WO1991007506A1 - Procede de synthese de molecules d'adn bicatenaire - Google Patents

Procede de synthese de molecules d'adn bicatenaire Download PDF

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WO1991007506A1
WO1991007506A1 PCT/US1990/006557 US9006557W WO9107506A1 WO 1991007506 A1 WO1991007506 A1 WO 1991007506A1 US 9006557 W US9006557 W US 9006557W WO 9107506 A1 WO9107506 A1 WO 9107506A1
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primer
strand
primers
stranded
region
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PCT/US1990/006557
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Douglas Howard Jones
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The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, United States Department Of Commerce
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/64—General methods for preparing the vector, for introducing it into the cell or for selecting the vector-containing host
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/102—Mutagenizing nucleic acids
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1058—Directional evolution of libraries, e.g. evolution of libraries is achieved by mutagenesis and screening or selection of mixed population of organisms
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/66—General methods for inserting a gene into a vector to form a recombinant vector using cleavage and ligation; Use of non-functional linkers or adaptors, e.g. linkers containing the sequence for a restriction endonuclease
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
    • C12Q1/6853—Nucleic acid amplification reactions using modified primers or templates

Definitions

  • the subject invention relates to a method in which the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to generate products that when combined, denatured, and reannealed, form double-stranded DNA with discrete, cohesive, single- stranded ends.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • cohesive ends can be utilized in the formation of precise, directional DNA joints without dependence on enzyme restriction sites.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Frit- investigato s have used PCR to generate site-specif ⁇ ic ii tants (Hemsley et al, -Nucleic Acids Res. 17:6545-51 ( 1989 ) , Higuchi et . al', Nucleic Acids Res. 16:7535-67 (1588), Ho et alv. Gene 77:51-59 (1989), Kadowaki, Gene 76:161-66 (1989), Kammann et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 17:5404 (1989), Nelson et al, Anal. Biochem. 180:147-51
  • PCR has also been used to amplify inserts which later undergo a separate subcloning procedure (Saiki et al, Science 239:487-91 (1988)). . Site-specific mutants are created by introducing mismatches nto the oligonucleotides used to prime the PCR amplification. These oligonucleotides, with their mutant sequence, are incorporated into the PCR product. PCR has also been used to join segments of DNA by a method called splicing by overlap extension (Higuchi et al, Nucleic Acids Res.
  • DNA joints are formed by the use of PCR amplifications wherein the products of these amplifications combine, denature and reanneal so as to form double-stranded DNA with cohesive single-stranded nds. Such ends anneal to form the DNA joints. , ⁇ .furthermore, the present method also generates
  • recombinant circle PCR greatly simplifies DNA mutagenesis, recombination, and cloning.
  • the rapid execution of complex vector reconstructions involving deletions, insertions and substitutions without regard to restriction enzyme sites, and without the use of linkers or adaptors, can also be accomplished using this method.
  • this technique requires relatively few cycles of PCR amplification to obtain the clone of interest, thereby decreasing the occurrence of unwanted mutations.
  • the most basic aspect of the present invention relates to a method for synthesis of a double-stranded DNA molecule using the polymerase chain reaction process, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the first single-strand of said double-stranded DNA molecule has at least one difference from the complement of the nucleotide sequence of the second single-strand of said double-stranded DNA molecule, comprising the steps of:
  • step (vi) separating the primer extension products resulting from step (v) from the strands to which they are hybridized so that single-stranded extension products are formed; and (vii) reannealing the single strands resulting from step (vi) .
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing a circular double-stranded DNA molecule in which steps (v), (vi), and (vii) above further comprise the steps of: in a first container means containing a first aliquot of a DNA template:
  • step (iv) separating the primer extension prod ⁇ ucts resulting from step (iii) from the strands to which they are hybridized so that single-stranded extension products are formed;
  • step (v) treating the single-stranded extension products from step (iv) with said first and second primers under conditions such that a primer extension product is synthesized using each of said single-stranded extension products of step (iv) as a template, whereby a first double-stranded product is formed; in a second container means containing a second aliquot of said template:
  • step (ix) separating the primer extension prod ⁇ ucts resulting from step (viii) from the strand to which it is hybridized so that single-stranded extension prod- ucts are formed;
  • step (x) treating the single-stranded extension products from step (ix) with said third and fourth primers under conditions such that a primer extension product is synthesized using each of said single-stranded extension products of step (ix) as a template whereby a second double-stranded product is formed;
  • step (xiii) reannealing the single strands result ⁇ ing from step (xii);
  • An additional aspect of the method shown directly above involves the situation wherein said first and third primers contain at least one base that is not complementa- ry to said first region of said first strand of said template and said second region of said second strand of said template, respectively, and wherein said at least one base of said first primer is complementary with said at least one base of said third primer.
  • step (iv) treating said second strand of said donor plasmid with a fourth primer having a sequence that is sufficiently complementary to said region of said second strand to hybridize therewith under conditions such that hybridization between said fourth primer and said region of said second strand occurs, wherein the 3' end of said fourth primer is identical to primer 2 and has several base pairs on its 5' end which are homologous to a region on the recipient plasmid of step (xi);
  • step (v) treating the products of steps (i) and (ii) under conditions such that an extension product of each of said first and second primers is synthesized which is complementary to each of said first and second strands, respectively, such that the extension product synthesized from one of said first and second primers, when separated from the strand to which it is hybridized can serve as a template for synthesis of the extension product of the other of said first and second primers;
  • step (vi) separating the primer extension prod ⁇ ucts resulting from step (v) from the strands to which they are hybridized so that single-stranded extension products are formed; and (v ⁇ ) treating the single-stranded extension products from step (vi) with said first and second primers under conditions such that a primer extension product is synthesized using each of said single-stranded extension products of step (vi) as a template, whereby a first double-stranded product is formed;
  • step (viii) treating the products of steps (iii) and (iv) under conditions such that an extension product of each of said third and fourth primers is synthesized which is complementary to each of said first and second strands, respectively, such that the extension, product synthesized from one of said third and fourth primers, when separated from the strand to which it is hybridized, can serve as a template for synthesis of the extension product of the other of said third and fourth primers; (ix) separating the primer extension prod ⁇ ucts resulting from step (viii) from the strands to which they are hybridized so that single-stranded extension products are formed; and (x) treating the single-stranded extension products from step (ix) with said third and fourth primers under conditions such that a primer extension product is synthesized using each of said single-stranded extension products of step (ix) as a template, whereby a first double-stranded product is formed; in a third container means containing an aliquot of a recipient plasmid:
  • step (xvi) separating the primer extension prod- ucts resulting from step (xv) from the strands to which they are hybridized so that single-stranded extension products are formed;
  • step (xvii) treating the single-stranded exten ⁇ sion products from step (xvi) with said sixth and fifth primers under conditions such that a primer extension product is synthesized using each of said single-stranded extension products of step (xvi) as a template, whereby a first double-stranded product is formed;
  • step (xix) separating the primer extension products resulting from step (xviii) from the strands to which they are hybridized so that single-stranded exten ⁇ sion products are formed;
  • step (xx) treating the single-stranded extension products from step (xix) with said eighth and seventh primers under conditions such that a primer extension product is synthesized using each of said single-stranded extension products of step (xix) as a template, whereby a first double-stranded product is formed;
  • step (xxiii) reannealing the single-strands resulting from step (xxii).
  • An additional aspect of the present invention involves a method of producing a site-specific mutation in an autonomously replicating double-stranded circular DNA comprising the steps of: in a first container means containing a first aliquot of said circular DNA:
  • step (vi) subjecting the mixture of step (v) to denaturation conditions to produce single-stranded DNA
  • step (vii) subjecting the mixture of step (vi) to annealing conditions to produce double-stranded DNA
  • the autonomously replicating double- stranded circular DNA of the above method can be a plas- mid.
  • This basic method of the present invention •-forms the basis of a variety of embodiments that are designed to accomplish various genetic engineering objectives .requir ⁇ ing'cutting and splicing of DNA strands. These operations - -a-re presently performed using restriction enzymes and ligases.
  • the present method may be used to create cohesive single-stranded ends useful for joining double-stranded DNA molecules. These cohesive ends can be made sufficiently long to enable direct introduction of the joined molecules into a host cell, a bacterial cell, for example, which can covalently close the joint by DNA repair mechanisms without the need for prior extracellular ligation. Therefore, for many routine recombinant DNA applications, the present method obviates the need for restriction enzymes and ligase in routine genetic engi ⁇ neering of DNA molecules.
  • the polymerase chain reaction process is carried out in the ordinary manner that is known in the art, according to standard methods described hereinbelow, excepting that for synthesis of a double-stranded DNA molecule in which the nucleotide sequence of the first single-strand has at least one difference from the nucleotide sequence of the complement of the second single-strand, the primers are provided according to the steps of the method of this invention as recited above and in the claims.
  • the template DNA is any single-stranded DNA that is suitable for use as a template in the ordinary poly ⁇ merase chain reaction process.
  • the desired segment of this template must be long enough to encompass a sequence that anneals stably to a complementary polynucle- otide primer (i.e., at least about 10 nucleotides long) as well as any additional desired template sequences.
  • the practical upper size limit for efficient amplification of the desired template segment is the same as that known in the art for the polymerase chain reaction process in general.
  • the products of the usual polymerase chain reac ⁇ tion process using two primers, one complementary to the desired template and the other homologous to that same template are dc ⁇ le ⁇ branded DNA molecules in which the nucleotide seque.
  • the first strand is essentially identical to the complement of the nucleotide sequence of tne second strand.
  • the final product of the present method is a double-stranded DNA molecule in which the nucleotide sequence of the first strand has at least one difference from the complement of the nucleotide sequence of the second strand.
  • it is the provision of two different primers that are at least in part complementary to the template that results in the polymerase chain reaction process producing two different double-stranded DNA products: one product containing strands extended from the first primer and a second product containing strands from the second primer. In each of these double-stranded products, however, the sequences of the two strands will be exactly complementa ⁇ ry.
  • the object here is to generate from these two different double-stranded DNA molecules, the final product of the present method, namely a double-stranded DNA molecule in which the nucleotide sequence of the first strand has at least one difference from the complement of the nucleotide sequence of the second strand.
  • the strands of these two different double- stranded DNA molecules must be separated (for example, by heating above the melting point for these duplexes) and the resulting single strands from the two double-stranded DNAs must be contacted with each other under conditions such that complementary DNA strands anneal and form double-stranded DNA molecules again.
  • a double-stranded DNA molecule in which the nucleotide sequence of the first strand has at least one difference from the complement of the nucleotide sequence of the second strand comprises one or more of the several forms of double-stranded DNA molecules result- ing from random reassortment of single strands during anneal g and can be selected from this mixture by physi ⁇ cal or biological means that are well known in the art of genetic enginee-Ting.
  • the difference between the first strand and the complement of the second strand of the double-stranded DNA molecule of this invention comprises any substitution, deletion, insertion or extension of one or more nucleo- tides of one strand of the double-stranded DNA with respect to the other.
  • the nature and location of each such difference is determined by the nature and locations of differences in the polynucleotide primers used in this method.
  • each primer comprises a sequence of at least about 10 nucleotides that is complementary to its intended template DNA.
  • the two nucleotides at the 3' end of the primer, where new DNA is to be added are exactly complementary to its template, while one or more of the other nucleotides in the primer sequence that is comple ⁇ mentary to its template may not be exactly complementary, provided the overall complementarity is sufficient to provide stable annealing of the primer to the template.
  • This aspect of primer design is well known in the art.
  • the primers of the present invention comprise DNA or RNA polynucleotides including the natural ⁇ ly occurring nucleotides, found in DNAs or RNAs, or synthetic nucleotides having modified structures (e.g., methylation, sulfur instead of phosphorus, or other changes) that enhance some factor such as stability, for example, without interfering with performance of the polynucleotide as a primer in the polymerase chain reac ⁇ tion process.
  • the first and second primers singly or together, optionally comprise addition ⁇ al nucleotide sequences that are not complementary to the desired tem; ate. Si.
  • rlarly- the third primer optionally comprises additional nucleotide sequences that are not homologous to the desired template.
  • additional nucleotide sequences that are not homologous to the desired template.
  • these optional sequences may comprise, for example, a sequence that is complementary to the known sequence of a single-stranded end of some first double- stranded DNA molecule.
  • Application of the present method using this primer sequence that is not complementary to the template provides a second double-stranded DNA mole ⁇ cule having a single-stranded end that is complementary to the known single-stranded end of the first double-stranded DNA.
  • the length of such optional sequences is at least one nucleotide and is limited only by the practical considerations of preparing and handling intact single- stranded polynucleotide molecules.
  • a primer of the present invention may include one entire strand of that plasmid, where that entire strand is not complementary to the desired template.
  • this optional sequence may be used to attach the single- stranded extension of a cleaved restriction enzyme recog- nition site to a double-stranded DNA made from a desired template DNA.
  • Taq polymerase that is routinely used in the polymerase chain reaction process frequently extends a newly synthesized DNA strand on its 3' end by about one nucleotide beyond the 5' end of the template, usually by a single adenosine nucleotide. This occurrence contributes to the difficulty of ligating the usual products of the polymerase chain reaction process which, therefore, do not have perfectly matching ends.
  • the present method relates in part to synthesis of double- stranded DNA molecules having at least one single-stranded extension as a result of providing primers according to this method.
  • the bacterial host normally removes that part of the DNA containing the superfluous adenosine residues and the repairs the gap to provide the desired double-stranded product without the Taq-generated errors.
  • cohesive ends made by this process are designed to be ligated in a reaction using only purified ligase, then those cohesive extensions having additional adenosine residues would not be ligated; but even if half the strands produced by the Taq polymerase are not ligatable for this reason, the net reduction in yield of ligated cohesive ends would be a factor of four for each joint (half of the cohesive ends of each of the two double-stranded DNAs to be joined would have the unwanted extensions, only on one strand, those strands that constitute a 3' end in the joint).
  • the method of the present invention is distin ⁇ guished from the known method of splicing DNA molecules by overlap extension, described in the background of this application, by the ⁇ . ⁇ sent- requirement for two distinct primers, at least a p tion of the nucleotide sequence of ef_ch which s complementary to ⁇ each desired template.
  • the overlap extension method ' -only a single primer complementary to each template is used.
  • first primer and related second primer used to create one specific extension both comprise the same sequence that is complementa ⁇ ry to the template, and only the first primer comprises additional sequences that are not complementary to the template, these optional sequences providing the desired single-stranded extension.
  • a single primer may meet the requirements of two or more of the primers of this basic method (e.g., a single primer may be homologous to one template but complementary to another template) .
  • the basic method specifies that three primers would be required to modify the desired template and three additional primers to modify the complement of that template.
  • the third primer- for the desired template which is homologous to that ⁇ template, is also complementary to the other strand which requires primers, i.e., to the complement of the desired template. Accordingly, the "third primer fo ⁇ the desired template can serve as the first primer for this other strand.
  • the second primer for the other strand is still required in this instance to make a second modification in a strand of the final double-stranded DNA product.
  • this second primer for the other strand might also have an optional sequence that is not complementary to its template and that is not contained in the first primer for the other strand.
  • the function of the third primer for the other strand in this case is provided by either of the first or second primers for the original desired template.
  • separate reaction mixtures compris ⁇ ing, on the one hand, the first and third primers and tem ⁇ plate, and on the other hand, the second and fourth primers and template, may be prepared and independently subjected to the polymerase chain reaction process.
  • the double-stranded products of the separate reaction mixtures are th ⁇ n combined, and their strands are separated and allowec to reassort into the double-stranded DNA molecules comprising the products of the present invention.
  • the basic form of the method of this inven- tion which is described bove, may be applied ⁇ n a single sample that is subjected .o the polymerase chain reaction process or in multijr..e concurrent polymerase chain reaction processes that comprise different desired tem ⁇ plates and corresponding primers for each different template, to provide complex genetic engineering applica ⁇ tions, as described in several exemplary embodiments below. Accordingly, in the application of the basic method to selected embodiments of genetic engineering applications below, it will be understood that under the specified conditions, the minimum number of distinct primers required for synthesis of complex DNA constructs will not necessarily be a multiple of the three distinct primers required for the basic method of this invention.
  • the present invention relates to a particular method of creating DNA joints wherein separate PCR amplifications are used to generate products that when combined, denatured and reannealed, form double- stranded DNA with discrete, cohesive, single-stranded ends. Since these single-stranded ends are designed to be cohesive (i.e., complementary to each other), they will anneal to form DNA joints. The formation of the cohesive ends is a result of the relative placement of primers on the template to be amplified, or the result of the addi ⁇ tion of a 5' sequence to a primer used to amplify a DNA template.
  • recombinant circle PCR recombinant circle PCR
  • RCPCR recombinant circle PCR
  • These recombinant circles of DNA can be directly transfected into appropriate host cells.
  • the method of generating recombinant circles upon reannealing PCR generated products can be used for mutagenesis, recombina ⁇ tion, and cloning. Ligation of these circular products occurs in the host cells without phosphorylation of primers, restriction enzyme digestion, or ligation in vitro. Therefore, DNA. mutagenesis and recombination can be accomplished without any enzymatic manipulation apart from the PCR amplifications.
  • splicing by overlap extension requires two sequential PCR reactions. Since polymerase errors are cumulative during PCR, sequential PCR reactions will result in a greater error rate than the simultaneous PCR reactions of the present method. Furthermore, splic ⁇ ing by overlap extension generates a blunt ended product that must undergo a conventional subcloning step into a vector. RCPCR generates the mutant and/or recombinant of interest with only one set of PCR reactions, and simulta ⁇ neously accomplishes the cloning step.
  • the present invention also offers several advan ⁇ tages over the method for site-specific mutagenesis described by Hemsley et al., supra.
  • the PCR product is treated with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase 1 to even out the ends of the PCR products. Subsequently, these ends are phosphorylated at the 5' terminus with T4 Polynucleotide Kinase, and then must undergo a blunt ended self-annealing reaction with T4 ligase for 8-12 hours prior to transfection.
  • T4 Polynucleotide Kinase T4 Polynucleotide Kinase
  • the recombinant circles of DNA are transfected directly into the appropriate host cells without phosphorylation of the primers or products, and without treatment with Klenow or ligase.
  • DNA mutagenesis, recombination, and cloning can be accom ⁇ plished without any enzymatic step apart from the PCR amplifications.
  • the entire RCPCR method, from setting up the PCR reactions to transfection into the appropriate host cells can readily be accomplished in one day, and mutant colonies are obtained within 24-36 hours. Further ⁇ more, the desired mutation and reconstitution of the plasmid occur at a frequency of 83%—100%.
  • plasmids have been amplified 2.7-3 kb utilizing the present method.
  • an-. bundance of transformants can be generated utilizing only 2 ng of plasmid and using only 14 cycles of amplification. Modification of the PCR conditions of the present method, by increasing initial template amount and/or the number of amplification cycles, for example, should permit the generation of recombinant circle, using larger plasmids. Also, since several distinct and smaller individual segments of large plasmids could be amplified and designed to recombine to form recombinant plasmids, it is possible to mutate and recombine very large plasmids using RCPCR (see Figure 5) .
  • nucleotide error frequency Another benefit of the present invention relates to nucleotide error frequency. Specifically, since polymerase errors are cumulative during PCR, the nucleo ⁇ tide error frequency in a PCR generated product increases with the number of cycles. However, RCPCR generates the recombinant of interest with very few PCR cycles, and therefore reduces the risk of acquiring a base error. RCPCR yields the desired product following only 14 cycles of amplification. In contrast, the method described by Hemsley et al. requires 25 cycles of amplification. As noted above, since polymerase errors are cumulative during PCR, the lower number of amplification cycles in the present method will diminish the polymerase error rate.
  • RCPCR is a general technique which simplifies and facilitates DNA mutagenesis and recombina ⁇ tion. Many applications for this method for generating DNA joints, and, in particular, for the use of RCPCR, can be envisioned. In fact, any procedure that involves DNA mutagenesis, recombination, or cloning ⁇ an utilize the method of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 illustrates site-specific mutagenesis by the generation of a point mutation using RCPCR.
  • the primers are numbered hemiarrows.
  • the arrows point to the 3' end of each primer and therefore indicate the direction of polymerization.
  • Notches designate point mutations in the primers and resulting mutations in the PCR products.
  • a,b,c, and d are the individual DNA strands produced by the PCR amplification.
  • the "break point" in each amplifi ⁇ cation reaction is identified by a line drawn on Figure 1.
  • Figure 2 illustrates directional subcloning using RCPCR.
  • the primers are numbered hemiarrows.
  • the DNA strands of the donor plasmid are represented by the thin circles, and the DNA strands of the recipient plasmid are represented with thick circles.
  • the insert in the donor plasmid is cross hatched.
  • Primer 1 and primer 2 contain only sequences contained in the ends of the insert.
  • Primers 3 and 4 have 3' ends that are identical to primers 1 and 2 and have 30 bp 5' ends that are homologous to regions on the recipient plasmid.
  • Primers 5 and 6 amplify the recipient plasmid and contain the regions complementa ⁇ ry to the 5' segments of primers 3 and 4.
  • Primers 7 and 8 amplify a region of the recipient plasmid which is 30 bp internal to the 5' ends of primers 5 and 6.
  • Figure 3 illustrates insertional mutagenesis using RCPCR.
  • the primers are numbered hemiarrows.
  • the thick- lined region of primers 1 and 3 are the two complementary sequences of the DNA which are inserted into the plasmid by the RCPCR reaction.
  • a,b,c, and d are the individual DNA strands produced by the PCR amplifications.
  • the heavy-lined regions on the ends of these strands represent the mutating insertional sequence that has been ncorpo ⁇ rated into the PCR products.
  • Figure 4 illustrates deietional mutagenesis / using
  • the DNA sequence that is deleted is cross-hatched.
  • the 5' end of primer 1 contains a sequence that is homologous to DNA to the right of the region to be deleted, and the 5' end of primer 3 contains a sequence that is homologous to DNA to the left of the region to be deleted.
  • a,b,c, and d are the indi ⁇ vidual DNA strands produced by the PCR amplifications.
  • the moderately heavy-lined region is DNA that was origi ⁇ nally to the right of the region that was deleted, and the heavy-lined region is DNA that was originally to the left of the region that was deleted.
  • Figure 5 illustrates site-specific mutagenesis of a very large vector/insert by the generation of recombi ⁇ nant circles of DNA.
  • the primers are numbered hemiarrows. Notches designate point mutations in the primers and resulting mutations in the PCR products.
  • a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h are the individual DNA strands produced by the PCR amplifications.
  • the dotted lines identify the regions between adjacent 5' ends of all the primers, thereby making it easier to visualize the formation of the recom ⁇ binant circles.
  • Figure 6 illustrates substitution of an insert for a sequence of DNA in a recipient plasmid, using RCPCR.
  • the primers are numbered hemiarrows.
  • the DNA strands of the donor plasmid are represented with thick circles.
  • the insert in the donor plasmid is cross-hatched.
  • Primer 1 and primer 2 contain only sequences contained in the ends of the insert.
  • Primers 3 and 4 have 3' ends that are identical to primers 1 and 2 and 5' ends that are homolo ⁇ gous to the region in which the insertion is to take place on the recipient plasmid.
  • Primers 5 and 6 amplify the recipient plasmid minus the region which is to be removed during the substitution, and contain the regions comple ⁇ mentary to the 5' regions of primers 3 and 4.
  • Primers 7 end 8 amplify a region of the recipient plasmid which is internal to the 5' ends of primers 5 and 6. .
  • Figure 7 illustrates the joining of one end of a double-stranded DNA molecule to a single-stranded DNA molecule.
  • Primer 1 is incorporated into strand #1.
  • Strand #1 has a region which is complementary to strand #2.
  • Primer 2 is downstream from primer 1, binds to strand #1, and is incorporated into the strand antisense to strand #1.
  • Primer 3 is incorporated into strand #3.
  • Strand #3 differs in part from strand #1.
  • Primer 4, which is identical to primer 2 in this illustration, is down- stream from primer 3, binds to strand #3, and is incorpo ⁇ rated into the strand antisense to strand #3.
  • a,b,c and d are the products of PCR amplification. (Primer 2 and primer 4 are usually the same primer. )
  • Figure 8 illustrates the joining of the single ends of two double-stranded DNA molecules.
  • Primer 1 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #1.
  • the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated is at least partially complemen ⁇ tary to the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated.
  • Primer 2 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #1 and is downstream from primer 1.
  • Primer 5 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #1, and is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 1 is incorpo ⁇ rated, but which also differs, at least in part, from the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated. (In the figure, the 5' terminus of primer 5 is downstream from the 5' terminus of primer 1).
  • Primer 3 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #2.
  • Primer 4 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #2 and is downstream from primer 3.
  • Primer 6 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #2, and is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated.
  • the strand into which primer 6 is incorporated also differs, at least in part, from the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated.
  • a,b,c, and d aro the products of PCR amplification. (In the figure, the 5' terminus of primer 6 is downstream from the 5' terminus of primer 3).
  • Figure 9 illustrates the circularization of a DNA segment.
  • Primer 1 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #1.
  • the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated is at least partially complementary to the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated.
  • Primer 3 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #1.
  • Primer 2 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #1. It is downstream from primer 1 and is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated, but differs, at least partially, from the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated. (In this illustration, the 5" terminus of primer 2 is down ⁇ stream from the 5' terminus of primer 3) .
  • Primer 4 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #1.
  • primer 3 it is downstream from primer 3 and is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 1 is incorporat ⁇ ed, but differs, at least partially from the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated.
  • a, b, c and d are the products of PCR amplification. (In this illustration, the 5' terminus of primer 5 is downstream from the 5' terminus of primer 1) .
  • Figure 10 illustrates the joining of both ends of two DNA segments to one another.
  • Primer 1 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #1.
  • the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated is at least partially complementary to the strand into which primer 5 is incorporated.
  • Primer 3 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #1, and the strand into which it is incorporated is, at least partially, co ple- mentary to the strand into which primer 7 is incorporated.
  • Primer 5 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #2.
  • Primer 7 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #2.
  • Primer 2 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #1. It is downstream from primer 1 and is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 3 is incorporated.
  • the strand into which primer 2 is incorporated also differs, at least partially, from the strand into which primer ;3 is incorporated.
  • the 5' terminus of primer 2 is downstream from the 5-' terminus of primer 3
  • Primer 4 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #1. It is downstream from primer 3 and it is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated.
  • the strand into which primer 4 is incorporated also differs, at least partially, from the strand into which primer 1 is incorporated.
  • Primer 6 binds to strand #2 of DNA segment #2.
  • primer 5 It is downstream from primer 5, and it is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 7 is incorporated.
  • the strand into which primer 6 is incorporated also differs, at least partially, from the strand into which primer 7 is incorporated.
  • Primer 8 binds to strand #1 of DNA segment #2. It is downstream from primer 7 and it is incorporated into a strand which has homology to the strand into which primer 5 is incorporated.
  • the strand into which primer 8 is incorporated also differs, at least partially, from the strand into which primer 5 is incorporated.
  • a, b, c and d are the products of PCR amplification. (In this illus ⁇ tration, the 5' terminus of primer 8 is downstream from the 5' terminus of primer 5).
  • the present invention relates to a method for generating DNA joints. Such a method can be employed for the rapid generation of a site-specific mutant and for DNA recombination.
  • PCR reactions or amplifications are utilized to generate products that when combined, denatured and reannealed, form double-stranded DNA with discrete, cohesive single-stranded ends, in addition to the original blunt ended products.
  • the generation of these cohesive ends of DNA permits the formation of precise, directional DNA joints without dependence on enzyme restri 'ion sites.
  • Ftrthermore the placement of cohe ⁇ r e .sing! >' strands on- the ends of a DNA molecule permits a DNA strand or strands to be annealed to form circular DNA. This method is designated as recombi ⁇ nant circle PCR (RCPCR) .
  • recombinant circles of DNA can be directly transfected into various host cells, for example, E. coli cells. There is no need for phosphoryla- tion of primers, restriction enzyme digestion, or a ligation step. Furthermore, each manipulation, from setting up for the DNA amplification to transfection into the microorganism of choice can be accomplished in only one day. Thus, the method of generating recombinant circles upon reannealing PCR generated products greatly simplifies DNA mutagenesis, recombination, and cloning since no enzymatic step is needed apart from the PCR amplifications.
  • a site-specific mutation can be formed by the generation of nicked or gapped recombinant circles, as illustrated in Figure 1.
  • An uncut plasmid with the insert of interest is simultaneously amplified and mutated in two separate PCR reactions. In each of these two reactions, the plasmid is amplified, and the identical base pair (bp) or region is mutated.
  • the primers are designed so that the "break point" of the plasmid in one PCR product is different from the "break point" of the plasmid in the other PCR product. This "break point" is the location between the two 5' ends of the amplifying primers in any one reaction.
  • the DNA can then be transfected into appropriate host cells, for example, E. coli cells, and a determina ⁇ tion- can be made as to whether the desired mutation is present in the transfected cells.
  • appropriate host cells for example, E. coli cells
  • primers 2 or 4 contained a mutation in addition to primers 1 and 3, two distal regions could be mutated at once. The mutation caused by primer 2 or 4 would result in approximately 50% of the clones containing both mutations.
  • RCPCR can also be utilized for DNA recombination, as described below.
  • the second embodiment of the invention involves a strategy for amplifying an i. sert from one- * -asmid, and inserting it into a differ- ent, recipient plasmid in a specific location with a defined orientation.
  • This particular DNA recombinational event can be viewed as a directional subcloning.
  • the insert is amplified with primers 1 and 2.
  • the insert is both amplified and modified with primers 3 and 4.
  • the 5' ends of primers 3 and 4 contain regions homologous to specific regions in the recipient plasmid.
  • the single-stranded ends could extend from one or both strands of the insert or recipient plasmid, as long as the single- stranded ends extending from the insert will anneal to the single-stranded ends extending from the recipient plasmid.
  • the products from all 4 PCR amplifica ⁇ tions are combined, and the denaturation and annealing occurs in a single reaction mix.
  • the procedure outlined above provides a general strategy for DNA recom ⁇ bination. It can be used to transfer one DNA molecule into any point of another DNA molecule, with or without replacing a segment in the recipient DNA (see Figure 6) . Therefore, it could be used, for example, to fuse genes or to create hybrid promoters.
  • insertional mutagenesis can be achieved by the generation of recombinant circles of DNA (see Figure 3) . Insertional mutagenesis can also be accomplished by placing an excess number of nucleotides in the ⁇ mismatched site of primers 1 anr- 3 of Figure 1.
  • mutagenesis can be accomplished by inserting a synthetic oligonucleo- tide patch into 'a recipient plasmid.
  • the generation of recombinant - circles would occur by using a synthetic oligonucleotide with cohesive single-stranded ends in the recipient plasmid.
  • the synthetic oligonucleotide with cohesive single-stranded ends takes the place of the insert with the cohesive single-stranded ends in Figure 2.
  • deletional mutagenesis can be achieved by the generation of recombinant circles of
  • site-specific mutagenesis of a very large vector/insert can be obtained by the generation of recombinant circles of DNA (see Figure 5) .
  • This embodiment differs from regular site-specific muta ⁇ genesis in that the plasmid is broken apart by a total of four PCR amplifications, so that the length of each amplification product can be reduced.
  • For each of the PCR amplifications there is a large region of the vector in which restriction enzyme digestion can occur without adversely effecting the amplification process.
  • This linearization of the template can increase the total length and amount of the product that can be formed during a given PCR reaction.
  • an insert is substituted for a sequence of DNA in a recipient plasmid using RCPCR (see Figure 6) .
  • Primer 1 and primer 2 contain only sequences contained in the ends of the insert.
  • Primers 3 and 4 have 3' ends that are identical to primers 1 and 2 and 5' ends that are homolo ⁇ gous to the region in which the insertion is to take place on the recipient plasmid.
  • Primers 5 and 6 amplify the recipient plasmid minus the region which is to be removed during the substitution, and contain the regions comple ⁇ mentary to the 5' regions, of primers 3 and 4.
  • Primers 7 and 8 ampli y a region cf the recipient plasmid which is ⁇ ternal to tht 5' ends of- primers 5 and 6.
  • the single ends of two., doable-stranded molecules can be joined (see Figure j).
  • a DNA segment can be circularized (see Figure 9) .
  • primer 2 fulfills the functions on primers 2 and 6 of the eighth embodiment.
  • Primer 4 fulfills the functions of primers 4 and 5 of the eighth embodiment.
  • both ends of two DNA segments can be joined to one another (see Figure 10).
  • multiple nucleotide substitution mutagenesis can be achieved. Specifically, this can be accomplished by using a mismatched region spanning several nucleotides in Example 1. This type of mutagenesis could also be achieved by modifying the placement of primers 1 and 3 in the insertional mutagenesis protocol shown in Figure 3. Specifically, the insertional sequence is substituted for a specific sequence of DNA.
  • a twelfth embodiment of the invention involves gene fusion. This can be accomplished by the DNA recombi ⁇ nation techniques illustrated in Figures 2 and 6 wherein the insert from the donor plasmid is one gene, and a region immediately adjacent to the subcloning site in the recipient plasmid is another gene.
  • vector reconstruction can be accomplished by recombination of several PCR amplified segments into a vector. Since the location of the DNA joints is not restricted by restriction enzyme sites or the use of linker or adaptors, with this procedure, and the generation of transfectable circles can take place without any enzymatic step beyond the original PCR amplifications, considerable flexibility and speed is; allowed in generating novel vectors, hybrid promoters, or any DNA construction. For example, the orientation of a specific segment of DNA could be reversed to test the effect of orientation on function. Further ⁇ more, the above type of vector reconstruction will be of particular value when convenient restriction enzyme sites are not available.
  • the- -components described in the site-specific mutagenesis protocol can be placed in a kit.
  • This kit can be used for site-specific mutagenesis of different inserts if the components of embodiments 1, 2, 3, 6 or 7 are included, except for the mutating primers which have to be individually designed for each insert.
  • the kit consists of a double-stranded plasmid, and in the simplest case, two primers possessing 5' ends. These 5' ends bracket the insertion site for the insert which is to be mutated. Each of these two primers anneal to separate strands of the double-stranded plasmid, with their 3' ends pointing away from each other.
  • primers 2 and 4 correspond to primers 2 and 4 in embodiments 1, 3, and 5.
  • the primers can also correspond to primers 2 , 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 in embodiment 6, or primers 3 and 7 with strands generated by primers 2 and 4 and by primers 5 and 8. Since RCPCR is effective follow ⁇ ing the generation of gapped circles, the size of the insert can vary.
  • This kit can also include annealing buffer, and even highly competent frozen cells to facili ⁇ tate highly efficient transfection of the recombinant circles. Furthermore, to increase transfection efficien ⁇ cy, the primers and/or DNA strands placed in the kit can be phosphorylated, and ligation buffer and ligase can be included.
  • the recipient vector described in Example 2 can be placed in a kit to facilitate subcloning of PCR generated linear products.
  • the recipient vector is linear with cohesive single-stranded .ends.
  • the fragment that is to be sub- cloned is* amplified in two separate PCR-reactions, such that when they are combined, denatured, and reannealed, double-stranded products are formed with single-stranded ends that will anneal to the single-stranded ends protrud ⁇ ing from the recipient vector in the kit.
  • These single- stranded cohesive ends can vary from 10 to several 100 base pairs.
  • the 5' single-stranded end(s) can be phos ⁇ phorylated at the 5' terminus, in which case the kit can include ligase (and ligase buffer), but this would not be necessary.
  • the kit can also include annealing buffer, and highly competent frozen cells to facilitate highly effi ⁇ cient transfection of the recombinant circles.
  • one of the plasmids in which the Pstl site had been eliminated underwent RCPCR using primers designed to re-establish the Pstl site (see Example 1).
  • the mis ⁇ matched nucleotide was only 4 and 3 nucleotides from the 3' and in primers 1 and 3, respectively.
  • the number of clones generated was diminished 50% by the use of these primers. Plasmids from 10 of 10 of the resulting colonies had an intact Pstl site.
  • one end of a double-stranded DNA molecule can be joined to a single-stranded DNA molecule (see Figure 7).
  • RCPCR can also be utilized to manufacture circles with protruding single-stranded ends, which can be used for hybridization or for strand invasion in homologous recombination.
  • the strategy of generating cohesive single-stranded ends upon reannealing PCR ampli ⁇ fied and/or modified products can also be used to manufac ⁇ ture complex shapes of DNA molecules, that may be used alone or following fusion to proteins or other biological moieties.
  • the DNA can function as structural domains, catalytic domains, or as hybridization probes to target DNA or other attached biological moieties to specific DNA or RNA sites. DNA can be manipulated with a latitude that may not have a biologic parallel.
  • the method of the present invention can be illus- trated by the following non-limiting examples.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Site-Specific Mutagenesis Initially, the use of RCPCR for site-specific mutagenesis was tested by eliminating the Pstl site in the lacZ' operon of pUC19 by the generation of nicked circles. This was accomplished by substituting a T for the G at nucleotide #437.
  • Primers 2 and 4 were each synthesized with their 5' terminus 10 bp lateral (see Figure 1) to the primers used to make the nicked circles. This resulted in recom- binant circles containing two 10 bp gaps. Plasmids from 12 to 12 resulting colonies lacked the Pstl site. 200 nucleotides surrounding the Pstl site, and including each gap, were sequenced in 4 of the plasmids, revealing only the desired mutation, there was no decrease in the number of clones obtained.
  • Plasmids for PCR or DNA sequencing were prepared by Triton X-100/lysozyme lysis and cesium chloride banding (Davis et al, Basic Methods in Molecule Biology, pp. 93-98 (1986)).
  • the plasmids utilized for PCR were not restric ⁇ tion enzyme digested prior to amplification.
  • Oligonucleo ⁇ tide primers were prepared on an Applied Biosystems DNA synthesizer in the trityl on mode. They were purified on Applied Biosystems purification cartridges, and were not *** • phosphorylated.
  • PCR Amplification' PCR amplification was performed with Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) using a Perkin- Elmer Cetus Thermal Cycler. Amplifications were in Taq buffer with 25 p oles each primer, 2 ng template, and 1.25 U Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus), in 50 ⁇ l.
  • Reac- tants underwent initial denaturation (94°C x 1 min) , 14 amplification cycles (94°C x 30 sec, 50°C x 30 sec, and 72°C x 2.5 min for mutagenesis or 72°C x 3 min for direc ⁇ tional subcloning) and a final extension (72°C x 7 min) .
  • Each product was readily visualized following agarose gel electrophoresis. These products were puri ⁇ fied, and then combined, denatured and reannealed as indicated below: Purification of PCR Products:
  • the purified PCR products were combined in 50 ⁇ l annealing buffer (0.1M NaCl in lOmM Tris-HCL pH8/lmM EDTA) in the mutagenesis protocol, and in 100 ⁇ l annealing buffer in the directional subcloning protocol. They were denatured at 94°C x 3 min, reannealed at 50°C x 2 hours, and then placed at room temperature.
  • 50 ⁇ l annealing buffer 0.1M NaCl in lOmM Tris-HCL pH8/lmM EDTA

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Abstract

Procédé dans lequel on utilise la réaction en chaîne de la polymérase (RCP), afin d'obtenir des produits formant de l'ADN bicaténaire à extrémités discrètes, cohésives, monocaténaires, lorsque lesdits produits sont combinés, dénaturés, et recuits. On peut utiliser lesdites extrémités cohésives afin de former des jointures d'ADN, ainsi que de l'ADN circulaire. En outre, on peut utiliser le procédé précité dans la mutagenèse spécifique sur site, en recombinaison d'ADN, ainsi que dans d'autres techniques additionnelles.
PCT/US1990/006557 1989-11-08 1990-11-08 Procede de synthese de molecules d'adn bicatenaire WO1991007506A1 (fr)

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EP0752008A1 (fr) * 1994-02-17 1997-01-08 Affymax Technologies N.V. Mutagenese d'adn par fragmentation aleatoire et reassemblage
WO1998005765A1 (fr) * 1996-08-07 1998-02-12 Novo Nordisk A/S Adn double brin a extremite(s) cohesive(s) et procede de rearrangement d'adn y recourant
EP0911396A2 (fr) * 1995-11-30 1999-04-28 Maxygen, Inc. Procédé d'élaboration de polynucléotides présentant des caractéristiques désirées par sélection itérative et recombinaison
US6153410A (en) * 1997-03-25 2000-11-28 California Institute Of Technology Recombination of polynucleotide sequences using random or defined primers
US6165793A (en) * 1996-03-25 2000-12-26 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US6303344B1 (en) 1996-12-18 2001-10-16 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for polypeptide engineering
US6309883B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-10-30 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
US6391640B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2002-05-21 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
WO2003002761A1 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2003-01-09 Novozymes A/S Procede de multimerisation et de mutagenese dirigee
US6995017B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2006-02-07 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US7282334B2 (en) 2000-12-12 2007-10-16 Alligator Bioscience, Ab Method for in vitro molecular evolution of protein function
US7662551B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2010-02-16 Alligator Bioscience Ab Synthesis of hybrid polynucleotide molecules using single-stranded polynucleotide molecules
US7795030B2 (en) 1994-02-17 2010-09-14 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
CN102559660A (zh) * 2012-01-17 2012-07-11 生工生物工程(上海)有限公司 一种制备带有突出末端的双链dna分子的方法

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US4683202A (en) * 1985-03-28 1987-07-28 Cetus Corporation Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences

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WO1985004663A1 (fr) * 1984-04-06 1985-10-24 Life Technologies Inc. Procede de detection de sequences d'acides nucleiques
US4683202A (en) * 1985-03-28 1987-07-28 Cetus Corporation Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences
US4683202B1 (fr) * 1985-03-28 1990-11-27 Cetus Corp

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US6291242B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-09-18 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US6506603B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2003-01-14 Maxygen, Inc. Shuffling polynucleotides by incomplete extension
EP0752008A4 (fr) * 1994-02-17 1999-03-17 Affymax Tech Nv Mutagenese d'adn par fragmentation aleatoire et reassemblage
US6277638B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-08-21 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US6573098B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2003-06-03 Maxygen, Inc. Nucleic acid libraries
US6287861B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-09-11 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
EP0934999A1 (fr) * 1994-02-17 1999-08-11 Maxygen, Inc. Mutagenèse d'ADN par fragmentation aléatoire et réassemblage
US6117679A (en) * 1994-02-17 2000-09-12 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
EP0752008A1 (fr) * 1994-02-17 1997-01-08 Affymax Technologies N.V. Mutagenese d'adn par fragmentation aleatoire et reassemblage
US7795030B2 (en) 1994-02-17 2010-09-14 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
US8048674B2 (en) 1994-02-17 2011-11-01 Codexis Mayflower Holdings, Llc Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
US6180406B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-01-30 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US6995017B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2006-02-07 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
EP1205547A3 (fr) * 1994-02-17 2002-07-24 Maxygen, Inc. Mutagénèse d'ADN par fragmentation aléatoire et réassemblage
US6344356B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2002-02-05 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for recombining nucleic acids
US6413774B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2002-07-02 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US6309883B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-10-30 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
US6323030B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2001-11-27 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
US7105297B2 (en) 1994-02-17 2006-09-12 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
US6391640B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2002-05-21 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for cellular and metabolic engineering
US6372497B1 (en) 1994-02-17 2002-04-16 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
EP1138763A3 (fr) * 1995-11-30 2002-02-27 Maxygen, Inc. Procédé d'élaboration de polynucléotides présentant des caractéristiques désirées par sélection itérative et recombinaison
EP0911396A3 (fr) * 1995-11-30 1999-05-06 Maxygen, Inc. Procédé d'élaboration de polynucléotides présentant des caractéristiques désirées par sélection itérative et recombinaison
EP0876509A4 (fr) * 1995-11-30 1999-04-28 Maxygen Inc Procede d'elaboration de polynucleotides presentant des caracteristiques desirees par selection iterative et recombinaison
EP0911396A2 (fr) * 1995-11-30 1999-04-28 Maxygen, Inc. Procédé d'élaboration de polynucléotides présentant des caractéristiques désirées par sélection itérative et recombinaison
US6165793A (en) * 1996-03-25 2000-12-26 Maxygen, Inc. Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination
WO1998005765A1 (fr) * 1996-08-07 1998-02-12 Novo Nordisk A/S Adn double brin a extremite(s) cohesive(s) et procede de rearrangement d'adn y recourant
US6303344B1 (en) 1996-12-18 2001-10-16 Maxygen, Inc. Methods and compositions for polypeptide engineering
US6153410A (en) * 1997-03-25 2000-11-28 California Institute Of Technology Recombination of polynucleotide sequences using random or defined primers
US6177263B1 (en) * 1997-03-25 2001-01-23 California Institute Of Technology Recombination of polynucleotide sequences using random or defined primers
US7282334B2 (en) 2000-12-12 2007-10-16 Alligator Bioscience, Ab Method for in vitro molecular evolution of protein function
US7662551B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2010-02-16 Alligator Bioscience Ab Synthesis of hybrid polynucleotide molecules using single-stranded polynucleotide molecules
WO2003002761A1 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2003-01-09 Novozymes A/S Procede de multimerisation et de mutagenese dirigee
CN102559660A (zh) * 2012-01-17 2012-07-11 生工生物工程(上海)有限公司 一种制备带有突出末端的双链dna分子的方法

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