WO1992004024A2 - Toxic agent protective compounds, compositions and method - Google Patents
Toxic agent protective compounds, compositions and method Download PDFInfo
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- WO1992004024A2 WO1992004024A2 PCT/GB1991/001462 GB9101462W WO9204024A2 WO 1992004024 A2 WO1992004024 A2 WO 1992004024A2 GB 9101462 W GB9101462 W GB 9101462W WO 9204024 A2 WO9204024 A2 WO 9204024A2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
- A61K31/24—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group having an amino or nitro group
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
- A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
- A61P39/02—Antidotes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
- C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
- C07C323/57—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C323/58—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups with amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
- C07C2601/08—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being saturated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
- C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
Definitions
- the present invention relates to novel and known compounds which possess protective properties against the toxic effects of electrophilic agents upon human and/or animal bodies, and to the use of these compounds for the production of compositions for the protection of such bodies against those electrophiles.
- the compounds and compositions are effective against topically or systemically administered agents which are themselves electrophiles or which are metabolised to produce electrophilic products in the body.
- a particularly advantageous aspect of the present invention lies in the application of these compounds and compositions as protectants against inhaled electrophiles and their metabolic precursors.
- Typical examples of toxic electrophiles include acrolein, formaldehyde, some organofluorine compounds, phosgene, sulphur mustards, bromobenzene, oxygen (in cases of high concentration) and thioureas, but many others will occur to a man skilled in the art.
- An example of where encounter with electrophilic compounds is common is in fire-fighting environments, particularly of fires involving certain types of wood, plastics and furnishings. Such encounters typically lead to a form of pulmonary oedema which is very difficult to treat with present therapeutics.
- nucleophilic compounds will reduce the effects of these compounds and the role of thiols in this process is reasonably well understood.
- the principle endogenous thiol is glutathione which is present in high concentrations in the liver but at much lower concentrations within other organs, in particular in the lung.
- the standard medical treatment is to infuse N-acetyl cysteine in order to reduce the intracellular levels of the toxicant electrophilic metabolites. Problems can arise however because of the toxic properties of the N-acetyl cysteine itself and the limited elevation of intracellular thiol concentration that it evokes.
- the compounds and compositions identified in this invention are of particular interest in so far as they have the ability to raise protective thiol levels in the organs of a human or animal body.
- the present inventors have found that, unexpectedly, the compounds of the invention selectively raise protective reactive thiol levels in the tissues, particularly the lungs, to a considerably greater extent than previously identified compounds; with increases of 5 to 40 fold being routinely obtained in the most affected tissues.
- a particular application of the invention uses the compounds and compositions by way of their preemptive administration to industrial, rescue, recovery or military operatives prior to engaging in operations in an environment where such toxic electrophiles, electrophile producing agents are present, eg: in the atmosphere or on work surfaces, or an environment which is capable of forming the agents within the operatives body (eg. radioactive) .
- Typical examples of these toxic agents which are encountered in industrial or fire-fighting environments include acrolein, hexa -fluoropropene, perfluoroisobutene, phosgene, formaldehyde and various pyrolysis products of plastics, woods and furnishing materials. Where such agents are accompanied by compounds such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide there will of course still be the need to use further protection against these.
- the ability of the compounds of the invention to raise protective thiol levels provides a supplement or, in suitably low electrophile levels or where weakly toxic and/or low concentrations of electrophiles are encountered, a replacement for other protective devices such as respirators and oxygen masks.
- the administration of the compounds is capable of raising such levels over a period of some hours without toxic side effects.
- the use of the invention has application in the field of radio -protectants in so far as the presently identified compounds have higher thiol elevating properties than previously used agents for such purpose.
- radioprotectant function is connected with the elimination of electrophiles produced by exposure to ionizing levels of radiation it will be recognized that the particular property of increasing intracellular thiol is potentially of great significance in the protection of DNA and proteins which are inaccessible by extra -cellular agents but which may be damaged by agents formed in situ.
- the use of the invention still further has medical applications in the therapeutic treatment of patients suffering from poisoning by electrophilic agents or metabolic precursors of these such as the toxicity produced by overdoses of paracetamol whereby toxic electrophilic metabolites are formed.
- electrophilic agents or metabolic precursors of these such as the toxicity produced by overdoses of paracetamol whereby toxic electrophilic metabolites are formed.
- Further examples of such treatable toxicity include cyclophosphamide, bleomycin and oxygen poisoning.
- Administration must be before electrophile formation is complete. It is envisaged that inclusion of compounds of the present invention within dosages of drugs which are metabolic precursors to electrophiles could be used to preempt overdose toxicity situations.
- the present inventors have identified a method, compounds and compositions capable of producing increased levels of intracellular thiols such that incoming or intracellularly generated electrophile is mopped up by reaction therewith thus preventing the initiation of the toxic effect.
- the approach of the invention has a sparing effect on the endogenous levels of glutathione, eg, such as that caused by metabolic feedback, and thus permits other cellular processes to proceed as normal.
- the efficacy of the present invention is particularly increased with regard to use against electrophilic agents or their metabolic precursors in gaseous, vapour, droplet, mist or other airborne form due to it's ability to increase protectant levels to particularly high concentrations in the lungs and blood of operatives so that those intending to carry out operations in such toxicant atmospheres are protected at the point of most susceptibility to attack.
- an internal 'chemical filter' is provided acting as a back-up to any respirator or protective clothing or may even be used instead of these. Such back-up would be potentially life-saving in cases where the respirator or clothing was defective, had become damaged, was badly fitted or became displaced.
- the present invention thus provides a composition for use as a pharmaceutical for the protection of a human or animal body from the toxic effects of an electrophilic agent or an agent that is capable of being metabolised to produce an electrophilic agent in said body, said composition comprising a compound of the Formula I:
- R 1 comprises a group -SH, -S-S-CH--CH-C0-Z or -X-R A ;
- R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H, -COR , or an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or arylalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms or -CF, groups;
- R* and R 5 are independently selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or arylalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more halogen or -CF groups;
- Z is an alkoxy, alkenoxy, aryloxy or arylalkoxy group optionally substituted by one or more halogen or -CF groups, but is not tertiary butyloxy;
- X is -S-S- or -S0-;
- R 1 is -SH or -S-S-CH -CH-CO-Z
- R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H or -CO-R ⁇ and are the same in each half of the molecule.
- alkyl or alkoxy include straight or branched chain aliphatic groups or cycloalkyl and cycloalkoxy groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclopropyloxy, cyclopentyl, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyl, cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyl or similar such groups.
- Preferred groups are of 1 to 20 carbons.
- Examples of compounds for use in the method and compositions of the invention are those where R 1 is -SH, R 2 and R 3 are H and Z is selected from the group methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy, n-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, n-pentyloxy, iso-pentyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, n-heptyloxy, cycloheptyloxy and benzyloxy.
- R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H or an acetyl, n-propionyl, iso-propionyl, n-butyryl, iso-butyryl or sec-butyryl group.
- the lipophilicity of the compounds, and thus their affinity for high lipid tissues may be further increased by incorporation of lipophilic groups such as long chain alkyl groups eg, lauryl (C 12 H 2 _-) groups, as alkyl substituents at R 2 , R 3 and E 1 * and/or as long chain alkoxy groups, eg lauryloxy (C 12 H 2 _0-) at Z.
- lipophilic groups such as long chain alkyl groups eg, lauryl (C 12 H 2 _-) groups, as alkyl substituents at R 2 , R 3 and E 1 * and/or as long chain alkoxy groups, eg lauryloxy (C 12 H 2 _0-) at Z.
- long chain groups typically c from 8 to 20 carbon atoms; 1 to 7 carbon chains may be used otherwise.
- Both L- and D- or mixed chirality LD- forms of the compounds may be used for the compositions and methods of the invention.
- Specific examples of compounds for use in the compositions and method of the invention include alkyl esters of the amino acids cysteine and cystine. It should be noted that cysteine and cystine themselves have toxic properties when distributed in the blood stream and cause liver damage whereas the present compounds do not appear to have such effects.
- the present invention further provides a method of preparation of compositions for the protection or therapy of a human or animal body from the toxic effects of an electrophilic agent or an agent capable of being, or that has been metabolised to form an electrophilic compound in said body comprising the inclusion of a compound of said formula I above.
- compositions may be adapted for parental, oral, topical or aerosol administration.
- compositions comprise liposomes containing the compounds of Formula I and are used for aerosol administration.
- liposome compositions are effectively prepared, for example, by the methods referred to by Meisner et al (J. Microencapsulation, 1989 Vol 6. No. 3. P379-387), Mayer et al (Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 40, 1986 p333-3 ⁇ ) or Debs et al (Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1987. 135, P731-737).
- Use of such aerosol delivered liposomal compositions provides a means of locating the protective compounds of Formula I within a carrier of liposome form in the lungs of a subject where they remain over a longer period than those administered via alternative administration routes.
- Typical liposomal compositions comprise one or more compounds of formula I with a phospholipid, eg. dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, with optional inclusion of cholesterol for reduction of leakage of compound into the plasma.
- Topically administrable compositions will be preferred where skin contact is likely or where precursor contamination has occurred and will advantageously incorporate oils, eg: olive or almond oil, isopropyl palmitate or oleoyl alcohol, preferably in conjunction with lipophilically substituted examples of Formula I.
- oils eg: olive or almond oil, isopropyl palmitate or oleoyl alcohol, preferably in conjunction with lipophilically substituted examples of Formula I.
- Such compositions will have further application in transdermal delivery of compounds of formula I, allowing continuous systemic dosing via the skin.
- the present inventors have determined that, whereas previously used skin protectants which are restricted to the extracellular fluid, eg. thiosulphates, are useful for systemic protection, the compounds identified for the use of the present invention are actively taken up into skin cells.
- present compounds are taken up into the particularly important basal epidermal keratinocytes and cause increase in the levels of intracellular cysteine and in many cases, in due course, glutathione.
- the protective agent is able to exert its effect within the cells before the electrophile can react with intracellular molecules such as DNA and protein.
- the present invention still further provides a method for the preparation of a composition for the treatment of human or animal bodies for electrophilic agent poisoning comprising use of a compound of the Formula I.
- the present invention also provides novel compounds falling within the general Formula I and novel compositions containing those compounds.
- Such novel compounds include all those compounds of formula I where Z is cycloheptyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopropyloxy and all those compounds of formula I where R ⁇ is -S-S-CH--CH-C0-Z.
- the cysteine methyl ester is already available under the trade mark VISCLAIR as a ucolytic agent and as such is available in a form readily administered to the respiratory tract.
- US 3322625 discloses both the methyl and ethyl esters of cysteine as useful for relief of bronchial congestion.
- JP 63280023 discloses use of the ethyl ester as an orally administered antirheumatic drug while GB 1114313 discloses its use as a brochodilator.
- FR 1463761 discloses use of the methyl ester as an antibacterial.
- JP 5912830 discloses use of compounds where X is SO or -S-S- and R ⁇ is alkyl or alkenyl as 'liver health drugs' . None of these documents relate to the ability of the present compounds to provide intracellular protection of tissues, particularly lung tissue, from electrophilic attack.
- Figure 1 Shows the timecourse of plasma total thiol (non protein thiol (NPSH) ) levels on intraperitoneal adminstration of 3 mmol/kg of five compounds of Formula I and the comparative compound cysteine in rats.
- Compounds represented are: isobutyl cysteine (light +) , n-butyl cysteine (upward pointed open triangle) , n-propyl cysteine (downward pointed open triangle), tert-butyl cysteine (heavy +), iso-propyl cysteine (filled circle) and cysteine (filled triangle) . All compounds were administered as hydrochlorides in 0.3% saline. The plots are umol NPSH/ml in plasma versus time in minutes.
- Figures 2A-2B and 3A-3B Show the increase in total thiol levels in the liver, thymus, heart, lung, testis, spleen, kidney, adrenals and blood on administration of 3 * 0 mmol/kg of isopropyl cysteine ester hydrochloride compared to controls administered with just 0.9% saline.
- Cs, Cm and T indicate sing ⁇ le treated control, four dose control and four dose test ester respectively. Injected doses were given at 0 minutes or 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes and the animals were sacrificed at 120 minutes.
- Tissue levels of thiols were measured within 1 hour of exposure using the Ellman method. (Archives Biochem. Biophys. __ ⁇ (1959) P70-77) to determine total thiol levels. Where necessary glutathione and cysteine levels were determined using the monobromobimane method of derivatization of thiols (Kosower et al (I983), Biochem. Biophys. Toxicological and aspects. Ed. A. Larsson et al, Raven Press, New York p243 ⁇ 250) ; Fahey et al (1983) ibid, p251-26 ⁇ .
- Figures 4A-4D Mean increase in NPSH, GSH and Cysteine levels in the lungs of rats injected ip with either A: cysteine (3 mmol kg -1 ), B: N-acetyl cysteine (5 mmol kg “1 ), C: cysteine methyl ester (3 mmol kg “1 ) and D: cystine dimethyl ester (1.5 mmol kg "1 ).
- Open circles indicate non-protein thiol (NPSH)
- filled circles indicate glutathione and triangles indicate cysteine levels.
- Each point is mean for three rats killed at that time point.
- Figure Shows the mean % increase in NPSH levels in plasma of rats injected ip with either cysteine (3 mmol kg “1 ) (filled circles), N acetyl cysteine (5 mmol kg “1 ) (+) ' , cysteine methyl ester (3 mmol kg “1 ) (open triangles) or cystine dimethyl ester (1.5 mmol kg "1 ) (open circles).
- cysteine 3 mmol kg "1 ) (filled circles)
- N acetyl cysteine (5 mmol kg “1 ) (+) '
- cysteine methyl ester (3 mmol kg "1 ) (open triangles)
- cystine dimethyl ester 1.5 mmol kg "1 )
- Figures 6A-6C Show mean levels of cysteine and glutathione in the lungs (A) and livers (B) of four rats injected ip with 3 mmol kg "1 of cysteine isopropyl ester or physiological saline. Saline controls are given in open circles, cysteine in open triangles, cysteine isopropyl ester in closed circles and glutathione in closed triangles.
- Figure 70 gives NPSH levels for plasma with saline controls (open circles) and cysteine isopropyl ester (filled circles) for those same rats.
- Figures 7 to 10 Show the effect of exposing immortalised cultured human basal epidermal keratinocyte cells to 0.5mM cysteine and a number of its esters upon intracellular cysteine (+) and glutathione (open circles).
- the test cysteines and esters are: Figure 7-' cysteine; Figure 8: cysteine methyl ester; Figure ' cysteine isopropyl ester; ( note extra trace for cysteine isopropyl ester given in filled triangles); Figure 10: cysteine n-butyl ester. All axes are intracellular thiol cone (pmoles/ug DNA) versus exposure time in minutes.
- Synthesis of compounds of Formula I The compounds of the present invention are conveniently synthesised from L-, D- or race ic LD- cysteine, cystine or their analogues, the particular analogues depending on the desired product.
- cysteine compounds where Z is an alkoxy, alkenoxy, aryloxy or arylalkoxy group a suitable analogue of cysteine was dissolved in the alcohol corresponding to the desired group Z and the solution was bubbled with dry hydrogen chloride gas and refluxed to produce esterification.
- Z is to be ethoxy
- the cysteine analogue is dissolved in, and thus reacted, with ethanol.
- cysteine ester hydrochlorides Anhydrous hydrogen chloride (25 g) was passed into propan-2-ol (228 ml) . L-cysteine (15 g) was added and the mixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours, the solution was concentrated to half its original volume and the crystalline product was filtered off and recrystallised from propan-2-ol to yield cysteine isopropyl ester hydrochloride (19-5 S : 81% yield) ; melting point 155 ⁇ 156°C) . Identity and purity were confirmed by HPLC and IR spectroscopy.
- esters were also synthesised by analogous technique to that above, with the exception of the tertiary butyl ester which required anhydrous hydrogen chloride to be passed through the refluxing mixture for 5 days.
- L-cysteine n-butyl ester hydrochloride (76 yield, mp 84°C) .
- L-cysteine iso-butyl ester hydrochloride (83% yield, mp 87°C) .
- L-cysteine n-pentyl ester hydrochloride (55% yield, mp 87°C) .
- L-cysteine cyclohexyl ester hydrochloride (75% yield, mp 130°C) .
- L-cysteine tert-butyl ester hydrochloride (78% yield, mp 213-2l4°C) .
- PFIB perfluoroisobutene
- Toxicity testing was carried out by administering doses of various protectant compounds according to Formula I intraperitoneally in 0.9% saline 30 minutes before exposure. Exposure to PFIB was. carried out over 10 minutes followed by observation for 7 days. All protectants of the present invention were administered as hydrochloride salts. Results: results are provided in Table I below. It should be noted that the lack of efficacy of tertiary butyl cysteine is the basis for its ommission from the claims of this document.
- Phosgene a well known industrial and military electrophilic gas producing toxic states in both man and animals was used to demonstrate tne efficacy of compounds of the present invention.
- Example 1 The protocol of Example 1 was used with varying dose of hydrochlorides of the protectant compounds of Formula I to determine the response relationship.
- Rat lung and liver homogenates (5 mg/ml) and plasma (50%) were used in Krebs Ringer Phosphate buffer (ICRP) at pH7.4.
- ICRP Krebs Ringer Phosphate buffer
- Incubates contained 1 mM of selected thiol and hydrolysis rates were determined by HPLC of the monobromobimane derivatives of the parent ester and product. Assays were conducted at 0, 1, 2, 5. 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes, results are expressed per mg weight or per ml of plasma. Estimates of initial rates of hydrolysis are presented in Table IV.
- cysteine gives only a brief increase in glutathione before causing the level of that compound to decrease below normal.
- cysteine isopropryl ester leads to increased glutathione after 3 hours and cysteine n-butyl ester gave a very stable increase in glutathione throughout the exposure period.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU85255/91A AU652183B2 (en) | 1990-08-31 | 1991-08-30 | Toxic agent protective compounds, compositions and method |
GB9300657A GB2262446B (en) | 1990-08-31 | 1991-08-30 | Toxic agent protective cysteine esters |
KR1019930700616A KR930701995A (en) | 1990-08-31 | 1993-02-27 | Toxic agent protective compound, composition and manufacturing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB9018994.5 | 1990-08-31 | ||
GB909018994A GB9018994D0 (en) | 1990-08-31 | 1990-08-31 | Toxic agent protective compounds |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1992004024A2 true WO1992004024A2 (en) | 1992-03-19 |
WO1992004024A3 WO1992004024A3 (en) | 1992-05-14 |
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PCT/GB1991/001462 WO1992004024A2 (en) | 1990-08-31 | 1991-08-30 | Toxic agent protective compounds, compositions and method |
Country Status (7)
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EP (1) | EP0546063A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06500113A (en) |
KR (1) | KR930701995A (en) |
AU (1) | AU652183B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2089158A1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB9018994D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992004024A2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998055135A1 (en) * | 1997-06-07 | 1998-12-10 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Protective compositions |
WO2007042287A2 (en) * | 2005-10-14 | 2007-04-19 | Thomas Frank Hofmann & Andreas Dunkel | Onion flavour compounds and use |
WO2016115245A1 (en) * | 2015-01-13 | 2016-07-21 | Case Western Reserve University | Compositions and methods for stimulating ventilatory and/or respiratory drive |
US10881633B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 | 2021-01-05 | Case Western Reserve University | Compositions and methods for stimulating ventilatory and/or respiratory drive |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS49135942A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1974-12-27 |
Family Cites Families (6)
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GB1114313A (en) * | 1964-11-19 | 1968-05-22 | Wyeth John & Brother Ltd | Pharmaceutical compositions |
JPS4538714B1 (en) * | 1969-02-21 | 1970-12-07 | ||
JPS499598A (en) * | 1972-05-24 | 1974-01-28 | ||
JPS5829303B2 (en) * | 1972-08-21 | 1983-06-22 | ウェルファイド株式会社 | Cysteine availability |
JPH0713011B2 (en) * | 1985-09-13 | 1995-02-15 | 理研化学工業株式会社 | Liver disease treatment agent |
IL98310A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1996-08-04 | Astra Ab | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising cystine derivatives |
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1990
- 1990-08-31 GB GB909018994A patent/GB9018994D0/en active Pending
-
1991
- 1991-08-30 GB GB9300657A patent/GB2262446B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-08-30 EP EP91916323A patent/EP0546063A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-08-30 WO PCT/GB1991/001462 patent/WO1992004024A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-08-30 CA CA002089158A patent/CA2089158A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-08-30 AU AU85255/91A patent/AU652183B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-08-30 JP JP3515492A patent/JPH06500113A/en active Pending
-
1993
- 1993-02-27 KR KR1019930700616A patent/KR930701995A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS49135942A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1974-12-27 |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
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Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 27, no. 24, 1978, P. MOLDEUS: "Paracetamol metabolism and toxicity in isolated hepatocytes from rat and mouse", pages 2859-2863, see entire document * |
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 20, no. 4, April 1972, S. AKABOSHI et al.: "Radiation protection by oral administration of L-cysteine ethyl ester hydrochloride in mice", pages 721-724, see entire document * |
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 82, no. 23, 9 June 1975, (Columbus, Ohio, US), see page 652, abstract no. 156722r, & JP,A,74135942 (YOSHITOMI PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD) 27 December 1974, see the abstract * |
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 82, no. 9, 3 March 1975, (Columbus, Ohio, US), see abstract no. 58109b, & JP,A,7495958 (YOSHITOMI PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD) 11 September 1974, see the abstract * |
Folia Pharmacol. Japon, vol. 82, no. 1, K. GOTO et al: "Cysteine ethylester hydrochloride (Cystanin), pages 27-35, see the English abstract * |
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Also Published As
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CA2089158A1 (en) | 1992-03-01 |
GB9018994D0 (en) | 1990-10-17 |
GB2262446B (en) | 1995-03-15 |
AU652183B2 (en) | 1994-08-18 |
WO1992004024A3 (en) | 1992-05-14 |
JPH06500113A (en) | 1994-01-06 |
KR930701995A (en) | 1993-09-08 |
EP0546063A1 (en) | 1993-06-16 |
GB2262446A (en) | 1993-06-23 |
AU8525591A (en) | 1992-03-30 |
GB9300657D0 (en) | 1993-04-14 |
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