WO1992009636A1 - Compositions de protection de la peau et procede d'inhibition de l'irritation de la peau - Google Patents

Compositions de protection de la peau et procede d'inhibition de l'irritation de la peau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992009636A1
WO1992009636A1 PCT/US1991/008914 US9108914W WO9209636A1 WO 1992009636 A1 WO1992009636 A1 WO 1992009636A1 US 9108914 W US9108914 W US 9108914W WO 9209636 A1 WO9209636 A1 WO 9209636A1
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Prior art keywords
skin
aminopolysaccharide
composition
contact
allergenic
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PCT/US1991/008914
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English (en)
Inventor
George Lewis Ii Brode
Nathan William Adams
Ramon Figueroa
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Baker Cummins Dermatologicals, Inc.
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Publication of WO1992009636A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992009636A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
    • A61K8/736—Chitin; Chitosan; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/58—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. poly[meth]acrylate, polyacrylamide, polystyrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylalcohol or polystyrene sulfonic acid resin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/67—Vitamins
    • A61K8/676—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7015—Drug-containing film-forming compositions, e.g. spray-on
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
    • A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/57—Compounds covalently linked to a(n inert) carrier molecule, e.g. conjugates, pro-fragrances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/74—Biological properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/75—Anti-irritant

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a skin protective composition for topical application to the skin to act as a barrier and prevent or minimize skin contact with natural and synthetic materials which are toxic and/or produce allergic contact dermatitis, most commonly poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, and a method for preventing or minimizing skin contact with materials which are toxic and/or produce allergic contact dermatitis.
  • Contact dermatitis manifests itself in an inflammation of the skin.
  • the symptoms are itching, burning or reddening of the skin.
  • vesiculation and edema may be present and may be followed by weeping and crusting. The most severe cases may be accompanied by bleeding vesicles and gross edema.
  • Contact dermatitis can be classified as allergic contact dermatitis or as primary irritant dermatitis. Although the symptoms of both types of dermatitis are similar, there are some basic differences which are widely recognized.
  • Primary irritant dermatitis is the more common form of contact dermatitis and is caused by irritating agents which will cause dermatitis in all persons upon sufficient exposure. The period between contact with the primary irritant and the onset of symptoms is short or absent.
  • Allergic contact dermatitis may be caused by many substances which contact the skin. However, in this type of dermatitis a given substance may cause a dermatological reaction in certain subjects only. This reaction usually does not occur with the initial contact, but only upon subsequent exposures. Moreover, the reaction occurs only in these now “sensitized” subjects and there is a time interval between contact and developing of symptoms. Sensitization is caused by previous contact to the irritating substance. Some persons never become sensitized, others require numerous contacts and some require only a few contacts for sensitization. According to Dr. William Epstein, as reported in the Smithsonian, Volume 16, Number 5, dated August, 1985 by Noel Vietmeyer:
  • the antigenic plants of the genus Rhus such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.
  • the active toxin thereof has long been known to belong to a group of organic compounds called urushiol.
  • Urushiol has been identified as comprising a number of antigenic compounds.
  • the antigens are 1,2-dihydroxy benzenes (catechols) with a 15 or 17 carbon aliphatic side chain in the 3 position which has varying degrees of unsaturation. It is not unusual for the sap of different plants to have mixtures of dihydroxy benzenes or to have these compounds in common but at different concentration levels.
  • the allergic contact dermatitis is reported in the literature to be caused by the catechol moiety as the primary allergen.
  • the aliphatic hydrocarbon side group allows bonding to and penetration of the skin.
  • the oily substance urushiol when in contact with the skin, penetrates the outer skin layers and begins to chemically bind to the skin cells. The body sees the combination of the urushiol in chemical combination with a skin cell as a foreign intruder.
  • allergic contact dermatitis due to poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac and like antigenic plants is widely known, it is equally well established that allergic contact dermatitis is caused by a large number of materials encountered by workers in industry. Such materials may be end products, raw materials, intermediates and by products of industrial processes.
  • the problem of occupational allergic contact dermatitis is a significant one resulting in lost man hours of production, lost wages, discomfort to workers, job changes and workmen's compensation payments.
  • Examples of materials known to cause allergic contact dermatitis among industrial and non-industrial workers are dinitrochlorobenzene, phenols, benzoic acid and others, insecticides containing pyrethrum or Rotenone, dye intermediates such as aniline, nitro compounds, anthracene and derivatives thereof, benzidine and its compounds, naphthylamines and benzanthrone and its compounds, dyes such as paraphenylenediamine, aniline black, para-amido-phenol, amido-azo-toluene, amido-azo-benzene, Malachite Green, Metanil Yellow, Nigrosine and Rosaniline, photo developers such as hydroquinone, para-amido-phenol and pyrogallol, rubber accelerators and antioxidants such as hexamethylenetetramine, tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide, paratoluidine, phenyl beta-naphthylamine and triethyl trimethyl triamine,
  • anti-puritic agents such as calamine lotion, petrolatum and steroids for use to relieve itching and inflammation.
  • Others are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,210,633 (film-forming formulation containing an anti-inflammatory steroid), 4,522,807 (substantive topical composition containing anti- inflammatory steroid), 4,711,780 (itch relieving cream), 4,883,813 (keto- and furyl-butyrolactones), 4,923,900 (composition containing benzoyl peroxide particles), and 4,963,591 (substantive, film-forming cellulosic polymer/solvent system containing an active).
  • Anti- inflammatory compositions employing substituted salicylamide are disclosed in U.S.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,749,772 discloses a composition based upon a film-forming acrylic polymer base which is crosslinked by a complexed metal as a linking agent upon application to the skin, thereby forming a selective membrane thereon. Though the film is water-insoluble, the film is alcohol and perspiration soluble.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,151 discloses the topical application of aluminum chlorhydrate as a prophylactic treatment for poison oak, poison ivy and poison sumac.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,584 discloses an allergen absorbent and blocking composition containing an organo-treated clay of the smectite type which is also topically applied to the skin.
  • compositions for protecting the skin from dermatologic irritation and methods of inhibiting or reducing skin irritation caused by contact with natural and synthetic allergenic agents incorporate a protective agent which is generalized as an organic compound containing at least two polar groups which are separated by a chain of at least 15 atoms a majority of which are carbon atoms and preferably containing a cyclic moiety of at least 5 atoms.
  • a protective agent which is generalized as an organic compound containing at least two polar groups which are separated by a chain of at least 15 atoms a majority of which are carbon atoms and preferably containing a cyclic moiety of at least 5 atoms.
  • a variety of polar groups are identified as suitable compounds fitting the foregoing generalized description thereof.
  • Cationically charged aminopolysaccharides are known to be substantive and film-forming.
  • Various compositions containing these materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,979,722 (sunscreen skin cremes, moisturizing cremes and wound dressings) and 4,946,870 (delivery systems for actives). Neither of these two patents relate to a method for preventing or minimizing skin contact with materials which produce allergic contact dermatitis.
  • Another more specific object of the present invention is to prevent or reduce skin irritation resulting from contact of the skin with irritating plants of the genus Rhus.
  • Another more specific object of the present invention is to prevent or minimize contact of the skin with irritating plants of the genus Rhus.
  • Another more specific object of the present invention is to prevent or reduce skin irritation resulting from contact of the skin with allergenic and/or toxic agents formed or used in industrial processes.
  • Another more specific object of the present invention is to prevent or minimize contact of the skin with allergenic and/or toxic agents formed or used in industrial processes.
  • compositions containing an aminopolysaccharide are applied to the skin to prevent or reduce dermatologic reaction of the skin due to contact with skin irritating allergenic agents. It is a still further object of this invention to provide a method wherein compositions containing an aminopolysaccharide and an anionic polymer as an immobilizer for the aminopolysaccharide are applied sequentially to the skin to prevent or reduce dermatologic reaction of the skin due to contact with skin irritating allergenic agents.
  • compositions containing an aminopolysaccharide are applied to the skin to prevent or reduce skin contact with toxic agents.
  • compositions containing an aminopolysaccharide and an anionic polymer as an immobilizer for the aminopolysaccharide are applied sequentially to the skin to prevent or reduce skin contact with a toxic agent.
  • Another more specific object is to provide a protective composition capable of screening against toxic agents and/or poison- ivy and the like.
  • Another more specific object is to provide a composition which is effective for protecting skin from the effects of contact with poison ivy and the like.
  • compositions wherein the composition comprises an aminopolysaccharide and an anionic polymer as an immobilizer for the aminopolysaccharide which are applied sequentially to the skin to prevent or reduce skin contact with toxic agents and/or to prevent or reduce dermatologic reaction of the skin due to contact with skin irritating allergenic agents.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of protecting the skin from contact with an allergenic agent comprising applying to the skin of a subject sensitized to said allergenic agent, prior to contact with said skin irritating allergenic agent, a biocompatible, substantive, film-forming protective composition, said protective composition comprising at least one aminopolysaccharide, said irritation of the skin being an allergenic contact dermatitis, said skin irritating allergenic agents being allergic contact dermatitis producing agents and said at least one aminopolysaccharide being present in an amount effective to reduce skin irritation compared to skin irritation produced in the absence of said at least one aminopolysaccharide.
  • the at least one aminopolysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of chitosonium polymers and covalent chitosan'derivatives.
  • the protective composition preferably further comprises a non- toxic pharmacologically acceptable base or carrier, wherein said at least one aminopolysaccharide is dissolved or dispersed in said base or carrier.
  • the method further comprises applying an immobilization composition over said applied protective composition, said immobilization composition comprising at least one anionic compound, preferably an anionic polymer, said at least one anionic compound being present in an amount effective to render said at least one aminopolysaccharide water-insoluble.
  • the immobilization composition preferably further comprises a non-toxic pharmacologically acceptable base or carrier, wherein said at least one anionic compound is dissolved or dispersed in said base or carrier, which may be the same or different from that of the protective composition.
  • the invention further relates to a skin protective composition for protecting the skin from contact with a toxic agent or a skin irritating allergenic agent prepared by first applying a first composition to the skin of a subject, prior to contact with said toxic and/or skin irritating allergenic agent, said first composition comprising at least one aminopolysaccharide, and then applying a second composition over said applied first composition, said second composition comprising at least one anionic compound, preferably an anionic polymer, said at least one anionic compound being present in an amount effective to render said at least one aminopolysaccharide water-insoluble, said irritation of the skin being an allergenic contact dermatitis, said skin irritating allergenic agents being allergic contact dermatitis producing agents and said at least one aminopolysaccharide being present in an amount effective to reduce skin irritation compared to skin irritation produced in the absence of said at least one aminopolysaccharide or said at least one aminopolysaccharide being present in an amount effective to prevent or at least minimize contact of said toxic agent with the skin of the subject compared to skin contact
  • the second composition may, optionally, further contain an insect repellent and/or UV absorber or sunscreen. These materials are effectively blocked from contacting the skin by the first composition. Furthermore, these materials are also immobilized by the composite combination of the first and second composition. The insect repellent would be slowly released from the second composition in a repellent effective amount.
  • the invention of the present invention relates to the discovery that aminopolysaccharides when applied to the skin prevent, or at least minimize, contact of the skin with natural and synthetic toxins and/or allergens, such as the natural allergens produced by poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac.
  • natural and synthetic toxins and/or allergens such as the natural allergens produced by poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac.
  • the skin protective compositions of the present invention are substantive with skin and the mucous membrane of human beings.
  • the term "substantive” as used throughout the specification indicates a cohesive interaction between the aminopolysaccharide and a prot ⁇ inaceous substrate. Substantivity is obtained either by having a cationic charge on the polymer which can be obtained by protonation or quaternization, or by incorporation of appropriate hydrophobic groups or combinations thereof.
  • the skin protective compositions of the present invention exhibit a cohesive interaction with the proteins of the skin and mucosa of a human being.
  • those aminopolysaccharides which are cationically charged exhibit substantive properties to keratin and other protein constituents of skin and mucosa.
  • a cationic chitosan derivative to these tissues, the resulting film is strongly bound to the tissue, also inhibiting the loss or migration of the film produced thereby.
  • the aminopolysaccharides are good film formers.
  • a polymer film readily forms thereon which acts as a protectant or barrier to allergenic agents, thereby protecting the skin of a subject who is sensitized to such allergenic agents.
  • the aminopolysaccharide for example a chitosan derivative, may also be applied to the skin or mucosa in the form of a pre-formed film, sponge, powder or other composite.
  • chitosan derivatives which are free of naturally associated proteins, heavy metals and the like are biocompatible and non-irritating to living tissue. They also fail to elicit an inflammatory allergic or pyrogenic response in humans after ingestion or percutaneous or subcutaneous application.
  • these chitosan derivatives form films on skin and mucosa that are imperceptible to the subject and cosmetically comfortable to wear.
  • the chitosan derivatives are also good humectants.
  • the aminopolysaccharides employed in the compositions and methods of this invention are chitosonium polymers and covalent chitosan derivatives.
  • the chitosonium polymers are soluble in water and in mixtures of water and alcohol, and readily form humectant films, and are also substantive to skin and mucosa.
  • These chitosonium polymers may be prepared by a number of methods including direct dissolution, spray drying, lyophilization, and the acid decrystallization process described in U.S Pat. Nos. 4,929,722 and 4,946,870, previously incorporated herein by reference.
  • the route of preparation of the chitosonium polymers is not critical to this invention.
  • the chitosonium polymers include those wherein one or more of the amino groups thereof have been neutralized by acids, which may include, but not limited to,: pyrrolidone carboxylic, acetic, lactic, glycolic, glyceric, mandelic, salicylic, benzoic, itaconic, malic, nicotinic, glutamic and aspartic acids, and the acid form of other amino acids such as N-acetyl methionine, N-acetyl tyrosine, N-acetyl glycine, N-benzoyl serine, and the like.
  • acids may include, but not limited to,: pyrrolidone carboxylic, acetic, lactic, glycolic, glyceric, mandelic, salicylic, benzoic, itaconic, malic, nicotinic, glutamic and aspartic acids, and the
  • the second type of aminopolysaccharide preferably employed in the compositions and methods of this invention are covalent chitosan derivatives. These derivatives are prepared by the reaction of chitosan with one or more electrophilic reagents such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, glycidol, alkyl halides (from C1 to C24), glycidyl trialkylammonium salts (alkyl groups from C1 to C24), 3- ⁇ hloro-2-hydroxypropyl ammonium salts, 1,3-propanesultone, haloacetates, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, acyl halides, the N-carboxy-alpha-amino acid anhydrides, and the like.
  • electrophilic reagents such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, glycidol, alkyl halides (from C1 to C24), glycidyl trialkylammonium salts (alkyl groups from C
  • chitosan derivatives are readily soluble in either water, alcohol, water/alcohol mixtures, or other organic solvents such as ether, acetone, or ethyl acetate. These derivatives are good film formers, good humectants, and are substantive if cationic and/or hydrophobic groups are included in the polymer backbone.
  • At least one organic acid which is at least partially soluble in water is sufficiently acidic to form the ammonium salt of the aminopolysaccharide and yet not sufficiently acidic to cause hydrolysis of the aminopolysaccharide or derivative, and which is present in an amount sufficient to protonate the reactive sites of the deacetylated aminopolysaccharide;
  • a variety of derivatives of aminopolysaccharides can be prepared. These derivatives can be ionic compositions (salts) or covalent compositions.
  • chitosan derivatives such as esters, amides and ethers
  • the swollen, decrystallized slurry of the chitosan salt (also referred to herein as chitosonium polymer or salt) prepared by the aforementioned method, is causticized with a stoichiometric excess of a base such as sodium hydroxide and then reacted with various electrophiles, such as ethylene oxide, glycidol, 1,2-epoxy dodecane, chloroacetic acid, succinic anhydride, and the like.
  • the acid used in the decrystallization step is chosen to provide the desired functional group and both decrystallization and derivatization, i.e. salt formation, is accomplished simultaneously.
  • the organic acid utilized in the decrystallization step can be selected so that the chitosan is not only decrystallized but the salt is obtained containing the desired organic function present in the acid employed.
  • aminopolysaccharides are prepared by the above-referenced, heterogeneous method for the decrystallization of aminopolysaccharides and to a variety of derivatives having properties which render them particularly attractive for use as a protectant or barrier to allergenic agents.
  • the acid decyrstallization method differs from the methods disclosed in the literature in several respects.
  • the acid decrystallization process does not involve dissolving the aminopolysaccharide, such as chitosan, in an aqueous medium. Since chitosan is a very rigid molecule, only a very limited quantity can be rendered water soluble before the solution becomes too viscous to be easily handled. If the solution is further diluted to overcome the viscosity problem, the concentration of chitosan is reduced even further and hence any chemical reactions to derivatize the molecule are very inefficient and economically unattractive.
  • chitosan is soluble in solutions of most acids, particularly organic acids such as formic acid, malic, tartaric, citric, adipic, and the like. It is further indicated that in order to make a one percent solution of chitosan in water, chitosan is mixed with water and then an equal volume of an acid solution is added. For concentrated solutions of chitosan, which are indicated in the literature reference to be from about 2 to 4 percent by weight, an equal weight of acid to that of the chitosan is employed.
  • chitosan is soluble within the range of 0.15 to 1.1 percent acid by weight. Chitosan is not soluble in sulfuric acid and has only marginal solubility in phosphoric acid at concentrations below 0.5 percent.
  • n has a value of 1 or 2 and R represents a mono- or divalent organic radical composed of carbon, hydrogen and optionally at least one of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
  • Preferred acids are the mono- and dicarboxylic acids composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and which are at least partially water soluble, and biologically and/or pharmaceutically acceptable for use in the skin protective compositions and methods of the present invention.
  • acids can be employed which not only effect decrystallization of chitosan, but simultaneously afford desirable derivatives as well.
  • Illustrative acids include, among others, formic, acetic, N-acetylglycine, acetylsalicylic, fumaric, gallic, glycolic, iminodiacetic, itaconic , DL-lactic, maleic, DL-malic, methacrylic, 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic, salicylic, succinamic, succinic, ascorbic, aspartic, adipic, glutamic, glutaric, malonic, nicotinic, pyruvic, sulfonyldiacetic, thiodiacetic and thioglycolic acids.
  • the medium employed in the decrystallization of the chitosan is a combination of water and an organic compound.
  • This diluent system which is employed in the decrystallization process is a combination of water and an organic compound.
  • Organic compounds which are useful are those which are water soluble, in which the aminopolysaccharide is insoluble, and in which the aminopolysaccharide derivative is insoluble.
  • Illustrative organic compound which can be employed include acetone, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 2-ethoxyethanol, dimethoxyethane, and the like.
  • the second component of the diluent medium is water and it is employed in an amount up to about 45 weight percent of the total medium, i.e., the total of the water plus the organic compound. In practice, optimum results are obtained when the diluent medium contains from about 30 to about 45 weight percent water and more preferably about 40 weight percent.
  • this method avoids formation of a chitosan solution.
  • the chitosan is caused to swell and accordingly viscous solutions containing only a few percent of chitosan are avoided.
  • the sequence of mixing the diluent medium and the deacetylated chitosan is not necessarily critical. However, it has been observed that excellent results are obtained if the diluent medium is prepared from the water and organic compound together with the acid and then the chitosan added.
  • chitosan has a very rigid structure and when it dissolves in acid solution it provides a very viscous product of low concentration of chitosan. In order for chitosan to be soluble at all, it must have a relatively large number of free primary amine groups.
  • the chitosan employed in the present invention is deacetylated chitin and the degree of deacetylation is normally in excess of 50 percent, preferably in excess of 60 percent and more preferably in excess of 70 percent.
  • the molecular weight range of the chitosan employed in the present invention preferably ranges from about 10,000 to over ten million and more preferably from about 10,000 to about 10,000,000.
  • chitosan having a molecular weight of from about 20,000 to about 2,000,000.
  • a one (1) percent by weight solution of the aminopolysaccharide hydrated in cold water preferably yields a solution viscosity from about 5 to about 5,000 centipoise, more preferably from about 5 to 3,000 centipoise, using a Brookfield viscometer model LVT, spindle #2 at 6 rpm.
  • the method can be employed in the preparation of a variety of salt derivatives of chitosan having utility as indicated above.
  • the pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) derivative of chitosan is an effective moisturizing agent, has a low order of irritation and accordingly is useful in skin protective compositions of the present invention.
  • PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
  • such a polymer is prepared by reacting a finely ground slurry of chitosan with PCA in a polar solvent such as aqueous ethanol, or other suitable solvent that will dissolve PCA.
  • Chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate has a large number of other useful applications such as topical medical formulations. While chitosan accelerates healing, the PCA is a built-in. humectant.
  • chitosan salt derivatives may be made by the method of U.S. 4,929,722.
  • This method for preparing chitosan salts is applicable to other organic acids that are soluble in polar organic solvents such as ethanol.
  • glycolic acid in aqueous ethanol can be reacted with chitosan to give the glycolate salt, which is also useful as a protectant or barrier.
  • chitin and chitosan have been reported.
  • these polysaccharides are reportedly useful in accelerating the healing rate of wounds or of any irritation related eruptions that may occur.
  • chitosonium lactate has been used as a burn covering. A solution is sprayed on the burn, forming a covering to protect the injury, while being permeable to oxygen and speeding the healing of the burn.
  • chitosonium lactate may be employed.
  • chitin When free of its naturally associated proteins, chitin is not antigenic to human tissue and may be used on, or inserted under the skin, or placed in contact with body fluids without harm. Chitin in the body is slowly attacked by lysozyme and is absorbed. In addition chitin and chitosan may be safely ingested by humans, for example, common foods such as bread, beer, wine, shrimp, crabs and mushrooms all contain some chitin.
  • Glycosaminoglycans are a class of polysaccharides that occur in the connective tissue of mammals, and include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin. Some of these polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid in particular, have been used successfully for wound healing and tissue regeneration in both humans and laboratory animals. The exact mechanism of tissue regeneration is not known, but oligomeric metabolites of N-acetylglucosamines and glucosamine functionality present in glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid is present in chitin and chitosan, and similar wound healing and tissue regeneration properties have been reported for chitin and chitosan.
  • the skin protective compositions of the present invention can be comprised of chitosonium polymers and covalent chitosan derivatives prepared by known methods.
  • Chitosonium polymers suitable for use in the skin protective compositions and methods of the present invention include salts of chitosan prepared with the following acids:
  • Illustrative chitosonium polymers which can be prepared by the above process include, but are not limited to, chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate, chitosonium itaconate, chitosonium niacinate, chitosonium salicylate, chitosonium lactate, chitosonium formate, chitosonium acetate, chitosonium fumarate, chitosonium gallate, chitosonium glutamate, chitosonium maleate, chitosonium succinamate, chitosonium aspartate, chitosonium glycolate and the like.
  • the aminopolysaccharide(s), which are salts thereof or are cationically charged and topically applied to the skin, are then preferably immobilized to provide a water-resistant film at the application site essentially without diminishing the substantivity of the film and with the added benefit of further enhancing the barrier quality of the aminopolysaccharide with respect to allergenic and toxic agents.
  • the immobilized film is resistant to dissolution in water, perspiration and other aqueous environments.
  • the immobilization is preferably accomplished by applying an anionic compound onto the already topically applied cationically charged aminopolysaccharide(s), thereby creating a complex between the two materials, or by raising the pH thereof to change the aminopolysaccharide salt to its water-insoluble form minus the anionic salt moiety thereof.
  • the preferred cationically charged aminopolysaccharides are the chitosonium polymers which are salts of chitosan.
  • Such chitosonium polymers which include, but are not limited to, chitosonium salicylate, chitosonium lactate and chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate, are soluble in aqueous solutions at pH less than about 5.5. However, the anionic salt moiety is displaced if the pH exceeds about 5.5, and the polymer is changed from soluble chitosonium salt to an insoluble form of chitosan. This insoluble chitosan forms a film which is resistant to dissolution in water. This water-insoluble film may appear to be a gel or a high viscosity solution.
  • a chitosonium polymer-containing composition is applied to the desired topical site.
  • a quantity of an inorganic base for example sodium bicarbonate and sodium borate (borax), (typically in an aqueous solution) sufficient to increase the pH to at least about 5.5 is applied to the site over the applied chitosonium polymer-containing composition.
  • the higher pH causes the formation of the water-insoluble film.
  • the chitosonium polymer-containing composition may further include a compound which will dissociate the anionic moiety from the chitosonium salt to form the insoluble layer at the time the skin protective composition is applied to the skin.
  • a compound which will dissociate the anionic moiety from the chitosonium salt to form the insoluble layer at the time the skin protective composition is applied to the skin For example, an amine carbonate can be incorporated into the skin protective composition containing the chitosonium salt.
  • the pH of this composition typically between about 4.5 and 5.5
  • the pH of the substrate skin pH is about 4.5
  • amines include carbonates of mono-, di- and tri-ethanol amines and related compounds.
  • Immobilized films of this type are "water-proof", as defined by federal authorities in relation to sunscreens. Without the immobilization, a high molecular weight chitosonium salt, i.e., molecular weight greater than about 100,000, as part of a skin protective composition would be considered “water-resistant”, as defined by federal authorities in relation to sunscreens.
  • cationically charged aminopolysaccharides can be rendered water-insoluble by complexing them with an anionically charged compound, preferably a polyanionically charged compound and more preferably a polyanionically charged polymer so as to form a polyion interpolymer complex and effectively crosslinking the aminopolysaccharide which is polycationically charged.
  • an anionically charged compound preferably a polyanionically charged compound and more preferably a polyanionically charged polymer so as to form a polyion interpolymer complex and effectively crosslinking the aminopolysaccharide which is polycationically charged.
  • natural or synthetic polycarboxylic acid salts may be used. These salts are preferably obtained by neutralizing the corresponding polycarboxylic acid with an inorganic base such as borax (sodium borate), sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide.
  • Natural polycarboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, alginic acid and glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans in their free acid and salt form are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,463 and 4,913,743, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Synthetic polycarboxylic acids are preferably polymers including homopolymers, copolymers and graft polymers.
  • the homopolymer is a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated mono-carboxylic acid or an ethylenically unsaturated poly-carboxylic acid or cyclic anhydride thereof.
  • the copolymer may be a copolymer of an ethylenically unsaturated mono-carboxylic acid and/or an ethylenically unsaturated poly-carboxylic acid or cyclic anhydride thereof copolymerized with, optionally, one or more ethylenically unsaturated non-carboxylic acid-containing monomers.
  • the graft polymer is a homopolymer or copolymer of at least one ethylenically unsaturated, non-carboxylic acid-containing monomer to which is grafted an ethylenically unsaturated mono- carboxylic acid or an ethylenically unsaturated poly- carboxylic acid or cyclic anhydride thereof.
  • the homopolymer and copolymer may be the product of polymerizing one or more conjugated-dienes, such as butadiene or isoprene, which may then optionally be selectively hydrogenated leaving a residual amount of ethylenic unsaturation therein at which ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids may be grafted.
  • polymerization and hydrogenation are carried out in solution with a suitable catalyst therefor.
  • the grafting reaction may take place in solution or in the melt, such as in an extruder.
  • Such polymerization, copolymerization and grafting processes and methods are well-known to those skilled in the art, as well as selective hydrogenation. Examples of such materials are disclosed in U. S. Pat. Nos. 3,749,772, 4,374,126 and 4,522,807, the disclosures of which- are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids utilized in the polymers hereof preferably have 2 to about 10 carbon atoms excluding those in the carboxyl and/or cyclic anhydride groups thereof.
  • ethylenically unsaturated mono-carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, and the like.
  • oligomers or polymer sequences of these monomers may be capable of forming a cyclic anhydride which may be utilized to incorporate hydrophobic moieties into the polymer or cationically-charged moieties into the polymer.
  • the ethylenically unsaturated poly-carboxylic acids and cyclic anhydrides thereof are preferably ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and cyclic anhydrides thereof and more preferably alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and cyclic anhydrides thereof.
  • Examples of such ethylenically unsaturated poly- carboxylic acids and cyclic anhydrides thereof include, but are not limited to, maleic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic anhydride, aconitic acid (a tricarboxylic acid), aconitic anhydride, cis-4- cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2- dicarboxylie anhydride, endo-cis-bicyclo (2,2,1)-5-heptene- 2,3- dicarboxylic acid, and endo-cis-bicylco (2,2,1)-5- heptene-2,3- dicarboxylic anhydride.
  • modifiers may be used alone or in combination thereof.
  • maleic acid, fumaric acid and maleic anhydride are particularly preferred, with maleic anhydride most preferred.
  • ethylenically unsaturated non-carboxylic monomers include, but are not limited to, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, vinyl amides, and olefins.
  • vinyl ethers include, but are not limited to, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl dodecyl ether, divinyl ether, and vinyl isopropyl ether.
  • vinyl esters include, but are not limited to, vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, and vinyl laurate.
  • vinyl amides include, but are not limited to, N-vinyl pyrrolidone.
  • olefins examples include, but are not limited to, ethylene, propylene, styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl imidazole, vinyl pyridine and conjugated-dienes, for example, butadiene and isoprene.
  • these copolymers may be block, tapered, random or regularly alternating copolymers. Again such copolymerization processes and methods and resulting polymers are well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • block copolymers are HYPAN (Reg. TM) copolymers available from Kingston Technologies of Dayton, New Jersey, which include block copolymers of acrylic acid and acrylonitrile according to U.S. Patent No. 4,420,589.
  • Examples of such regularly alternating polymers are UCARSET (Reg. TM) polymers available from Union Carbide Co., which include regularly alternating polymers of vinyl methyl ether and maleic anhydride.
  • poly(acrylic acid) polymers are CARBOMER or CARBOPOL (Reg. TM) polymers available from B.F. Goodrich Chemical Group, Cleveland, Ohio.
  • insect repellents such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and UV absorbers or sunscreens such as benzophenone, PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) and esters thereof and substituted PABA, esters of para-methoxycinnamic acid, benzotriazoles and aminophenols.
  • UV absorbers or sunscreens such as benzophenone, PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) and esters thereof and substituted PABA, esters of para-methoxycinnamic acid, benzotriazoles and aminophenols.
  • the aminopolysaccharide(s) have been immobilized prior to their application to thereby enhance the barrier properties of the aminopolysaccharide(s) thereon to such materials.
  • these insect repellents and/or UV absorbers or sunscreens are more preferably incorporated into the immobilizing composition, thereby incorporating them into the substantive film on the skin yet blocked from contacting the skin by the aminopolysaccharide layer of the film. In this manner, these materials are more tightly bound in place and resistant to removal by contact with water and/or perspiration through normal activity.
  • the aminopolysaccharide-containing composition may also contain and be used for the delivery of pharmaceutical or therapeutic actives such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • Such actives may be incorporated in the compositions utilized herein so long as such actives do not detract from the barrier properties of the aminopolysaccharide with respect to the allergenic agent(s), i.e., that the active(s) does not provide the allergenic agent(s) an avenue to the skin or enhance the penetration thereof through the aminopolysaccharide layer to the skin.
  • the same conditions and requirements would apply to penetration and/or delivery enhancers which would be used to aid in the delivery of the active(s).
  • the amount of aminopolysaccharide(s) employed in the skin protective compositions of this invention will vary depending upon the presence or absence of pharmaceutical or therapeutic actives and, if present, the particular pharmaceutical or therapeutic actives, the presence or absence of a diluent, the type of other additives, and the like. In practice, however, it has been found that a concentration of the aminopolysaccharide in the composition can range from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably about 3 to about 8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the skin protective compositions and the immobilization compositions used in this invention in addition to the aminopolysaccharide and the anionic compound, respectively, can contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or vehicles.
  • the aminopolysaccharide(s) and the anionic compound(s) themselves can be about 0.5 to about 30 weight percent of their respective compositions with the remainder being a diluent or vehicle and, optionally, other pharmaceutically acceptable additives.
  • Suitable diluents include among others, water, ethanol, aqueous ethanol, isopropanol, glycerine, dimethylether, carbon dioxide, butane, polyethylene glycol, ethoxylated or propoxylated glucose, sorbitol derivatives, and the like.
  • the inclusion of the aminopolysaccharide(s) in the skin protective compositions of this invention usually avoids the necessity for using ointments, oils and other aesthetically undesirable carriers, in some instances it may be helpful to include such compounds.
  • compositions and immobilization compositions of the invention are readily formulated.
  • Other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients include adjuvant ingredients and humectants such as glycerine, propylene glycol, and sorbitol; preservatives; stearic acid; cetyl alcohol and other high molecular weight alcohols; surfactants and dispersants such as polysorbate 20 and PPG-12-buteth-16; silicone polymers such as dimethicone copolyol; menthol, eucalyptus oil and other essential oils, fragrances, and the like; skin protectants such as allantoin and zinc stearate; auxiliary gellants such as hydroxymethyl cellulose and xanthum gum; to give stable creams, ointments, lotions, aerosols, solutions, may also be included in the respective compositions.
  • adjuvant ingredients and humectants such as glycerine, propylene glycol, and sorbitol
  • preservatives such as stea
  • Carbomer (polyacrylic acid) 0.01-0 .5 (0.1-0.3)
  • Examples 1 through 15 are directed to the preparation of compositions which would be useful as a skin protective composition in the method of the present invention and which have additionally identified utilities. These examples are identified with their other stated utility. Examples 4 and 5 are directed to immobilized aminopolysaccharide films.
  • Examples 16 and 17 are directed to an in vitro assessment made of the barrier properties of the aminopolysaccharide film using chitosonium lactate as the aminopolysaccharide.
  • the allergenic agent utilized was a CARDOLITE (Reg. TM) material, an industrial lubricant which is like urushiol without the hydroxyl moiety at the 2- position.
  • Example 18 is directed to an in vivo test performed to determine the effectiveness of chitosonium lactate when challenged by urushiol on a sample of human subjects in a double-blind fashion.
  • the skin protective compositions used in the examples were prepared using aminopolysaccharides in the form of chitosonium polymers prepared by the acid decrystallization method as well as known derivatives prepared by methods disclosed in the literature. Unless otherwise indicated the solution viscosity of the chitosonium polymers is between about 5 and 5,000 centipoise (cP) at 1% aqueous solution and 20°C, as measured using a Brookfield viscometer model LVT, spindle #2 at 6 rpm.
  • cP centipoise
  • Chitosonium salicylate (1.0 g, prepared as described in example 5 of U.S. Patent No. 4,929,722) was mixed with 78.0 g of distilled water, and heated to 60°C. until all of the polymer had dissolved. Propylene glycol (10.0 g) was added, with stirring at 60°C. Separately, a solution of cetyl alcohol (6.0 g), stearic acid (3.0 g), silicone oil 7002 (1.0 g, from Union Carbide), and TWEEN 20 (1.0 g, from ICI, Inc.) was prepared at 60°C, and while stirring vigorously, this solution was added to the aqueous chitosonium salicylate solution at 60°C.
  • chitosonium salicylate After stirring for five minutes, the agitation was stopped, and the mixture was allowed to cool to give a white skin cream.
  • Chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate (1.0g, prepared as described in Example 3 of U.S. Patent 4,929,722, previously incorporated herein by reference) was dissolved in 78.0 g of distilled water. The solution was heated to 60oC. and 10.0 g of propylene glycol was added with stirring. Separately, a solution of cetyl alcohol (6.0 g), stearic acid (3.0 g), silicone oil 7002 (1.0 g, from Union Carbide), and BRIJ 98 (1.0 g, from ICI, Inc.) was prepared at 60oC. and while vigorously stirring, this solution was added to the aqueous chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate solution at 60°C. After stirring for five minutes, the agitation was stopped, and the mixture was allowed to cool to give a white, moisturizing skin creme, to condition skin and accelerate healing of damaged skin.
  • a solution (50 g) of 0.1% (by weight) commercial, extraction grade sodium hyaluronate was ion-exchanged by stirring with 5 g of AMBERLITE 200 ion exchange resin for
  • the two polymer solutions are mixed in reverse order (chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate added to hyaluronic acid) or the stirring rate is insufficient to give a good mixing, the chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate/hyaluronic acid blend is rendered insoluble and precipitates.
  • a solution of chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate was prepared by dissolving 2.0 g of chitosan (low molecular weight, 1% solution viscosity in 1% aqueous acetic acid of less than 100 cP at 30 rpm) and 1.2 g of 2-pyrrolidone- 5-carboxylic acid in 98 g of sterile water.
  • chitosan low molecular weight, 1% solution viscosity in 1% aqueous acetic acid of less than 100 cP at 30 rpm
  • 2-pyrrolidone- 5-carboxylic acid in 98 g of sterile water.
  • Pat. No. 4,929,722 can be dissolved directly in 98 g of sterile water. The polymer solution was then charged to a plastic pump spray bottle
  • a second solution of sodium alginate (Sigma Chemical Company) was prepared by dissolving 0.33 g of sodium alginate in 99 g of sterile water, and this solution was charged to a second plastic pump spray bottle (B).
  • Clean glass plates heated to 37°C. were used as the substrate to model a typical dermal surface. While warmed at 37°C., solution A was sprayed on and allowed to dry for a few minutes, then solution B was sprayed on and also allowed to dry for a few minutes. A control experiment was conducted in which only solution A was sprayed on the substrate, and solution B was omitted. The plates were then immersed in distilled water at 25oC. and allowed to stand for 30 minutes, to simulate the effect of body fluid on the dressing.
  • anionic polymers such as natural anionic polymers including sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, carrageenan, heparin, and carboxymethylcellulose can be used instead of sodium alginate.
  • a 250 ml, three-necked round bottomed flask was fitted with a stirring paddle and motor, and two rubber serum caps.
  • the flask was charged with 6.0 g of commercial chitosan (ground to pass a 0.5 mm screen) and 60 ml of isopropyl alcohol, and the flask was fitted with a subsurface nitrogen feed (syringe needle) and a mineral oil bubbler as an outlet. Because of the oxidative sensitivity of the product, the reaction and the work-up were conducted under nitrogen, and all dissolved oxygen was removed from all solutions and diluents by purging with nitrogen for 30 minutes or longer.
  • the flask was transferred to a GLOVE-BAG (Reg. TM) (I 2 R), and the polymer was recovered by vacuum-filtration under nitrogen.
  • the polymer was washed under nitrogen once with a solution of 160 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 40 ml of water, and once with 200 ml of isopropyl alcohol.
  • the light tan solid was briefly dried under nitrogen, and a 2% solution of the polymer in deoxygenated water was prepared. Films were cast on tin plates at ambient temperature using this solution: some films were allowed to dry in air, while others were dried under nitrogen.
  • ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (benzocaine) was dissolved in 3.85 g of ethylalcohol and 1.0 g of water. 5.0 g of 2.0% aqueous chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate was added, and after vigorous mixing, a clear, colorless solution was obtained.
  • This lotion is useful in the treatment of sunburns and other minor burns.
  • the benzocaine (1.5%) is a local anesthetic which would alleviate pain and discomfort, and chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate is an excellent humectant which moisturizes the skin.
  • hydrocortisone 0.013 g was dissolved in 4.99 g of ethyl alcohol, and mixed with 5.0 g of 2% aqueous chitosonium pyrrolidone carboxylate, giving a clear, colorless solution.
  • This solution (0.13% hydrocortisone) is useful in the topical treatment of a variety of local inflammatory diseases and pruritus.
  • Substituting 0.015 g of dexamethasone for 0.013 g of hydrocortisone in this formulation yields a clear, colorless solution of 0.15% dexamethasone, a fluorinated steroid, also used in the treatment of topical inflammatory diseases and general inflammation.
  • ibuprofen 0.50 g was dissolved in 4.5 g of ethyl alcohol, and mixed with 5.0 g of 2% chitosonium niacinate in 90:10 water/alcohol, giving a clear, colorless solution
  • This lotion is useful in the treatment of rashes and inflammation due to allergic reactions.
  • This solution (0.225% triamcinolone acetonide) is useful in the topical treatment of a variety of local inflammatory diseases.
  • a covalent chitosan derivative such as aqueous glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride/glycidol modified chitosan as described in European Patent No. 0 115 574 and aqueous glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride/propylene glycol modified chitosan, may be substituted for the aqueous chitosonium polymer thereof.
  • a covalent chitosan derivative such as aqueous glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride/glycidol modified chitosan as described in European Patent No. 0 115 574 and aqueous glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride/propylene glycol modified chitosan, may be substituted for the aqueous chitosonium polymer thereof.
  • These formulations would also be suitable as the protective compositions used in the present invention.
  • a nine(9)-mm inside diameter flat type modified Franz diffusion cell with an open top cap was used for the synthetic skin permeation study. Isopropyl myristate maintained at 25oC. was used as the receptor fluid to simulate the lipid sea in the stratum corneum. A membrane of cellulose acetate/nitrate to simulate human skin was carefully mounted on the top of the cell.
  • CARDOLITE (Reg. TM) NC-511 which is 3-(n-penta-8-decenyl) phenol and is used as a industrial lubricant, is a known allergenic agent and was used herein to model urushiol.
  • a known amount of the CARDOLITE NC-511 phenol (about 50 microliters) was applied onto the membrane surface at the center of the cell covering the entire cell, then the cap thereof was secured in place with a clamp. About two (2) milliliter alliquots of the receptor fluid were drawn at the following time intervals; 1, 2, 5, 7 , 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The withdrawn volume of receptor fluid was replenished with fresh isopropyl myristate to maintain the initial volume.
  • the CARDOLITE NC-511 alkylated phenolic resin in the sample solutions was quantified by capillary GC analysis. The membrane specimen was examined visually to ensure that no leakage occurred during the experiment.
  • the uncoated membrane was used as a control. The foregoing procedure was repeated with coated membranes.
  • the membranes were coated with six different coatings. The thicknesses of the coatings were 8 mils thick prior to drying and about 0.2 mil thick after drying.
  • Membrane A was coated with a 1% aqueous solution of chitosonium lactate and allowed to dry.
  • Membrane B was coated with a 3% aqueous solution of chitosonium lactate and allowed to dry.
  • Membrane C was first coated with a 3% aqueous solution of chitosonium lactate and allowed to dry; and then immobilized with a sodium bicarbonate spray with water as the carrier therefor and also allowed to dry.
  • Membrane D was first coated with a 3% aqueous solution of chitosonium lactate and allowed to dry; and then immobilized with a poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) with a dilute aqueous alcohol mixture ( 90/10 water/ethanol) as the carrier therefor and also allowed to dry.
  • the poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) was obtained by neutralizing a poly(acrylic acid) (CARBOPOL 943P having a molecular weight of greater than three million) with borax.
  • Membrane E was first coated with a 6% aqueous solution of chitosonium lactate and allowed to dry; and then immobilized with a poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) with a dilute aqueous alcohol mixture ( 90/10 water/ethanol) as the carrier therefor and also allowed to dry.
  • This poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) was obtained by neutralizing a poly(acrylic acid) (CARBOPOL 934P) with borax.
  • Membrane F was first coated with a 6% aqueous solution of chitosonium lactate and allowed to dry; and then immobilized with a poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) with a dilute aqueous alcohol mixture ( 90/10 water/ethanol) as the carrier therefor and also allowed to dry.
  • This poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) was obtained by neutralizing a poly(acrylic acid) (CARBOPOL 934P) with sodium hydroxide.
  • the chitosonium lactate utilized in this example had a solution viscosity of about 10-30 centipoise and thus characterized as having a low molecular weight.
  • the results of the permeation study are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1
  • aminopolysaccharide film is an effective barrier to the CARDOLITE material, particularly when the aminopolysaccharide is immobilized.
  • Example 16 the molecular weight of the chitosonium polymer on its barrier properties is investigated.
  • the procedures of Example 16 were repeated using membrane G which like membrane A except that a chitosonium lactate having a solution viscosity of about 100-300 centipoise was used instead.
  • the higher viscosity characterizes this material as having a higher molecular weight than that used in membrane A.
  • Table 2 The results are tabulated in Table 2.
  • an embodiment of the skin protective compositions useful in the method of the present invention was compared to the vehicle thereof as a placebo in a double blind in vivo study.
  • composition X The skin protective composition investigated and utilized for the study was a 6% chitosonium lactate lotion having the composition set out in Table 3.
  • the placebo (composition Y) was the vehicle of composition X.
  • PPG-12-buteth-16 3. 00 3.00
  • a. slurry contains: %w/w
  • the tests were carried out with five (5) subjects known to be very sensitive to poison oak/ivy. These individuals were pretreated on the right and left forearm, in a predetermined randomized fashion, with liberal amounts of the coded materials (compositions X and Y (placebo)) (the code and the randomization sheet were maintained by the technician who made the applications). Four hours later the subjects returned and were tested within the treated sites (outlined by marking ink), with 5 microliters of 3 or 4 dilutions of purified urushiol in acetone (concentrations within the range of 0.25-0.001 mg/ml). These test sites were examined in 2,4,6/7 days and scored on a scale from 0-4 in which:
  • chitosonium lactate as a 6% concentration in a liquid vehicle appeared more effective than the base as a barrier preparation against experimental poison oak/ivy dermatitis in four direct comparisons utilizing 5 subjects and a randomized, double blind in vivo method.
  • the foregoing in vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that the aminopolysaccharides utilized in the compositions and methods of the present invention are effective in the prevention or minimization of allergenic agent contact with the skin.
  • the barrier properties of the aminopolysaccharide either alone or in conjunction with an immobilizer should also be effective in preventing or minimizing contact of toxic agents with the skin.
  • the foregoing in vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that the aminopolysaccharides utilized in the compositions and methods of the present invention are effective in the prevention or minimization of allergenic agent contact with the skin.
  • the barrier properties of the aminopolysaccharide either alone or in conjunction with an immobilizer should also be effective in preventing or minimizing contact of toxic agents with the skin.

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Abstract

Procédé permettant de protéger la peau du contact avec un agent allergène ou un agent toxique et consistant à appliquer sur la peau d'un sujet, avant le contact avec un tel agent allergène ou toxique, une composition protectrice, biocompatible substantielle et filmogène. La composition protectrice comprend au moins un aminopolysaccharide et éventuellement un support ou une base approprié pour celui-ci. Le film formé par au moins un aminopolysaccharide joue le rôle de barrière aux agents allegènes ou toxiques pour prévenir ou au moins réduire leur contact avec la peau. L'aminopolysaccharide en question est sélectionné de préférence dans le groupe consitué de polymères de chitosonium et de dérivés de chitosan covalent. De préférence, le procédé consiste en outre à appliquer une composition d'immobilisation sur la composition protectrice appliquée. La composition d'immobilisation comprend au moins un composé anionique, de préférence un polymère anionique. Ce composé anionique est présent en une quantité efficace pour rendre l'aminopolysaccharide insoluble dans l'eau. De même, la composition d'immobilisation comprend de préférence une base ou support approprié qui peut être le même que celui de la composition protectrice ou il peut être différent. La composition d'immobilisation peut également contenir des agents de répulsion d'insecte et/ou des agents d'absorption des ultraviolets qui peuvent être toxiques et/ou irritants pour la peau. Le film de la composition protectrice empêche ou réduit au minimum leur contact avec la peau.
PCT/US1991/008914 1990-11-30 1991-11-26 Compositions de protection de la peau et procede d'inhibition de l'irritation de la peau WO1992009636A1 (fr)

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO1995033442A1 (fr) * 1994-06-09 1995-12-14 Rachel Ann Quayle Utilisation de polymeres sous forme de materiaux barriere filmogenes
DE4435288A1 (de) * 1994-10-01 1996-04-04 Beiersdorf Ag Dermatologische Zubereitungen gegen Superinfektionen mit einem Gehalt an ethoxylierten und/oder propoxylierten Alkoholen und/oder Carbonsäuren
WO1998026788A1 (fr) * 1996-12-16 1998-06-25 Noviscens Ab Composition medicale et son utilisation pour fabriquer une formulation barriere topique, une formulation absorbant le rayonnement u.v. ou une formulation antivirale, antifongique ou anti-inflammatoire
WO1998051275A1 (fr) * 1997-05-12 1998-11-19 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Produits pour le soin de la peau
WO1999009962A1 (fr) * 1997-08-21 1999-03-04 Reckitt & Colman Products Limited Formation in situ d'un materiau polymere
EP1206931A1 (fr) * 2000-11-15 2002-05-22 ERPHAR Société d'Etudes et de Recherches Pharmaceutiques et Cosmétiques Formulations de chitosane
EP1300164A1 (fr) * 2001-10-08 2003-04-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Articles absorbants pour protection féminine avec des rabats comprenant un polysaccharide gélifiant
DE102004060246A1 (de) * 2004-12-15 2006-07-06 Cognis Ip Management Gmbh Verwendung von Chitosan gegen Juckreiz
FR2910015A1 (fr) * 2006-12-18 2008-06-20 Jean Loic Baratoux "composition a base d'un melange polymere utilisee comme revetement de substrats solides"
FR2915387A1 (fr) * 2007-04-26 2008-10-31 Acallmi Soc Par Actions Simpli Composition cosmetique hydroalcoolique parfumee comprenant un agent filmogene soluble.
WO2009090624A3 (fr) * 2008-01-18 2009-09-11 Gynopharm S.A. Gel de chitosane pour applications dermatologiques, procédé d'obtention et d'utilisation de celui-ci
WO2015126269A1 (fr) 2014-02-19 2015-08-27 Instytut Biochemii I Biofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk Procédé de synthèse d'un dérivé de biopolymère, dérivé de biopolymère et son utilisation
WO2017116908A1 (fr) * 2015-12-28 2017-07-06 Alumend, Llc Compositions et procédés ayant un effet sur l'irritation cutanée
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EP1179337A3 (fr) * 1994-06-09 2003-08-20 Rachel Ann Quayle Utilisation de polymères sous forme de matériaux barrière filmogènes
WO1995033442A1 (fr) * 1994-06-09 1995-12-14 Rachel Ann Quayle Utilisation de polymeres sous forme de materiaux barriere filmogenes
EP1179337A2 (fr) * 1994-06-09 2002-02-13 Rachel Ann Quayle Utilisation de polymères sous forme de matériaux barrière filmogènes
DE4435288A1 (de) * 1994-10-01 1996-04-04 Beiersdorf Ag Dermatologische Zubereitungen gegen Superinfektionen mit einem Gehalt an ethoxylierten und/oder propoxylierten Alkoholen und/oder Carbonsäuren
WO1998026788A1 (fr) * 1996-12-16 1998-06-25 Noviscens Ab Composition medicale et son utilisation pour fabriquer une formulation barriere topique, une formulation absorbant le rayonnement u.v. ou une formulation antivirale, antifongique ou anti-inflammatoire
WO1998051275A1 (fr) * 1997-05-12 1998-11-19 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Produits pour le soin de la peau
US6391294B1 (en) 1997-08-21 2002-05-21 Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (Uk) Limited In situ formation of polymeric material
WO1999009962A1 (fr) * 1997-08-21 1999-03-04 Reckitt & Colman Products Limited Formation in situ d'un materiau polymere
EP1206931A1 (fr) * 2000-11-15 2002-05-22 ERPHAR Société d'Etudes et de Recherches Pharmaceutiques et Cosmétiques Formulations de chitosane
EP1300164A1 (fr) * 2001-10-08 2003-04-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Articles absorbants pour protection féminine avec des rabats comprenant un polysaccharide gélifiant
WO2003030952A1 (fr) * 2001-10-08 2003-04-17 The Procter & Gamble Company Articles absorbants equipes d'ailettes contenant un polysaccharide
US7635797B2 (en) 2001-10-08 2009-12-22 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent articles for feminine protection with gel-forming polysaccharide-comprising wings
DE102004060246A1 (de) * 2004-12-15 2006-07-06 Cognis Ip Management Gmbh Verwendung von Chitosan gegen Juckreiz
FR2910015A1 (fr) * 2006-12-18 2008-06-20 Jean Loic Baratoux "composition a base d'un melange polymere utilisee comme revetement de substrats solides"
FR2915387A1 (fr) * 2007-04-26 2008-10-31 Acallmi Soc Par Actions Simpli Composition cosmetique hydroalcoolique parfumee comprenant un agent filmogene soluble.
WO2009090624A3 (fr) * 2008-01-18 2009-09-11 Gynopharm S.A. Gel de chitosane pour applications dermatologiques, procédé d'obtention et d'utilisation de celui-ci
ES2361459A1 (es) * 2008-01-18 2011-06-17 Gynopharm S.A. Gel de quitosano para aplicaciones dermatológicas, proceso de obtención y uso del mismo.
WO2015126269A1 (fr) 2014-02-19 2015-08-27 Instytut Biochemii I Biofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk Procédé de synthèse d'un dérivé de biopolymère, dérivé de biopolymère et son utilisation
KR20180122324A (ko) * 2015-12-28 2018-11-12 알루멘드, 엘엘씨 피부 자극에 영향을 미치는 조성물 및 방법
US9833469B2 (en) 2015-12-28 2017-12-05 Alumend, Llc Compositions and methods to affect skin irritation
WO2017116908A1 (fr) * 2015-12-28 2017-07-06 Alumend, Llc Compositions et procédés ayant un effet sur l'irritation cutanée
US10245283B2 (en) 2015-12-28 2019-04-02 Alumend, Llc Compositions and methods to affect skin irritation
US10258643B2 (en) 2015-12-28 2019-04-16 Alumend, Llc Compositions and methods to affect skin irritation
US11123362B2 (en) 2015-12-28 2021-09-21 Alumend, Llc Compositions and methods to affect skin irritation
US11135241B2 (en) 2015-12-28 2021-10-05 Alumend, Llc Compositions and methods to affect skin irritation
KR102380636B1 (ko) * 2015-12-28 2022-03-31 알루멘드, 엘엘씨 피부 자극에 영향을 미치는 조성물 및 방법
US11344507B2 (en) 2019-01-08 2022-05-31 Alumend, Llc Topical compositions containing low molecular weight chitosan derivatives

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