WO1991002086A1 - Exploration visant a detecter la presence de petrole ou de gaz - Google Patents

Exploration visant a detecter la presence de petrole ou de gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991002086A1
WO1991002086A1 PCT/GB1990/001184 GB9001184W WO9102086A1 WO 1991002086 A1 WO1991002086 A1 WO 1991002086A1 GB 9001184 W GB9001184 W GB 9001184W WO 9102086 A1 WO9102086 A1 WO 9102086A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sample
gas
radiolabelled
soil
hydrocarbon gas
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Application number
PCT/GB1990/001184
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert Sleat
Richard John Foster Bewley
Hans Von Der Dick
Original Assignee
Robert Sleat
Richard John Foster Bewley
Hans Von Der Dick
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Sleat, Richard John Foster Bewley, Hans Von Der Dick filed Critical Robert Sleat
Publication of WO1991002086A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991002086A1/fr
Priority to NO92920404A priority Critical patent/NO920404L/no

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/64—Geomicrobiological testing, e.g. for petroleum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V9/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
    • G01V9/007—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00 by detecting gases or particles representative of underground layers at or near the surface

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods for use in surface geoche ical prospecting for subsurface hydrocarbon oil or gas deposits, conventionally explored by using geological and seismic methods.
  • Radioautography has also been employed by growing the bacterial colonies in the presence of labelled hydrocarbon and comparing numbers of colonies emitting beta-particles with total numbers of colonies isolated (Davies e_t al, 1959). Although this method does at least allow some form of standardisation, it nonetheless suffers from all the associated -problems of dilution plating, not least of which is the lengthy incubation period. Such a prolonged period allows the adaption of microorganisms in soil from non- microseep areas to develop the capability of oxidising the hydrocarbon supplied in the experimental conditions.
  • subsurface oil and gas deposits can be located much more readily from the distribution of hydrocarbon-oxidising microorganisms in the surface soil or sediment if the measure of microbial hydrocarbon-oxidising activity (i.e. the microbial activity due to microorganisms supported by the hydrocarbon gas concerned) is normalised with respect to the general level of microbial activity within the soil. This gives a standardised or normalised measure of hydrocarbon-oxidising activity regardless of any variations in environmental and soil conditions which control the general level of microbial activity. Further, we have also found that the hydrocarbon flux through soils, occurring over subsurface deposits, can be described and recognized much better by combining free soil gas measurements with measurements of microbial hydrocarbon-oxidising activity.
  • the present invention provides a method of assaying a plurality of soil samples collected at intervals across an exploration territory, which method comprises :
  • soil samples are first collected at intervals across an exploration territory.
  • the first value which is determined in step (i) , is attributable to microorganisms which metabolise a selected hydrocarbon gas.
  • This gas may be a C2-C al ane such as ethane, propane, n-butane and isobutane. Preferably it is ethane.
  • the first value may be determined using the selected hydrocarbon gas itself or such alcohol as would be derived from the microbial oxidation of the gas such as ethanol in the case of ethane.
  • the amount of a metabolite resulting from metabolism of a selected hydrocarbon gas or of a selected metabolite of such gas by microorganisms in the sample is determined.
  • the metabolite determined is typically carbon dioxide.
  • a portion of each sample can be exposed to a radiolabelled hydrocarbon gas or to a radiolabelled alcohol derivative of a hydrocarbon gas for an incubation period.
  • the time for which a portion of a sample is incubated with such substrate preferably corresponds approximately to the lag phase of microbial growth. In other words, it is the period prior to the increase of microbial biomass at the expense of substrate. Preferably, this period is as short as possible. This is in order to achieve rapid analysis. It is also to prevent microbes adapting to the substrate provided for the incubation. Further, it is for standardisation purposes.
  • the maximum initial rate at which a metabolite is produced in the lag phase may be determined. This is the initial peak rate and provides an index of the number of microorganisms exhibiting the particular metabolic activity concerned.
  • the initial peak rate is determined to prevent the microbial population adapting to the substrate provided. Where it is hydrocarbon-oxidising microorganisms which are under analysis, this means that it is the initial peak rate of carbon dioxide production for which a value is determined.
  • the substrate-induced maximal initial respiration rate at the end of the lag phase of microbial growth and the beginning of the log phase which is determined.
  • This is the initial peak rate of substrate oxidation, and provides an index of the number of microorganisms exhibiting the particular metabolic activity concerned (Anderson and Domsch, Soil Biol. Biochem 10 215- 211, 1978) .
  • the quantity of radiolabelled carbon dioxide derived from the microbial oxidation of the substrate during the lag phase and earliest part of the log phase of growth can be taken to be approximately proportional to the substrate-induced maximal initial respiration rate.
  • a measure is made of the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide gas produced by microorganisms oxidising the selected radiolabelled substrate.
  • the radiolabelled substrate comprises radiolabelled ethane; or a radiolabelled substrate which is metabolised at an increased rate by a hydrocarbon gas-adapted organism, typically an ethane-adapted organism, such as propane and butane; or an alcohol derivable from a hydrocarbon gas by microbial oxidation, such as ethanol from ethane.
  • the radiolabelled substrate may therefore be an alcohol of a hydrocarbon gas.
  • the measure of the " amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide gas which is produced over a short incubation period of time represents a measure of the specific microbial activity within the soil of microorganisms which feed from hydrocarbon gas.
  • each soil sample is prepared.
  • the amount of a metabolite again typically carbon dioxide, is determined resulting from a metabolic activity possessed by a proportion of the microorganisms in a sample, the proportion being representative of all the microorganisms in the sample.
  • This metabolic activity should therefore be possessed by a substantial proportion, typically a majority, of all microorganisms in the sample, such as the ability to oxidise glucose or another substrate.
  • a second portion of each sample can therefore be exposed to a radiolabelled substance (preferably radiolabelled glucose) which a substantial proportion of all microorganisms in the soil will oxidise to produce radiolabelled carbon dioxide.
  • a radiolabelled substance preferably radiolabelled glucose
  • the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide so produced over a short period of time is measured.
  • the time for which a portion of a sample is incubated again preferably approximately corresponds to the lag phase of microbial growth. In other words, it is the period prior to the increase of microbial biomass at the expense of substrate. Preferably, this period is as short as possible. This is in order to achieve rapid analysis. It is also to prevent microbes adapting to the substrate provided for the incubation. Further, it is for standardisation purposes.
  • the maximum initial rate at which a metabolite such as carbon dioxide may be produced in the lag phase is determined. This is the initial peak rate and provides an index of the number of microorganisms exhibiting the particular metabolic activity concerned.
  • the initial peak rate is determined to prevent the microbial population adapting to the substrate provided. Where it is glucose- oxidising microorganisms which are under analysis, this means that it is the initial peak rate of carbon dioxide production for which a value is determined.
  • the substrate-induced maximal initial respiration rate at the end of the lag phase of microbial growth and the beginning of the log phase which is determined.
  • This is the initial peak rate of substrate oxidation, and provides an index of the number of microorganisms exhibiting the particular metabolic activity concerned (Anderson and Domsch) .
  • the quantity of radiolabelled carbon dioxide derived from the microbial oxidation of the substrate during the lag phase and earliest part of the log phase of growth can be taken to be approximately proportional to the substrate-induced maximal initial respiration rate.
  • an index is determined for each sample, being a measure of the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide produced by the sample exposed to radiolabelled hydrocarbon gas or radiolabelled alcohol of a type which results from the microbial oxidation of a hydrocarbon gas, typically ethanol, propanol, butanol or isobutanol, relative to the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide produced by the sample exposed to radiolabelled glucose.
  • a hydrocarbon gas typically ethanol, propanol, butanol or isobutanol
  • Other substances may be used instead of glucose, particularly salts of acetic or succinic acid.
  • the values obtained in step (iv) may then be plotted against distance across the exploration territory.
  • a plot of measurements representing or dependent upon the microbial activity of microbes supported by the selected hydrocarbon gas e.g. ethane
  • the selected hydrocarbon gas can indicate one or more zones of higher relative exposure to the selected hydrocarbon gas than other zones of the exploration territory.
  • the invention therefore also provides a method of assaying a plurality of sites across an exploration territory for subsurface oil or gas deposits, which method comprises:
  • step (c) for each site, combining the determination made in step (a) and the determination made in step (b).
  • the two measurements are multiplied together.
  • the thus factored data can then be plotted against distance over the exploration territory.
  • concentrations of any one or more hydrocarbon gases particularly ethane, propane, n-butane and i ⁇ obutane
  • concentrations of more than one such gas are measured, preferably they are added together to give a resultant free hydrocarbon gas concentration measurement for combining with the corresponding microbial activity measurement.
  • an exploration for subsurface oil or gas deposits comprises one and optionally two sample collection and analysis procedures.
  • One which may be optional, involves determining the concentration of at least one free hydrocarbon in the soil at successive sampling sites.
  • the other involves determining the microbial activity at the identical sites of microorganisms which are supported by a selected hydrocarbon gas. The results from these two procedures can then be combined together, if required.
  • the concentration of one or more hydrocarbon gases in the free gas in the soil is determined at sites at regular intervals across the territory being explored.
  • a hole is drilled into the soil to a predetermined depth and a hollow probe is then inserted into this hole, the probe having an apertured bottom end which allows soil gases to flow in and then up inside the probe to a gas-tight syringe.
  • the syringe is used to take a predetermined volume of gas, which is then injected into a sealed, pre-evacuated vial.
  • the concentration of the selected hydrocarbon gas or gases in each sample is generally determined using a gas chromatograph, for example as ppm.
  • the data obtained by this procedure are then used to provide a plot showing the variations in the concentration of the selected hydrocarbon gas or gases with distance across the explored territory.
  • the hydrocarbon gas is generally one or more C2-C4 alkane such as ethane, propane, n-butane and isobutane.
  • concentrations in each sample of ethane, propane, n-butane and isobutane are determined and added together to provide a resultant free hydrocarbon gas concentration measurement.
  • samples of soil are taken at sites at regular intervals across the territory being explored.
  • the sample of soil is taken at a depth of 15cm to 30cm (6 inches to one foot) or otherwise below the prevailing root zone and placed into a sample container which is then immediately sealed and stored at a predetermined temperature, e.g. 4°C, until analysis.
  • a predetermined quantity (e.g. 10 gms) of each soil sample is ground with a predetermined quantity of soil conditioner, e.g. perlite. Equal parts (e.g. 5 gms) of the sample are then placed in two vials: into the first vial a predetermined quantity of nutrient solution is added and the vial is sealed, while into the second vial a predetermined quantity is added of a nutrient solution which includes radiolabelled glucose of known radioactive content and the vial is sealed. Further into the first vial a predetermined volume of a radiolabelled hydrocarbon preferably ethane, or a predetermined amount (volume or weight) of a radiolabelled alcohol derivative of a hydrocarbon gas, of a known radioactive content is introduced.
  • a predetermined volume of a radiolabelled hydrocarbon preferably ethane, or a predetermined amount (volume or weight) of a radiolabelled alcohol derivative of a hydrocarbon gas, of a known radioactive content is introduced.
  • both the glucose and the hydrocarbon or alcohol are radiolabelled with carbon 14.
  • the two vials from each sample are incubated at a predetermined temperature for predetermined time periods.
  • the incubation period preferably corresponds to about the lag phase of microbial growth.
  • the glucose-containing vials may be incubated at 30°C for 6 hours.
  • the hydrocarbon gas- or hydrocarbon gas-derived alcohol containing vials may be incubated at 30°C for 16 hours.
  • the biological activity in the vials is stopped, e.g. by autoclaving.
  • any microorganisms which feed from the gas or alcohol will have oxidised some of the radiolabelled gas or alcohol to give off radiolabelled carbon dioxide gas.
  • the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide will be proportional to the microbial activity of microorganisms present in that sample which oxidise the selected hydrocarbon gas.
  • a substantial proportion of all microorganisms present in the soil sample will oxidise the radiolabelled glucose to give off radiolabelled carbon dioxide gas.
  • the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide which accumulates in the headspace of the glucose vial will be proportional to the microbial activity of a substantial proportion of all microorganisms present in the sample.
  • the amount of radiolabelled carbon dioxide in the headspace of each of the hydrocarbon gas or hydrocarbon gas- derived alcohol and glucose sample vials is determined using a gas chromatograph and an appropriate radioactivity detector as follows.
  • a batch of vials is loaded into an automatic headspace sampler linked to a gas chromatograph.
  • successive vials are moved in turn to a sampling station, at which a needle is lowered to pierce the rubber septum of the vial.
  • inert gas is injected through the needle into the vial to pressurize its headspace. Then the source of inert gas is closed off, and the headspace is connected to the gas chromatograph. The gas in the vial headspace flows to the gas chromatograph, where the various components in the headspace gas are separated. The gas chromatograph detector gives a signal representing the mass of the respective components of gas, and the mass of these components is automatically recorded on a computer linked to the gas chromatograph.
  • the successive gas components then pass to the radioactivity detector, which serves to measure the amounts of radioactivity in the carbon dioxide and, where appropriate, the selected hydrocarbon gas components and these amounts are automatically recorded on the computer.
  • the radioactivity detector serves to measure the amounts of radioactivity in the carbon dioxide and, where appropriate, the selected hydrocarbon gas components and these amounts are automatically recorded on the computer.
  • the amounts of radiolabelled carbon dioxide produced in the glucose and hydrocarbon gas or hydrocarbon gas-derived alcohol vials from each sample are determined, and then compared.
  • the first value obtained in step (i) is expressed as a proportion of the second value obtained in step (ii) for paired first and second portions of a sample.
  • the first value may be expressed as a ratio, fraction or percentage of the second value. For example, for each soil sample collected an ethane index can be calculated as follows:
  • the free gas plot described previously identifies areas of higher concentrations of free hydrocarbon gas in the soil.
  • the corresponding ethane index plot identifies areas of higher ethane index.
  • a plot is obtained which defines more clearly areas of intense and continuous hydrocarbon flux to the surface.
  • the measurement of free gas concentration in respect of each sample site of the exploration territory is multiplied by the ethane index determined in respect of the same sample site.
  • Figures 1 to 3 show plots of data across field A
  • Figures 4 to 6 show plots of data across field B
  • Figures 7 to 9 show plots of data across field C; and Figure 10 shows a plot of data across field D.
  • a hole of 14.29 mm (9/16 inch) diameter was drilled 1.2 m into the soil.
  • a gas sampling probe of identical dimensions was then inserted into the hole.
  • the probe consisted of a hollow steel rod punctured at the bottom to allow soil gases to flow through the probe to the top into a gas tight syringe.
  • the dead volume of the probe was 30ml.
  • the first 10ml of gas was taken and discarded.
  • 125ml of gas was then taken with the syringe and injected into a septum-sealed, pre-evacuated 120ml glass vial.
  • a backflush system limited the analyses to a predetermined molecular range and avoided any column contamination with higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or associated gases. Completely inert columns and ultrapure operating gases were used. These allowed the determination of hydrocarbon gases in the sub-ppm range with a precision of better than 5%.
  • the detection limit was in the 10-20ppb range.
  • the concentrations of ethane, propane and n-butane for each soil gas sample were summed.
  • Distilled water was added to 1 litre and the pH was adjusted to 7 with sodium hydroxide.
  • the amount of 1 C-radiolabelled carbon dioxide produced by each soil sample was then determined using a combined headspace sampler-gas chromatograph linked to gas proportional counter (GPC).
  • the gas chromatograph was equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a back-flush system. The latter prevented radioactive ethane from passing to the TCD and the GPC.
  • TCD thermal conductivity detector
  • the GPC was linked directly to the TCD vent pipe and used 90% Argon/10% Methane as the quench gas.
  • the gas chromatograph was fitted with a 5m stainless steel column containing Porapak R. Helium was used the carrier gas.
  • the amount of radioactivity present in the carbon dioxide component of the headspace gas was determined by the GPC after gas chromatographic separation from other gases present in the vial.
  • the GPC was linked to a computing integrator, which automatically calculated the amount of radioactivity present in each component gas presented to the GPC.
  • Each component gas was recognised by its unique retention time and labelled appropriately.
  • Factoring the microbial and free gas from the same survey had the effect of reducing the background noise signal and more clearly outlining the presence of the field. Factoring was accomplished by simply multiplying the ethane index value by the free gas value.
  • the results for fields A and B demonstrate that factored data confirmed the presence of the fields previously identified by microbial or free gas data alone. However, factored data can demonstrate the presence of a field not recognised by microbial or free gas data alone. This is clearly demonstrated with field C (Fig. 9).
  • a further example of the value of factored data in identifying the presence of an oil and gas field is presented in Fig. 10. The background noise signal has been reduced to a minimum and the presence of the field is clearly indicated by the high values over the field.
  • Example 2 Oil hydrocarbon-oxidizing activities using alternative substrates
  • results for the quantities of 14 C0 2 produced from each substrate were expressed as a percentage of those from the glucose treatments, to produce an index for each hydrocarbon substrate.
  • the results were as follows. ADAPTED SOIL Mean 14 C0 2 produced Index
  • Results show the clear difference between the two soils in terms of their microbial oxidizing activities, and the markedly higher indices obtained with the ethane-adapted soil for all but the butan-l-ol.
  • Propane, butane and ethanol appear to be particularly suitable alternative substrates to ethane for exploratory work.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'analyse d'une pluralité d'échantillons de terre prélevés à différents intervalles dans un territoire d'exploration, afin de d'étecter la présence de traces de pétrole ou de gaz dans le sous-sol, ledit procédé consistant: (i) à déterminer à partir d'une première partie d'un premier échantillon une première valeur représentant une première activité microbienne et attribuable à des microorganismes métabolisant un gaz d'hydrocarbure sélectionné; (ii) à déterminer à partir d'une seconde partie du premier échantillon une seconde valeur représentant une seconde activité microbienne attribuable à une proportion représentative de tous les microorganismes se trouvant dans l'échantillon; (iii) à répéter les étapes (i) et (ii) pour davantage d'échantillons; et (iv) à déterminer pour chaque échantillon la première activité microbienne par rapport à la seconde activité microbienne à partir desdites première et seconde valeurs obtenues pour chaque échantillon. On peut également relever la concentration de gaz d'hydrocarbure libre sur chaque site où un échantillon de terre est prélevé et la combiner avec la détermination effectuée à l'étage (iv).
PCT/GB1990/001184 1989-07-31 1990-07-31 Exploration visant a detecter la presence de petrole ou de gaz WO1991002086A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO92920404A NO920404L (no) 1989-07-31 1992-01-30 Fremgangsmaate ved olje- og gass eksploratering

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB898917499A GB8917499D0 (en) 1989-07-31 1989-07-31 Oil and gas exploration
GB8917499.9 1989-07-31

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WO1991002086A1 true WO1991002086A1 (fr) 1991-02-21

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PCT/GB1990/001184 WO1991002086A1 (fr) 1989-07-31 1990-07-31 Exploration visant a detecter la presence de petrole ou de gaz

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EP (1) EP0485411A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU6056390A (fr)
CA (1) CA2064692A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB8917499D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1991002086A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19543993A1 (de) * 1995-11-25 1997-05-28 Honeywell Ag Verfahren zum Auffinden von gefährlichen Stoffen
WO2009013516A1 (fr) * 2007-07-26 2009-01-29 Envirogene Ltd Procédé de détection microbiologique
WO2010109173A1 (fr) * 2009-03-23 2010-09-30 Envirogene Ltd Procédé de détection microbiologique
CN108359594A (zh) * 2017-01-26 2018-08-03 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种用于模拟天然气微渗漏的装置及其应用

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3174910A (en) * 1962-11-14 1965-03-23 Phillips Petroleum Co Microbial oil prospecting method
WO1990002816A1 (fr) * 1988-09-14 1990-03-22 Genencor, Inc. Prospection d'huile microbiologique

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3174910A (en) * 1962-11-14 1965-03-23 Phillips Petroleum Co Microbial oil prospecting method
WO1990002816A1 (fr) * 1988-09-14 1990-03-22 Genencor, Inc. Prospection d'huile microbiologique

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Appl. Micorbiol., Volume 7, 1959, J.B. DAVIS et al.: "Areal Contrasts in the Abundance of Hydrocarbon Oxidizing Microbes in Soils", pages 156-165 *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19543993A1 (de) * 1995-11-25 1997-05-28 Honeywell Ag Verfahren zum Auffinden von gefährlichen Stoffen
WO2009013516A1 (fr) * 2007-07-26 2009-01-29 Envirogene Ltd Procédé de détection microbiologique
WO2010109173A1 (fr) * 2009-03-23 2010-09-30 Envirogene Ltd Procédé de détection microbiologique
GB2478511A (en) * 2009-03-23 2011-09-14 Envirogene Ltd Identification of hydrocarbon deposits through detection of multiple microbiological polynucleotides
CN108359594A (zh) * 2017-01-26 2018-08-03 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种用于模拟天然气微渗漏的装置及其应用

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AU6056390A (en) 1991-03-11
GB8917499D0 (en) 1989-09-13
CA2064692A1 (fr) 1991-02-01

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