WO1992016115A1 - Feed and process for production thereof - Google Patents

Feed and process for production thereof Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1992016115A1
WO1992016115A1 PCT/NO1992/000043 NO9200043W WO9216115A1 WO 1992016115 A1 WO1992016115 A1 WO 1992016115A1 NO 9200043 W NO9200043 W NO 9200043W WO 9216115 A1 WO9216115 A1 WO 9216115A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
feed
meal
fish
fry
fat
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO1992/000043
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Øistein Høstmark
Einar NYGÅRD
Original Assignee
Sildolje- Og Sildemelindustriens Forskningsinstitutt
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sildolje- Og Sildemelindustriens Forskningsinstitutt filed Critical Sildolje- Og Sildemelindustriens Forskningsinstitutt
Priority to GB9318906A priority Critical patent/GB2273032B/en
Publication of WO1992016115A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992016115A1/en
Priority to DK101693A priority patent/DK172140B1/da

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a feed made of fish meal and especially an enriched feed for edible animals (living fodder such as artemia craw fish and rotatoria, which are to be given to fry.
  • edible animals living fodder such as artemia craw fish and rotatoria, which are to be given to fry.
  • the invention relates further to soft dry feed, especially a weaning feed for use for fry at the transition from living feed to formulated feed.
  • the invention relates to a process for producing the afore-mentioned feed.
  • Fry of halibut and other types of marine fish are fed the first time with edible animals, such as artemia craw fish and rotatoria. After a period oif feeding with living feed, one can go over to a formulated feed, which in the trade is often called "weaning" feed.
  • the enriched feed for edible animals is characterised by the features as evident from the characterising portion of claim 1. while the weaning feed for fry is characterised by the features as evident from the characterising portion of claim 6.
  • the process for the. production of the enriched feed for the edible animals is characterised by the features as evident from claim 5, while the process for the production of the weaning feed for fry is characterised by the features as evident from claim 9.
  • micronising technique for, b) particle size for, and c) the quali-ty of, that meal, which is to be micronised.
  • Fish meal is a medium which produces great wear in the working apparatus.
  • a micronising technique which is based on metallic crushing means breaking down the meal particles to less than 10 ⁇ m, can give unfortunate quality deterioration, such as metal contamination and heat damage to the product.
  • a metallic contamination will .easily be able to give high concentrations of metals in the feed.
  • the metals will act pro-oxidisingly on fat and protein.
  • Friction heat which occurs locally at the contact surface between metal and meal will redily deteriorate the protein quality and/or oxidise the fat. Fat-protein-interactions are also unfortunate effects which can follow from the occurrence of contamination in combination with the occurrence of local friction heat.
  • the single commercial type of mill which at the moment can fulfill the requirements which must be set for the micronising, is the so-called jet mill or powder/powder collision mill (example: Alpines mill AFG) .
  • This technique of milling is based on compressed air or compressed nitrogen (if desired in combi ⁇ nation with liquid nitrogen) getting the meal particles to collide with one another. In this way the danger of metal contamination is reduced and in addition a supply of large quantities of expanding compressed air/nitrogen will prevent local heating of the powder.
  • the particle size is based on compressed air or compressed nitrogen (if desired in combi ⁇ nation with liquid nitrogen) getting the meal particles to collide with one another. In this way the danger of metal contamination is reduced and in addition a supply of large quantities of expanding compressed air/nitrogen will prevent local heating of the powder.
  • the quality of the meal has been found to be critical in order to be able to succeed with the enriched feed.
  • the fish, which the meal is made of must be fresh.
  • the content of volatile nitrogen in the fish must therefore be less than 40 mgN/100 g.
  • the quality of the fish proteins must be preserved as far as possible during the production of the meal. This can be taken care of by preventing autolysis in the fish material before and during the production of the meal, and also by avoiding the occurrence of high temperatures at critical phases in the produc ⁇ tion process, something which will otherwise damage the protein.
  • a process which provides meal of satisfactory quality is charecterised by: that the glue water, which becomes a part of the meal, forms a gel when it is preserved, at +2 - +4°C, that the water-soluble portion of the protein in the meal is set low, that the content of the biogenous amines in the meal is set low that the biological true digestibility of the meal is set high, that the pH of the meal is set relatively high and that the fat content of the meal is set low.
  • the elasticity of the particles of the meal increases with increasing fat content. In order that the micronising shall take place satisfactorily, the elasticity however must be sufficiently low. This means that the fat content of the meal ought not to be higher than 10%.
  • Is is also important that the proteins are not exposed to thermal damage during critical phases of the production process. Such damage reduces the biological digestibility of the protein. It is a known method for characterising the quality of the meal. A high quality value, that is to say a quality value higher than 92%, indicates little heat damage of the protein.
  • Types of marine fish which feed mainly on living feed are very sensitive to biogenous amines, which represent bacterial decomposition products from amino acids . Consequently the content of biogenous amines will give an indicatiion of autolytic and bacterial decomposition of the proteins before and during the production of the meal.
  • the content of each of the biogenous amines histamine, putrescine and tyramine ought not to exceed 0.04 g/lkg meal while the content of cadavarine ought not to be above 0.4 g/kg meal.
  • How much of the protein of the meal, which is soluble in water is also an indication of the degree of autolysis, or proteolytic activity, before and during production of the meal.
  • Low content of water-soluble components in the feed gives less leakage of feed, better utilisation of feed, and therefore less environmental load on the breeding installation.
  • the content of water-soluble protein in the meal from whole fish is considered to be low, when it is less than 25%.
  • a further indication of a low degree of autolysis during the fish meal process is the consistency of the glue water. If the glue water forms a gel by cooling it down towards +2 to +4C, this means that the binding proteins (collagens) of the fish are preserved through the boiling process. Glue water, which forms such a gel on cooling down, constitutes an important ingredient during the production of the soft dry feed.
  • the weaning feed ought to have the correct content of protein, fat and carbohydrate, have a correct mineral and vitamin content, have a suitable particle size, and the particles ought to be soft and free of sharp particles, which can damage the digestive system. Further ⁇ more the particles ought to retain their shape during feeding, give the desired low leakage to the surroundings and have a satisfactory speed of sinking.
  • the feed consisted of the following ingredients: a) micronised meal of corresponding type and quality as was employed for the enriched feed, b) marine fat (cod liver oil and fish oils) or marine fat combined with vegetable fat, c) vitamins and minerals, d) glue water concentrate of high quality (is gel-forming in the region +4 to +2°C) .
  • Tests were also made by mixing taste attractants, without this having a negative effect on the feed production.
  • the feed retained its shape in the breeding vessels and gave little leakage to the surroundings (10-20 weight % after 30 minutes in water) .
  • agglomerating technique In order to achieve the desired particle form and softness there was employed a so-called agglomerating technique. It involves smaller particles being built up into larger particles by means of cutting forces and bonding agents which are either supplied separately or which are present in the particles/powder. Factors which have signifiance if one is to succeed with the agglomerating technique are as follows:
  • the most important supposition is that the choice of mode of micronising, particle size and quality of meal and glue water concentration, together with necessary amount of fat, yields an agglomerateable material, without the addition of foreign substances. This is achieved by preserving the natural collagens of the fish through the fish meal process.
  • Tests demonstrate that the agglomerated soft dry feed is reformable after mechanical loading. Deformation of the soft feed by pressure only required that one undertook a little stirring of the powder material, whereby the hard roe-like agglomerates were reformed.
  • the agglomerating technique functions better the finer the meal was micronised. It has been shown that powder with an average particle size, d,- 0 , of over 50 ⁇ m gave poorer agglome ⁇ ration.
  • the halibut fry preferred the soft dry feed over commercial feed in experiments undertaken with two different breeders. Subsequent drying, which is necessary when using known feed products, yields harder particles, together with the danger of oxidising and/or interaction between fat and proteins.
  • the soft dry feed on the other hand need not be subseqently dried.
  • the survival and the quality of the halibut fry proved to be very good with the breeder which employed the soft dry feed as "weaning" feed.
  • the high survival achieved by halibut fry must be attributed to the quality of the feed. Tnere were no sharp bone particles in the feed, something which other ⁇ wise could damage the digestive system of the fry, and this can be one of the reasons for the high degree of survival.
  • the feed included no carbohydrates. - The fat becamse mixed into the feed at low temperatures. With this the danger of the fat-protein interaction and oxidising could be reduced significantly.
  • an agglomerated particle of a finemicronised meal will include a richer selection of nutrients than a chance meal particle having the size of the agglomerate.
  • Both types of par ⁇ ticle will displace the same volume in the digestive system of the fry. The volume of the digestive system defines the feed intake of the fish fry.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
PCT/NO1992/000043 1991-03-14 1992-03-11 Feed and process for production thereof WO1992016115A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9318906A GB2273032B (en) 1991-03-14 1992-03-11 Feed and process for production thereof
DK101693A DK172140B1 (da) 1991-03-14 1993-09-10 Foder og fremgangsmåde til fremstilling deraf

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO911008A NO172472C (no) 1991-03-14 1991-03-14 For og fremgangsmaate til fremstilling derav
NO911008 1991-03-14

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992016115A1 true WO1992016115A1 (en) 1992-10-01

Family

ID=19893955

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NO1992/000043 WO1992016115A1 (en) 1991-03-14 1992-03-11 Feed and process for production thereof

Country Status (5)

Country Link
AU (1) AU1447792A (OSRAM)
DK (1) DK172140B1 (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB2273032B (OSRAM)
NO (2) NO172472C (OSRAM)
WO (1) WO1992016115A1 (OSRAM)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996001058A1 (en) * 1994-07-01 1996-01-18 Sildolje- Og Sildemelindustriens Forskningsinstitutt Improved process for producing fish-based food and feed products
WO1996017526A1 (en) * 1994-12-09 1996-06-13 Antonios Komis Liquefied diet for rotifers and artemia
WO1997042836A1 (en) * 1996-05-10 1997-11-20 Aquatic Feeds Aps Dry fish feed and method of preparing same
WO1998019561A1 (en) * 1996-11-07 1998-05-14 Alfa Laval Ab Method for continuous production of dry feed for fish and shell fish
WO2000049888A1 (en) * 1999-02-23 2000-08-31 Seagrain As Process for the production of a nutritional composition
WO2000064273A1 (fr) * 1999-04-21 2000-11-02 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique (Inra) Aliment complet pour larves de poissons et procede pour sa preparation
WO2002078463A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Mississippi State University A micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans
DE10118979A1 (de) * 2001-04-18 2002-11-14 Markus Miller Verfahren zur Herstellung leichtlöslicher Agglomerate aus einem insbesondere schwerlöslichen Schüttgut
WO2003079809A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-10-02 Biomar Group Feed pellets and a method for manufacture of said pellets
WO2008084074A3 (en) * 2007-01-10 2008-10-23 Blue Limit As Feed composition for aquatic organisms
DE102011104444A1 (de) * 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Mars Incorporated Futtermittel für Tiere

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0225503D0 (en) * 2002-11-01 2002-12-11 Zoolife Internat Ltd Gel feed

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2903448A1 (de) * 1979-01-30 1980-08-07 Unilever Nv Granulierte futtermittel und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
NO156814B (no) * 1985-08-08 1987-08-24 Akva As Blande- og pelleteringsmaskin.
EP0292052A2 (en) * 1987-05-15 1988-11-23 Suomen Sokeri Oy Fish feed, procedure for producing same, and feeding method

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2903448A1 (de) * 1979-01-30 1980-08-07 Unilever Nv Granulierte futtermittel und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
NO156814B (no) * 1985-08-08 1987-08-24 Akva As Blande- og pelleteringsmaskin.
EP0292052A2 (en) * 1987-05-15 1988-11-23 Suomen Sokeri Oy Fish feed, procedure for producing same, and feeding method

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996001058A1 (en) * 1994-07-01 1996-01-18 Sildolje- Og Sildemelindustriens Forskningsinstitutt Improved process for producing fish-based food and feed products
GB2303776A (en) * 1994-07-01 1997-03-05 Sildolje & Sildemelind Forsk Improved process for producing fish-based food and feed products
GB2303776B (en) * 1994-07-01 1998-03-11 Sildolje & Sildemelind Forsk Improved process for producing fish-based food and feed products
WO1996017526A1 (en) * 1994-12-09 1996-06-13 Antonios Komis Liquefied diet for rotifers and artemia
WO1997042836A1 (en) * 1996-05-10 1997-11-20 Aquatic Feeds Aps Dry fish feed and method of preparing same
RU2204264C2 (ru) * 1996-11-07 2003-05-20 Альфа-Лаваль АБ СПОСОБ НЕПРЕРЫВНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СУХОГО КОРМА ДЛЯ РЫБ И РАКООБРАЗНЫХ (Crustacea)
US6168815B1 (en) 1996-11-07 2001-01-02 Alfa Laval Ab Method for continuous production of dry feed for fish and shell fish
WO1998019561A1 (en) * 1996-11-07 1998-05-14 Alfa Laval Ab Method for continuous production of dry feed for fish and shell fish
WO2000049888A1 (en) * 1999-02-23 2000-08-31 Seagrain As Process for the production of a nutritional composition
WO2000064273A1 (fr) * 1999-04-21 2000-11-02 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique (Inra) Aliment complet pour larves de poissons et procede pour sa preparation
FR2793114A1 (fr) * 1999-04-21 2000-11-10 Agronomique Inst Nat Rech Aliment complet pour larves de poissons et procede pour sa preparation
US7288280B1 (en) 1999-04-21 2007-10-30 Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique (Inra) Complete feed for fish larvae and method for preparing same
WO2002078463A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Mississippi State University A micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans
US6645536B2 (en) 2001-03-29 2003-11-11 Mississippi State University Micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans
DE10118979A1 (de) * 2001-04-18 2002-11-14 Markus Miller Verfahren zur Herstellung leichtlöslicher Agglomerate aus einem insbesondere schwerlöslichen Schüttgut
WO2003079809A1 (en) * 2002-03-22 2003-10-02 Biomar Group Feed pellets and a method for manufacture of said pellets
WO2008084074A3 (en) * 2007-01-10 2008-10-23 Blue Limit As Feed composition for aquatic organisms
DE102011104444A1 (de) * 2011-06-17 2012-12-20 Mars Incorporated Futtermittel für Tiere

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9318906D0 (en) 1994-03-09
NO172472B (no) 1993-04-19
NO922385L (no) 1992-09-15
AU1447792A (en) 1992-10-21
DK101693D0 (da) 1993-09-10
NO911008L (no) 1992-09-15
DK172140B1 (da) 1997-11-24
GB2273032B (en) 1995-09-06
NO174794B (no) 1994-04-05
NO911008D0 (no) 1991-03-14
NO172472C (no) 1993-07-28
NO922385D0 (no) 1992-06-18
NO174794C (OSRAM) 1994-07-13
GB2273032A (en) 1994-06-08
DK101693A (da) 1993-09-10

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