located at or below the horizon of the tangent point of the tension run 30 of the drive chain with the midsize one of the three chainwheels, as in the embodiment shown in the Figs. , or with the smallest of the three chainwheels.
  • the lower arm pivot axis 20 is preferably located at or below the horizon of the tangent point of the tension run 30 of the drive chain with the smaller of the two.
  • the path of movement of the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103, which are rigidly attached to the lower end of shock absorber 5, is constrained by the telescoping of the shock absorber and by the pivotal movement of the upper element of the shock absorber as the lower arm elements move upward and downward in response to riding surface irregularities or applications of surges of power to the rear sprocket through the drive chain.
  • the extent of the movement of the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103 is limited by the strength of resiliency of the shock absorber.
  • the rear wheel axle moves not in a simple vertical arc centered at the lower arm pivot axis; rather, the rear wheel axle "floats" in a direction generally upward and slightly more rearwardly, as determined by the combination of the pivoting movements of the lower and upper arms and the shortening and lengthening of the distance between the rear pivot axis 4 and the upper pivot point 6 as the shock absorber 5 responds resiliently to the upward force component at the rear hub.
  • the movements of the suspension are effectively isolated to some degree from the pedal forces, reducing jacking and improving the performance of the bicycle.
  • FIG. 3 and 4 An alternative and still more preferred embodiment is shown in Figs. 3 and 4, in which corresponding parts are identified by corresponding reference numerals.
  • the upper arm members 3, 103 and the lower arm members 2, 102 and the seat tube 14 are linked substantially as in the embodiment shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and described above; and the positions of the lower arm pivot axis 20 in relation to the crank axis 28 and the chainwheel, and of the rear pivot point 4 in relation to the rear hub axis 26, are substantially as described.
  • lever 11 is provided to pivotally link the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103 to the main frame.
  • the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103 are pivotally attached to one end of lever 11 at pivot point 9, and the other end of lever 11 is pivotally attached to seat tube 14 at pivot point 8.
  • a shock absorber 10 is operationally attached about a point 40 intermediate to the ends of the lever and a point 42 above the pivot point 8 on seat tube 14. It can be preferable to provide for pivotal attachment of shock absorber 10 to the lever at 40 or to the seat tube at 42, or at both points 40 and 42.
  • the path of movement of the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103 is thus constrained to an arc having its center at pivot point 8 and having a radius equal to the distance between pivot points 9 and 8. And the extent of the movement of the upper ends of upper arm members 3, 103 is limited by the resiliency of the shock absorber.
  • each set of paired right and left members is. intended to pivot together as a unit, and corresponding members of each pair are rigidly joined to one another by methods known in the bicycle art.
  • Unitary movement of the rigidly joined pairs about the respective pivot points ensures that the rear wheel hub axis, the crank axis, and all the pivot axes remain substantially parallel to one another throughout the range of movement under the stresses of the ride.
  • Selected portions of the paired members can be fully united at least at a pivot point.
  • the lower arm members may be fully united toward their front ends; the upper arm members may be fully united at their upper ends; and the lever (in the embodiment shown in Figs. 3 and 4) need not be a paired structure at all, except as may be convenient for making a stable and sturdy pivoting connection with the seat tube and the upper arm members, and as may be convenient for mounting shock absorber 5; an A-arm configuration may be preferred.
  • caliper brakes are used, and the rear caliper can be mounted on one or both of upper arm members (or on a brace joining the pair near their upper ends) adjacent the rim of the rear wheel.
  • the brake has less effect on the suspension response when the caliper is mounted on the upper arm member in the configuration according to the invention than when the caliper is mounted on the swing arm, as is conventional.
  • the rear derailleur can be mounted on an upper arm member, vi.
  • the rear suspension according to the invention provides for improved safety and performance, by effectively to some extent isolating movements of the suspension from pedal forces. As a result, the rear wheel is kept for a greater proportion of the riding time in good contact with the riding surface, even when the rider applies bursts of power to the rear wheel through the chain, and even where the riding surface is exceedingly irregular.
  • the suspension can therefore be used with salutary effect particularly on so- called “mountain bikes” or “trail bikes” where high performance is demanded, as in competitive off-track riding.
  • the invention provides for lightweight straightforward construction, and can be adapted to any of a variety of standard conventional main frames, so it is suitable for retrofit.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Axle Suspensions And Sidecars For Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

Une suspension de roue arrière pour une bicyclette comporte des bras inférieurs appariés (2, 102) reliés en pivot au tube de selle (14) du cadre de telle manière qu'ils peuvent pivoter autour d'un axe (20) situé au-dessus du centre du support inférieur, des bras supérieurs appariés (3, 103) destinés à recevoir l'axe de roue arrière (24) au niveau des points du moyeu disposés sur un axe situé au-dessus de leurs extrémités inférieures et reliés en pivot aux bras inférieurs respectifs de telle manière qu'ils peuvent pivoter autour d'un axe (4) à proximité des extrémités arrières des bras inférieurs, ainsi qu'un dispositif (5 ou 10) associé aux extrémités supérieures des bras supérieurs et relié en pivot à un point de pivotement supérieur (6) sur le tube de selle afin de limiter la course et l'étendue du mouvement des extrémités supérieures des bras supérieurs.
PCT/US1993/000502 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Suspension arriere pour bicyclettes WO1993013974A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP5512723A JPH07502950A (ja) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 自転車用リヤサスペンション
EP93903598A EP0621840A4 (fr) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Suspension arriere pour bicyclettes.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US82708992A 1992-01-21 1992-01-21
US07/827,089 1992-01-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993013974A1 true WO1993013974A1 (fr) 1993-07-22

Family

ID=25248294

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1993/000502 WO1993013974A1 (fr) 1992-01-21 1993-01-21 Suspension arriere pour bicyclettes

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0621840A4 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07502950A (fr)
AU (1) AU3480393A (fr)
WO (1) WO1993013974A1 (fr)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5441292A (en) * 1993-09-15 1995-08-15 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle rear suspension system
US5460396A (en) * 1993-02-05 1995-10-24 Roadmaster Corporation Derailleur mounting assembly for a bicycle
WO1998003390A1 (fr) * 1996-07-22 1998-01-29 Markus Storck Cadre de bicyclette
US5797613A (en) * 1996-06-14 1998-08-25 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle flex joint
FR2762572A1 (fr) * 1997-04-25 1998-10-30 Renault Sport Suspension arriere pour bicyclette
US5947499A (en) * 1996-06-14 1999-09-07 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle flexible joint
US6036213A (en) * 1997-12-01 2000-03-14 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle with shock absorbing rear assembly and common chain stay/shock absorber mounting bracket
US6073950A (en) * 1997-10-28 2000-06-13 Busby; James S. Bicycle with crank assembly suspension system
US6099010A (en) * 1997-10-28 2000-08-08 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle with crank assembly suspension system
US6155585A (en) * 1997-05-13 2000-12-05 Busby; James S. Direct drive bicycle
US6199886B1 (en) 1997-03-14 2001-03-13 Peter Guenther Rear suspension system for bicycle
AU737639B2 (en) * 1997-03-14 2001-08-23 Peter Guenther Rear suspension system for bicycle
US7066481B1 (en) 2005-04-13 2006-06-27 Felt Racing, Llc Bicycle rear suspension
US9962597B2 (en) 2016-10-11 2018-05-08 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension system for one-wheeled vehicle
US10010784B1 (en) 2017-12-05 2018-07-03 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension systems for one-wheeled vehicles
US11273364B1 (en) 2021-06-30 2022-03-15 Future Motion, Inc. Self-stabilizing skateboard
US11299059B1 (en) 2021-10-20 2022-04-12 Future Motion, Inc. Self-stabilizing skateboard
US11890528B1 (en) 2022-11-17 2024-02-06 Future Motion, Inc. Concave side rails for one-wheeled vehicles

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016205540B3 (de) 2016-04-04 2017-09-28 QCS Quality Consult Service GmbH Antriebsvorrichtung für ein elektromotorisch betriebenes fahrrad
JP2018034566A (ja) * 2016-08-29 2018-03-08 俊之 木森 自転車

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US467794A (en) * 1892-01-26 Bicycle
US494803A (en) * 1893-04-04 cable
US667594A (en) * 1900-06-25 1901-02-05 Cyprien Soucy Jr Driving mechanism for bicycles.
US714121A (en) * 1901-07-26 1902-11-18 Gurdon H Williams Bicycle.
US1298958A (en) * 1917-10-11 1919-04-01 William Johnston Bicycle-frame.
US5000470A (en) * 1989-07-24 1991-03-19 Kent International, Inc. Bicycle having rear shock absorbing arrangement and improved shock absorber for bicycles

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BE383892A (fr) *
FR986467A (fr) * 1949-03-08 1951-08-01 Suspension de cycles à parallélogramme et bielles inégales, utilisant les chocs pour actionner le pignon de pédalier
US4421337A (en) * 1982-01-08 1983-12-20 Pratt Thomas A Bicycle with resiliently yieldable wheel supports
US4582343A (en) * 1984-08-30 1986-04-15 Waugh David J Lightweight rear-wheel bicycle suspension
US4679811A (en) * 1986-06-26 1987-07-14 Shuler Jerry N Bicycle rear suspension system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US467794A (en) * 1892-01-26 Bicycle
US494803A (en) * 1893-04-04 cable
US667594A (en) * 1900-06-25 1901-02-05 Cyprien Soucy Jr Driving mechanism for bicycles.
US714121A (en) * 1901-07-26 1902-11-18 Gurdon H Williams Bicycle.
US1298958A (en) * 1917-10-11 1919-04-01 William Johnston Bicycle-frame.
US5000470A (en) * 1989-07-24 1991-03-19 Kent International, Inc. Bicycle having rear shock absorbing arrangement and improved shock absorber for bicycles

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP0621840A4 *

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5460396A (en) * 1993-02-05 1995-10-24 Roadmaster Corporation Derailleur mounting assembly for a bicycle
US5441292A (en) * 1993-09-15 1995-08-15 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle rear suspension system
US5947499A (en) * 1996-06-14 1999-09-07 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle flexible joint
US5797613A (en) * 1996-06-14 1998-08-25 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle flex joint
US5865456A (en) * 1996-06-14 1999-02-02 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle flex joint with non-torsional encasement
WO1998003390A1 (fr) * 1996-07-22 1998-01-29 Markus Storck Cadre de bicyclette
US6293574B1 (en) 1996-07-22 2001-09-25 Storck Bicycle Gmbh Bicycle frame
US6199886B1 (en) 1997-03-14 2001-03-13 Peter Guenther Rear suspension system for bicycle
AU737639B2 (en) * 1997-03-14 2001-08-23 Peter Guenther Rear suspension system for bicycle
CN1097539C (zh) * 1997-04-25 2003-01-01 雷诺体育公司 自行车后悬置装置
FR2762572A1 (fr) * 1997-04-25 1998-10-30 Renault Sport Suspension arriere pour bicyclette
WO1998049046A1 (fr) * 1997-04-25 1998-11-05 Renault Sport Suspension arriere pour bicyclette
US6386568B1 (en) 1997-04-25 2002-05-14 Renault Sport Bicycle rear suspension
US6155585A (en) * 1997-05-13 2000-12-05 Busby; James S. Direct drive bicycle
US6099010A (en) * 1997-10-28 2000-08-08 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle with crank assembly suspension system
US6073950A (en) * 1997-10-28 2000-06-13 Busby; James S. Bicycle with crank assembly suspension system
US6036213A (en) * 1997-12-01 2000-03-14 Gt Bicycles, Inc. Bicycle with shock absorbing rear assembly and common chain stay/shock absorber mounting bracket
US7066481B1 (en) 2005-04-13 2006-06-27 Felt Racing, Llc Bicycle rear suspension
US10376772B1 (en) 2016-10-11 2019-08-13 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension system for one-wheeled vehicle
US9962597B2 (en) 2016-10-11 2018-05-08 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension system for one-wheeled vehicle
US10272319B2 (en) 2016-10-11 2019-04-30 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension system for one-wheeled vehicle
US10343051B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2019-07-09 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension systems for one-wheeled vehicles
US10343050B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2019-07-09 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension systems for one-wheeled vehicles
US10010784B1 (en) 2017-12-05 2018-07-03 Future Motion, Inc. Suspension systems for one-wheeled vehicles
US11273364B1 (en) 2021-06-30 2022-03-15 Future Motion, Inc. Self-stabilizing skateboard
US11299059B1 (en) 2021-10-20 2022-04-12 Future Motion, Inc. Self-stabilizing skateboard
US11890528B1 (en) 2022-11-17 2024-02-06 Future Motion, Inc. Concave side rails for one-wheeled vehicles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH07502950A (ja) 1995-03-30
EP0621840A1 (fr) 1994-11-02
EP0621840A4 (fr) 1995-01-04
AU3480393A (en) 1993-08-03

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