WO1992003869A1 - Appareil a unite de stockage de puissance electrique rechargeable utilise dans un systeme de transport electrique - Google Patents

Appareil a unite de stockage de puissance electrique rechargeable utilise dans un systeme de transport electrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992003869A1
WO1992003869A1 PCT/US1991/005712 US9105712W WO9203869A1 WO 1992003869 A1 WO1992003869 A1 WO 1992003869A1 US 9105712 W US9105712 W US 9105712W WO 9203869 A1 WO9203869 A1 WO 9203869A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
storage medium
power storage
discharged
air
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/005712
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Arnold J. Goldman
Eitan Rivlin
Shmuel Klapwald
Original Assignee
Luz Electric Fuel Israel Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Luz Electric Fuel Israel Ltd. filed Critical Luz Electric Fuel Israel Ltd.
Publication of WO1992003869A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992003869A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M12/04—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type
    • H01M12/06—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
    • H01M12/065—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode with plate-like electrodes or stacks of plate-like electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/66—Arrangements of batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/53—Batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
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    • B60L53/64—Optimising energy costs, e.g. responding to electricity rates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/80—Exchanging energy storage elements, e.g. removable batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L55/00—Arrangements for supplying energy stored within a vehicle to a power network, i.e. vehicle-to-grid [V2G] arrangements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
    • H01M10/6567—Liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/70—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte
    • H01M50/77—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte with external circulating path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/30—AC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/10—Vehicle control parameters
    • B60L2240/34—Cabin temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/63—Control systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/6595—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by chemical reactions other than electrochemical reactions of the cells, e.g. catalytic heaters or burners
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/024—Insertable electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
    • Y04S10/126—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]
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    • Y04S30/14—Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrical energy systems generally and more particularly to electrical energy systems incorporating electric vehicles.
  • the present invention seeks to provide improved, rechargeable, electrical power storage apparatus including apparatus for efficiently recharging the storage apparatus.
  • a further aim of the present invention is to provide an electrically powered vehicle utilizing the improved rechargeable power storage apparatus of the invention.
  • rechargeable electrical power storage apparatus including an electrical power storage unit having one or more rechargeable electrical cells containing a rechargeable electrical power storage medium, the storage medium being relatively more flowable when in a charged state and relatively less flowable when in a discharged state; apparatus for converting the discharged storage medium from a relatively less flowable form to a relatively more flowable form; and apparatus for removing the discharged storage medium in its relatively more flowable form from each cell.
  • an electrical transport system including an electrically powered vehicle having vehicle drive apparatus; rechargeable electrical power storage apparatus electrically coupled to the vehicle drive apparatus, and including one or more rechargeable electrical cells containing a rechargeable electrical power storage medium, the storage medium being relatively more flowable when in a charged state and relatively less flowable when in a discharged state; apparatus for converting the discharged storage medium into a relatively more flowable form; and apparatus for removing the discharged
  • an electrical energy system including an electric utility having electricity generation apparatus and distribution lines; a plurality of electric vehicles, each having vehicle drive apparatus; a rechargeable electrical power storage unit electrically coupled to the vehicle drive apparatus, and including one or more rechargeable electrical cells containing a rechargeable electrical power storage medium, the storage medium being relatively more flowable when in a charged state and relatively less flowable when in a discharged state; apparatus for converting the discharged storage medium into a relatively more flowable form; apparatus for removing the discharged storage medium in its relatively more flowable form from each cell; and electric power storage apparatus receiving electrical power from the electric utility and supplying electrical power to each rechargeable electrical power storage unit and to the electric utility when required.
  • the apparatus for converting includes apparatus for directing jets of a liquid at the discharged storage medium contained in each cell, thereby causing disintegration of the discharged storage medium into particles, thereby resulting in a particle/liquid suspension.
  • the apparatus for removing includes apparatus for pumping the particle/liquid suspension from each cell.
  • the apparatus for pumping is operatively associated with a supply of charged power storage medium so as to supply a predetermined volume of the charged power storage medium to each cell.
  • each cell is a metal/air cell
  • the power storage medium is a metal/air slurry
  • the electrical power storage unit also includes an air conduit system for permitting air flow in operative association with each cell.
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET Additionally in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, there is also provided apparatus for selectably circulating an inert, non-reactive gas, e.g. nitrogen, around each cell so as to prevent the supply of air thereto, thereby preventing electrochemical activity of the electrical power storage unit.
  • an inert, non-reactive gas e.g. nitrogen
  • a method of recharging a rechargeable electrical power storage unit having one or more electrical power storage cells, each containing a rechargeable electrical power storage medium which is relatively more flowable when in a charged state and relatively less flowable when in a discharged state including the steps of converting the discharged storage medium into a relatively more flowable form; removing the discharged storage medium in its relatively more flowable form from each cell; and supplying charged storage medium to each cell.
  • the step of converting includes the step of directing jets of a liquid at the discharged storage medium contained in each cell so as to cause disintegration of the discharged storage medium into particles, thereby resulting in a particle/liquid suspension.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustration of an electrical energy system constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of the system of Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of an electric vehicle battery recharging subsystem forming part of the system of Figs. 1 and 2;
  • Fig. 4 is a pictorial block diagram of an electrolyte regeneration facility forming part of the system of Figs. 1 and 2;
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET Fig. 5 is a flow-chart of the operation of the regeneration facility of Fig. 4;
  • Figs. 6 and 7 are general schematic illustrations of two types of electric vehicle useful in the system of Figs. 1 and 2;
  • Figs. 8A, 8B and 8C are respective side, top and end view schematic illustrations of the vehicle of Fig. 7, illustrating the general location of major operating systems therein;
  • Fig. 9 is a partially cut away illustration of the installation of a zinc-air battery in a vehicle of the type illustrated in Fig. 6;
  • Figs. 10 and 11 are illustrations of two variations of a zinc-air battery suitable for use in electric vehicles
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic illustration of a thermal management subsystem useful in the vehicles of Figs. 6 and 7;
  • Fig. 13 is a pictorial illustration of a multi-cell metering pump assembly useful in the system of Figs. 1 and 2;
  • Fig. 14 is an exploded view illustration of an zinc- air battery cell useful in the present invention.
  • Fig. 15 is a partial sectional illustration of the assembly of the battery cell of Fig. 14;
  • Fig. 16 is a pictorial illustration of the battery cell of Fig. 14;
  • Fig. 17 is an exploded view illustration of assembly of the battery cell of Fig. 14;
  • Fig. 18 is a pictorial illustration of a zinc air utility storage battery useful in the system of Figs. 1 and 2;
  • Fig. 19 is a schematic illustration of the connection of the battery of Fig. 18 in its operating environment
  • Fig. 20 is a block diagram illustrating the principal functional components of the battery of Fig. 19;
  • Figs. 21 and 22 are flow chart illustrations of power station utility battery charging and discharging functions respectively;
  • Fig. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a zinc-air battery cell constructed according to an alternative embodiment of the invention.
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET Fig. 24 is a schematic illustration of the current collector employed in the battery cell of Fig. 23;
  • Figs. 25A - 25D are schematic illustrations of stages in the replacement of discharged slurry with charged slurry; * Fig. 26 is a flow chart illustration of the slurry replacement process depicted pictorially in Figs. 25A - 25D;
  • Fig. 27 is sectional illustration depicting the cleaning of discharged slurry from an array of central current collectors, taken in the direction of line 27-27 in Fig. 25C;
  • Figs. 28A and 28B are respective side and cut-away plan view illustrations of a typical electric vehicle employing rechargeable, electrical power storage apparatus constructed and operative according to a further embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 29 is an isometric view of a portion of the power storage apparatus employed in the vehicle of Figs. 28A and 28B;
  • Fig. 30 is an enlarged isometric view of the slurry/liquid main conduits depicted in Fig. 29;
  • Fig. 31 is a schematic cut-away view of a single zinc/air cell of the power storage apparatus of Fig. 29;
  • Fig. 32 is a sectional illustration of a portion of the cell of Fig. 31 taken along line 32-32 therein.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates in generalized block diagram form an electrical system constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention and including an electrical utility having electricity generation apparatus and distribution lines, a plurality of electric vehicles and electric power storage apparatus receiving electrical power from the electric utility and supplying electrical power to the plurality of electric vehicles and to the electric utility when required.
  • FIG. 1 Illustrated in Fig. 1 is an AC transmission line 10 which is arranged for power transfer via a power conversion unit 12 with a storage battery bank 14 and with a bank of electrolytic cells 16.
  • the electrolytic cells 16 are operative to electrically charge an energy storage slurry, such as a mixture of zinc granules and alkaline potassium hydroxide solution, thereby storing energy therein.
  • discharged slurry is stored in a discharged slurry storage facility 18 and supplied to electrolytic cells 16 via suitable pumps (not shown) .
  • the charged slurry is received in a facility 20 and then stored in storage battery 14 or supplied to electric vehicles 22.
  • Discharged slurry is received at facility 18 from the electric vehicles 22 and from storage battery 14.
  • the storage battery 14 provides, when necessary or economical, electrical power to transmission line 10 via conversion unit 12.
  • the present invention through the synergistic combination of two disparate activities, utility energy storage and electric vehicle operation, each of which is presently uneconomical, provides economical electrical utility off-peak power storage, surge protection, on-peak and super-peak demand power supply, spinning reserve and electric vehicle system.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the system of Fig. 1 in greater detail.
  • the AC utility transmission line here indicated by reference numeral 30, is coupled via a transformer 32 to a power line conditioner 34 which includes high capacity AC to DC and DC to AC converters.
  • Reactive and other line control apparatus 36 such as peak switching in detectors may be associated with the power line conditioner 34.
  • a DC output of conditioner 34 may be supplied via a slurry reconditioning control circuitry 38 to a slurry reconditioning facility 40.
  • the DC output of conditioner 34 may also be supplied via a charge control unit 42 to a bank of lead acid batteries 44.
  • Slurry reconditioning facility 40 is operative to provide charged slurry, via slurry pumping apparatus 46 to an electric vehicle refueling station 48, for supply to electric vehicles.
  • Facility 40 is also operative to supply charged slurry via slurry pumping apparatus 46 to a zinc air battery 50.
  • Charged slurry from facility 40 may also be stored in a charged slurry storage tank 52.
  • Discharged slurry removed from electric vehicles is supplied from electric vehicle refueling station 48 to a discharged slurry storage tank 54 and is supplied at appropriate
  • Electrical power may be drawn from battery 50 when needed, and supplied via discharge control circuitry 56, power line conditioner 34 and transformer 32 to the utility via power line 30. Normally power is supplied to the utility from battery 50 at times of peak power consumption.
  • Electrical power may be drawn from battery 44 when needed, and supplied via discharge control circuitry 58, power line conditioner 34 and transformer 32 to the utility via power line 30.
  • discharge control circuitry 58 power line conditioner 34 and transformer 32 to the utility via power line 30.
  • power line conditioner 34 Normally power transfers between battery 44 and utility power line 30 take place in order to balance the impedance of the power line 30, to absorb short term peaks and shortfalls, typically having a time constant of less than one-half hour.
  • Fig. 3 is a pictorial illustration of an electric vehicle refueling station, such as station 48 (Fig. 2).
  • the refueling station includes a plurality of drain units 60 which are operative to remove discharged slurry from electric vehicles 62.
  • the discharged slurry is supplied to discharged slurry storage tank 54 (Fig. 2).
  • Automatic moving platforms 64 are preferably provided for moving the electric vehicles 62 from the drain units 60 to charged slurry supply units 66, which supply charged slurry from charged slurry storage tank 52 to the electric vehicles 62.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates electrolytic reprocessing subsystem, which is indicated generally by reference numeral 16 in Fig. 1.
  • Discharged slurry here of the composition: unreacted zinc granules, zinc oxide and alkaline potassium hydroxide solution, stored in tanks 74, is supplied to a bank of electrolytic baths 78, such as modified alkaline zinc plating baths with scrapers for periodically removing zinc deposits thereon.
  • Baths 78 receive an electrical input from power conversion unit 12 (Fig. 1) .
  • Freshly generated zinc mixed with alkaline potassium hydroxide solution is pumped from electrolytic baths 78 to a zinc treatment facility 80, such as a classifier for particle sizing, which provides a purified zinc output to a storage tank
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET 82 KOH is received from electrolytic baths 78 and is supplied to a holding tank 84. The contents of tanks 82 and 84 are supplied to a formulation tank 86 in which they are combined to provide a recharged slurry. The recharged slurry is stored in a storage tank 88.
  • a reformulation facility such as tank 84 (Fig. 4) in which KOH and other additives are added to the zinc to provide a regenerated slurry which is stored as in tank 88 (Fig. 4) .
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a typical electric car, including a zinc air battery 100.
  • the zinc-air battery 100 is typically located centrally along the longitudinal axis of the car and is mounted on frame rails 102. Provision is made for distilled water dropping tubes 104 and a scrubbed air flow channel 106 within an air tight enclosure 108, which surrounds the battery cells 110. Enclosure 108 is typically covered by thermal and acoustic insulation 112.
  • the structure of the battery and its function may be based on known principles and designs which are set forth, inter alia in the references cited in the Background of the Invention section hereinabove, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Figs. 7, 8A, 8B and 8C illustrate the general configuration of an electric driven van useful in the present invention.
  • the van is provided with two zinc-air battery banks 120 and 122 on opposite sides of the body.
  • An auxiliary lead-acid battery 124 is preferably provided in addition.
  • a power swi filing system 126 governs the supply of power to and from the various batteries.
  • Figs. 8A, 8B and 8C also illustrate preferred locations of a 12 volt vehicle utility battery 128, a traction
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET motor and drive 130 a cabin heater 132, and a DMS (Driving Management System) 134.
  • DMS Driving Management System
  • Fig. 10 illustrates one embodiment of zinc-air battery suitable for powering an electric vehicle.
  • the battery includes a multiplicity of cells 140 which are arranged in association with a slurry filling port 142, a slurry drain port 144 as well as coolant inlets and outlets 146 and 148 respectively and treated air inlets and outlets 150 and 152 respectively.
  • FIG. 11 An alternative battery configuration is illustrated in Fig. 11 and includes a multiplicity of cells 160 which are arranged in association with a slurry filling port 162, a slurry drain port 164 as well as coolant inlets and outlets 166 and 168 respectively and treated air inlets and outlets 170 and 172 respectively.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates a thermal management arrangement for an electric vehicle battery of the type illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11.
  • the battery is indicated by reference numeral 180.
  • a coolant passes therethrough as indicated in solid lines.
  • Temperature sensors 182 and 184 are located respectively at the coolant inlets and outlets to the battery 180.
  • Heated coolant from the battery 180 is supplied via a circulating pump assembly 186 via a cabin heating system 188, for heating of the vehicle cabin as necessary and via a radiator assembly 190 for cooling of the coolant.
  • Operation of the entire system is governed by a suitable battery thermal control units, which receives inputs from temperature sensors 182 and 184 as well as from a temperature sensor 196 associated with the cabin heating system 188 and provides control outputs to cabin heat system fan motor 198 and radiator fan motor 200 as well as control inputs to the fuel heater 194, pump 186, and a cabin heating system input valve 202 and a radiator input valve 204.
  • a suitable battery thermal control units which receives inputs from temperature sensors 182 and 184 as well as from a temperature sensor 196 associated with the cabin heating system 188 and provides control outputs to cabin heat system fan motor 198 and radiator fan motor 200 as well as control inputs to the fuel heater 194, pump 186, and a cabin heating system input valve 202 and a radiator input valve 204.
  • Fig. 13 illustrates a typical arrangement for metering the supply and drain of slurry in a battery unit.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 13 includes a recharged slurry tank 206, which outputs into a manifold 212 having a plurality of outlets 214, each of which is supplied with a non-return valve 216 and communicates with a battery cell
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET 218 Draining of slurry from the battery cells 218 takes place via an outlet manifold arrangement 220 including non-return valves 222 for each cell.
  • a common drain conduit 224 is provided for removal of discharged slurry.
  • each cell includes a plastic frame 250, a current collector 252, typically formed of nickel mesh, an air electrode 254, typically formed -*f a wet-proofed, catalyzed carbon layer formed on the nickel mesn, a separator 256, typically formed of nonwoven porous nylon, a plastic frame 258, a central current collector 260, typically formed of nickel plated copper, a plastic frame 262, a separator 264, typically formed of nonwoven porous nylon, an air electrode 266, typically formed of a wet-proofed, catalyzed carbon layer bonded to nickel mesh, a current collector 268 typically formed of nickel mesh, and a plastic frame 270, typically formed of polypropylene.
  • Fig. 15 illustrates a section of an individual cell taken through its narrowest dimension.
  • Fig. 16 illustrates such a cell in a partially cut away illustration, and
  • Fig. 17 shows a cell assembly in exploded view.
  • Figs. 18, 19 and 20 illustrate the general configuration of a zinc-air utility storage battery.
  • the battery comprises a multiplicity of cells 300, each containing, inter alia an air electrode 301 and a current collector 303, connected in series. Air is supplied from the outside atmosphere by a blower 302 via a C0 2 scrubber 304.
  • Thermal management apparatus 308 is provided as is a water humidifier 310. Apparatus 308 is operative to ensure optimum operating temperatures for the battery irrespective of the local ambient temperature and deals with parasitic heat generated by the battery during discharge. Humidifier 310 is operative to control the humidity of the incoming air to. the battery and prevents slurry dry-out.
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET charging and discharging operations AC line power is supplied via a transformer 320, rectifier 322 and control unit 324 to the battery.
  • power from the battery 300 is supplied via control unit 324, AC converting unit 336 and transformer 320 to the AC line.
  • Figs. 23 - 26 in which there are illustrated a battery cell construction and apparatus for replacing discharged slurry therein with charged slurry, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art, that discharged slurry has a much greater viscosity than charged slurry, and that it may, therefore, be useful to provide a direct mechanical method of removing discharged slurry from a battery cell, wherein the effectiveness of the method is not significantly influenced by the viscosity of the slurry.
  • rechargeable multicell battery is intended for installation, inter alia, in battery banks 120 and 122 (Figs. 7 - 8B) of an electrically powered vehicle.
  • Battery cell 400 includes a pair of plastic frame members 402 typically formed of polypropylene, each supporting an outer electrode unit 404 substantially as described and shown in conjunction with Fig. 14. Accordingly, each unit 404 includes an outer current collector typically formed of nickel mesh; an air electrode, typically formed of a wet-proofed, catalyzed carbon layer bonded to nickel mesh; a porous separator, typically formed of nonwoven porous nylon; and a plastic frame.
  • a central current collector 406 is also provided.
  • a cover or base portion 408 located at a bottom end of the central current collector 406, and a slurry removal.element 410 located at a top end of the central current collector.
  • a cover or base portion 408 located at a bottom end of the central current collector 406, and a slurry removal.element 410 located at a top end of the central current collector.
  • the slurry contained within an interior storage space 411 of cell 400 is confined between the outer electrode units
  • removal element 410 is a relatively rigid flange member attached to the top end of central current collector 406 such that when the central current collector is removed from the cell 400, element 410 is operative to directly engage and thus displace the bulk of the slurry contained within space 411 to the exterior. It will thus be appreciated that the slurry removal apparatus of the present embodiment is equally effective with a relatively viscous slurry as with a non-viscous slurry.
  • a first stage is to remove the central current collector 406 of each of the cells via its base portion 408.
  • the base portions 408 of each of the individual cells are joined or integrally formed so as to constitute a single base member, thereby facilitating the removal of all of the central current collectors simultaneously.
  • base portions 408 of the respective central collectors 406 are secured via first reversible actuator means 417 to a platform element 416.
  • the platform element 416 is mounted onto second reversible actuator means 418, thereby permitting removal of the central current collector from each of a plurality of the battery cells simultaneously.
  • removal of the central current collectors is operative to cause emptying of each of the individual cells of the discharged slurry contained therein as it is engaged and displaced by removal element 410. This is indicated schematically by arrows 405.
  • jets 415 of a fluid are directed between the current collectors so as to flush the slurry therefrom.
  • Fluid jets may also be directed upward into the cells 400 so as to wash any residual discharged slurry therefrom. The removed discharged slurry is conveyed away for reconditioning as described hereinabove.
  • a platform element 416 supports a plurality of central current collectors 406, as shown, and has mounted thereon a plurality of baths 424. Platform element 416 is typically positioned on the floor of a housing 422 via second reversible actuator means 418.
  • the baths 424 are filled with a volume of charged slurry 426 approximately corresponding to the volume of slurry required to fill associated cells 400.
  • second actuator means 418 are operated so as to displace the platform element 420 upwardly toward the cells 400, until sealing gaskets 427 located on the edges of baths 424 engage a lower surface 425 of the battery bank so as to define a seal therewith.
  • first actuator means 417 are operated so as to displace central current collectors 406 towards cells 400. As the central current collectors are displaced toward the cells, each base portion 408, which is submerged in a volume of charged slurry, applies a generally upward pressure on the charged slurry.
  • sealing means 419 so as to prevent leakage of slurry from cells 400 once the central current collectors 406 have been replaced therein.
  • Suitable sealing means may be rubber gaskets, such as 0-rings.
  • FIG. 28A and 28B in which there is illustrated a typical electric vehicle, referenced generally 500, employing rechargeable electrical power storage
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET apparatus indicated generally at 502, operative and constructed in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the present apparatus employs a multi-cell zinc/air battery, generally as shown and described above in conjunction with Figs. 9 - 11. It has been found that although charged zinc/air slurry has a generally liquid form, once the slurry becomes discharged, it may become very viscous so as to become virtually non-flowable. Accordingly, the present embodiment of the invention provides apparatus for causing disintegration of the virtually non-flowable discharged slurry, thereby converting it into a relatively more flowable form, so as to ease the removal thereof by pumping.
  • power storage apparatus 502 includes a multi-cell zinc/air battery 504, as described above, employing a plurality of cells 506, whose structure is generally as shown and described above in conjunction with Fig. 14, except that the central current collector 508 of the present embodiment, is configured, as illustrated in Fig. 32, so as to define first and second conduits, respectively referenced 510 and 512 (Figs. 31 and 32) .
  • Each cell 506 has terminals 507 and
  • Cells 506 (Figs. 29 and 31) . Cells 506 are enclosed within a housing
  • Each first conduit 510 has a plurality of liquid outlet ports 514 (Fig. 32) through which a liquid, typically water, may be supplied to the interior space 4 9 of each cell 506 (Fig. 32) .
  • Each first conduit 510 communicates with an associated liquid inlet port 516 (Figs. 29 and 31) , which is connected, via a manifold 517, to a main liquid supply conduit 518 (Figs. 29 and 30) .
  • the supply of liquid to the interior space 499 of each cell 506 is described below in greater detail.
  • Second liquid conduit 512 has typically a pair of first slurry ports 520 (Fig. 31) communicating with the interior of an associated cell, and is connected to a second slurry port 522 (Figs. 29 and 31) .
  • Each second slurr' port 522 is associated with a main slurry conduit 524 (Figs. 2. ⁇ nd 30) , via one of a plurality of intermediate slurry conduits 526, thereby
  • SUBSTITUTESHEET facilitating the supply of charged slurry to cells 506 and the removal of discharged slurry therefrom.
  • a first step in the process is to halt electrochemical activity within the hitherto electrochemically active battery 504.
  • this is done by supplying an inert, non-reactive gas, e.g. nitrogen, from an external source 550 (Fig. 28B) such as a suitable gas or storage tank via a gas supply line 528 (Fig. 28B) , to the air circulation system of the battery 504.
  • the air circulation system of the battery is not illustrated herein in detail, but is typically similar to the air circulation system shown and described above in conjunction with Figs. 9 - 11.
  • the described supply of the inert gas starves the battery cells 506 of air so as to halt electrochemical activity in the battery, thereby preventing electrical short-circuiting during the replacement of the discharged slurry, described below.
  • a container 530 (Fig. 28B) of the inert, non-reactive gas from which gas may be supplied automatically to the air conduit system of the battery so as to halt electrochemical activity thereof, upon the occurrence of a breakdown in the operation of the vehicle 500. This is shown schematically by arrow 552 (Fig. 28B) .
  • a preferred flushing liquid typically water or KOH
  • a liquid supply line 532 (Fig. 28B)
  • main liquid supply conduit 518 manifold 517
  • liquid inlet ports 516 and first conduits 510
  • exiting through liquid outlet ports 514 (Fig. 32) in the form of liquid jets of a predetermined configuration.
  • the liquid jets are operative to cause mechanical disintegration of the discharged slurry in the cells. Particles of the disintegrated slurry thus become suspended in the flushing liquid, so that when a pressure differential is applied across the cells, as by any suitable pumping means 515 (Fig. 28B) , suction removal of the particle/liquid mixture occurs.
  • the particle/liquid mixture is removed from the cells via first slurry ports 520, second conduits 512, second slurry ports 522, intermediate slurry conduits 526 and main slurry conduit 524.
  • the flushing liquid is supplied in the form of a pulsed flow so as to more rapidly disintegrate the discharged slurry.
  • the discharged slurry is removed from battery 504 via a slurry outlet line 534 (Fig. 28B) and is then sent for reconditioning as described above.
  • liquid is supplied at a very low volumetric flow rate to the interior of the cells from a container 536 (Figs. 28A and 28B) via first conduits 510, so as to prevent the slurry in the cells from drying out.
  • the empty battery cells 506 are filled with charged slurry supplied, for example, from fill in unit 66 (Fig. 3) .
  • the charged slurry is provided via a slurry supply line 538 (Fig. 28B) , main slurry conduit 524, intermediate slurry conduits 526, second slurry ports 522, second conduits 512. and first slurry port ⁇ 520.
  • main slurry conduit 524 defines multiple helical grooves 525. It will be appreciated that the helical grooves 525 assist in the flow of flushing liquid in which discharged slurry particles are suspended and in the flow of
  • main conduit 524 is flushed with a liquid supplied via slurry supply line 538 (Fig. 28B) so as to clean traces of slurry from main conduit 524.
  • inert, non-reactive gas is passed through the main conduit so as to dry it, and finally, the main conduit is closed by suitable valve means so as to entrap therein a volume of the inert gas, thereby providing a safeguard against electrical short-circuiting between battery cells 506.
  • vehicle 500 typically also includes an air filter 540, a C0 2 scrubber 542, air inlet 544 and air outlet 548 communicating with the air conduit system of the battery.
  • Air filter 540, C0 2 scrubber 542 and air conduits 544 facilitate the supply of air to battery 504, substantially as described above in relation to the embodiments of Figs. 6, 18, 19 and 20.
  • vehicle control systems including a computerized electric motor controller 546, an electrical connection box 548 and an electrical cable 550 connecting between battery 504 and controller 546.

Abstract

Appareil de stockage de puissance électrique rechargeable comprenant une unité de stockage de puissance électrique (14) comportant une ou plusieurs cellules électriques rechargeables contenant un milieu de stockage de puissance électrique rechargeable, le milieu de stockage étant relativement plus fluide lorsqu'il est à l'état chargé et relativement moins fluide lorsqu'il est à l'état déchargé; un appareil destiné à transformer le milieu de stockage déchargé d'une forme relativement moins fluide à une forme relativement plus fluide; ainsi qu'un appareil destiné à éliminer le milieu de stockage déchargé dans ladite forme relativement plus fluide de chaque cellule.
PCT/US1991/005712 1990-08-12 1991-08-12 Appareil a unite de stockage de puissance electrique rechargeable utilise dans un systeme de transport electrique WO1992003869A1 (fr)

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0557287A1 (fr) * 1991-08-07 1993-09-01 Luz Electric Fuel Israel Ltd Systeme d'energie electrique.
EP0589100A1 (fr) * 1992-09-15 1994-03-30 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Récipient pour transport et stockage de matière combustible électrique
EP0589101A1 (fr) * 1992-09-15 1994-03-30 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Système d'alimentation en matière combustible
EP0744784A1 (fr) * 1995-05-25 1996-11-27 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Batterie métal-air à refroidissement par l'air
EP0779668A1 (fr) * 1995-12-12 1997-06-18 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Unité de connexion de batterie à être utilisé dans une véhicule électrique et pour une batterie métal-air
EP0780915A1 (fr) * 1995-12-12 1997-06-25 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Unité de connection de batterie à être utilisé dans une véhicule électrique et pour une batterie métal-air
WO2003105307A1 (fr) * 2002-06-05 2003-12-18 Aloys Wobben Procede pour transporter de l'energie electrique
EP1848601A1 (fr) * 2005-02-14 2007-10-31 LG Chem, Ltd. Systeme d'autogestion pour un filtre a air utilise dans un ensemble de batteries et methode d'autogestion destinee a ce systeme

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US4081693A (en) * 1975-07-18 1978-03-28 Stone Gordon R Vehicular propulsion system
US4172924A (en) * 1974-07-19 1979-10-30 Societe Generale De Constructions Electriques Et Mecaniques Alsthom Air battery and electrochemical method
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US3847671A (en) * 1973-04-13 1974-11-12 Electromedia Hydraulically-refuelable metal-gas depolarized battery system
US4172924A (en) * 1974-07-19 1979-10-30 Societe Generale De Constructions Electriques Et Mecaniques Alsthom Air battery and electrochemical method
US4081693A (en) * 1975-07-18 1978-03-28 Stone Gordon R Vehicular propulsion system
US4448858A (en) * 1982-03-26 1984-05-15 California Institute Of Technology Chemically rechargeable battery

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0557287A1 (fr) * 1991-08-07 1993-09-01 Luz Electric Fuel Israel Ltd Systeme d'energie electrique.
EP0557287A4 (fr) * 1991-08-07 1994-03-09 Luz Electric Fuel Israel Ltd.
EP0589100A1 (fr) * 1992-09-15 1994-03-30 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Récipient pour transport et stockage de matière combustible électrique
EP0589101A1 (fr) * 1992-09-15 1994-03-30 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Système d'alimentation en matière combustible
US5405713A (en) * 1992-09-15 1995-04-11 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Ltd. Refueling system
US5411815A (en) * 1992-09-15 1995-05-02 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Ltd. Transport and storage vessel for electric fuel
EP0744784A1 (fr) * 1995-05-25 1996-11-27 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Batterie métal-air à refroidissement par l'air
EP0779668A1 (fr) * 1995-12-12 1997-06-18 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Unité de connexion de batterie à être utilisé dans une véhicule électrique et pour une batterie métal-air
EP0780915A1 (fr) * 1995-12-12 1997-06-25 Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Limited Unité de connection de batterie à être utilisé dans une véhicule électrique et pour une batterie métal-air
WO2003105307A1 (fr) * 2002-06-05 2003-12-18 Aloys Wobben Procede pour transporter de l'energie electrique
AU2003254643B2 (en) * 2002-06-05 2006-09-21 Aloys Wobben Method for transporting electric energy
EP1848601A1 (fr) * 2005-02-14 2007-10-31 LG Chem, Ltd. Systeme d'autogestion pour un filtre a air utilise dans un ensemble de batteries et methode d'autogestion destinee a ce systeme
EP1848601A4 (fr) * 2005-02-14 2009-03-11 Lg Chemical Ltd Systeme d'autogestion pour un filtre a air utilise dans un ensemble de batteries et methode d'autogestion destinee a ce systeme
US8150570B2 (en) 2005-02-14 2012-04-03 Lg Chem, Ltd. Auto management system for air filter used in battery pack and auto management method for the same

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