WO1990005836A1

WO1990005836A1 - Process for the lagging of walls and ceilings in rock spaces and system for use in such lagging

Info

Publication number: WO1990005836A1
Application number: PCT/NO1989/000118
Authority: WO
Inventors: Arne Laerum
Original assignee: W. Giertsen A/S
Priority date: 1988-11-14
Filing date: 1989-11-13
Publication date: 1990-05-31
Also published as: NO165973B; AU4513689A; SE8900973L; NO885062D0; NO885062L; NO165973C; SE8900973D0; SE467836B; KR900702174A

Abstract

A process for the lagging of walls and ceilings (11) in rock spaces (10) (road tunnels or the like) with reinforced canvas material (21) is employed for a canvas which is adapted to divert water from ceilings and walls to a drainage ditch at the lower edge of the wall. Eye bolts are fixed in rows in walls and ceilings (11) in the rock space (10) at a set distance, conforming to the breadth of the canvas piece (21). Thereafter associated wires are threaded through the eyes of the bolts and the wires are fastened via stays or similar fastening means in or at the drainage ditch. The canvas pieces (21) with associated grommets and cordage are thereafter fastened to tensioned wires, while the joint between canvas pieces (21) is overlapped with a canvas strip to form a liquid-tight seam. Each canvas piece (21) - at least at the ceiling of the rock space - is placed with the side facing towards the interior of the rock space against a convexly folded or curved support means (30) between the opposite longitudinal edges of the piece of canvas. The support means (30) is connected and/or fixed at opposite ends to their respective fastening bolts at opposite edges of the canvas piece. Thereafter the canvas piece is drawn out in opposite directions longitudinally across the support means via associated cordage and wires. A system for use in the lagging of walls and ceilings in rock spaces comprising a support means in the form of a bow (30) folded or curved into an obtuse angle, which is provided at opposite ends (31,32) with fastening means for fixing into their respective separate fastening bolts (36, 37) for the support of the bow in a convexly upwardly arched support position.

Description

Process for the lagging of walls and ceilings in rock spaces and system for use in such lagging.

The present invention relates to a process for the lagging of walls and ceilings in rock spaces (road tunnels or the like) with reinforced canvas material, where a canvas is employed which is adapted to divert water from ceilings and walls to a drainage ditch at the lower edge of the wall, and where eye bolts are fixed in rows in walls and ceilings of the rock space at a set distance, conforming to or approximately conforming to the breadth of a piece of canvas, after which associated wires are threaded through the eyes of the bolts and the wires are fastened via stays or similar fastening means in or at the drainage ditch, and pieces of canvas with associated grommets and cordage are thereafter fastened to tensioned wires, and the joint between pieces of canvas is overlapped with a strip of canvas to form a liquid-tight joint.

A process of the afore-mentioned kind is disclosed in NO- patent No. 153,436. In said patent there is disclosed a process which is simple and reasonable and at the same time can be carried out in a relatively rapid and reliable manner. The process has been utilisable in existing as well as in new rock installations . The lagging has been employed to a large extent as the sole covering in the rock space, the canvas material in addition to forming a liquid-tight seal against ceilings and walls in the rock space also has the strength to withstand minor collapses from the rock space and thereby increase the security of the space. _ ■

A problem with such a lagging made by the afore-mentioned process consists in the canvas material - especially at the top of the ceiling of the rock space , especially where the ceiling is relatively flat or where the ceiling has a minimum curvature - having a tendency to hang downwardly in a bag formation with a considerable sag relative to the fastening points of the canvas at opposite longitudinal edges of the canvas. Such bag formations have a tendency to form pockets for the collection of water and/or the collection of stones and the like which might have been cracked loose from the ceiling of the rock space. It is usual that such bag formations with associated pockets filled with water or loosened stone material will over time gradually increase in size and be able to cause significant damage to the canvas material. With the present invention the aim. is a process with which such unwanted bag formations or pocket formations can be avoided by simple means. The process is characterised in that each piece of canvas, which extends continuously from end edge side to end edge side, about an upper line along the roof of the rock space, preferably about a line coinciding with the median line plane of the rock space, is placed in a convexly folded or curved contour and further obliquely outwards and downwards in opposite directions towards the respective wall of the rock space and further downwards to the bottom of the rock space, the piece of canvas which is fastened to the roof and walls of the rock space by means of anchor bolts, being fixed between the anchor bolts with a tensile force in the longitudinal direction of the piece of canvas and a tensile force resulting from this in the breadth direction of the piece of canvas.

By employing different lengths of the anchor bolts as required, reckoned from the ceiling of the rock space to the piece of canvas, one can ensure in a relatively easy manner a desired slope of the piece of canvas obliquely outwards and downwards from said upper line towards the walls of the rock space, by suitable fixing with a tensile force from canvas end edge to canvas end edge.

In certain cases, especially with relatively broad rock spaces of limited height it is preferred that each piece of canvas is placed in the folded or curved contour about a support means extending along the upper line which is connected and fixed at opposite ends to respective anchor bolts at opposite edges of the piece of canvas, after which the piece of canvas is drawn out in opposite directions longitudinally across the support means via associated cordage and wires.

By effecting fixing of the pieces of canvas via said support means at the ceiling of the rock space, it is possible to stretch the canvas piece upwardly in a convexly folded or curved contour in appropriate regions of the ceiling of the rock space, so that the canvas piece becomes lifted up locally along its middle portion and thereby the creation of bag formations or pocket formations in the intermediate space between the longitudinal edges of the canvas piece can be counteracted in a simple manner. By stretching out the canvas piece in opposite directions longi¬ tudinally across the support means via associated cordage and wires it is possible to effect an easy and simple adjustment of the contour of the piece of canvas especially at the ceiling of the rock space.

The present invention also relates to a system for use in the lagging of walls and ceilings in rock spaces (road tunnels or the like) with reinforced canvas material, comprising a canvas which is adapted to divert water from ceilings and walls to a drainage ditch at the lower edge of the wall and eye bolts which are adapted to be fixed in rows in walls and ceilings of the rock space, together with wire which is adapted to be threaded through the eyes of the bolts and to be fastened via stays or similar fastening means in or at the drainage ditch, the pieces of canvas with associated grommets and cordage being adapted to be fastened to tensioned wires, while the joint between canvas pieces is adapted to be overlapped with a^" strip of canvas to form a liquid-tight joint.

The system according to the invention is characterised in that a support means, in the form of a bow folded or curved into an obtuse angle, which at opposite ends is provided with a fastening means for fixing the bow in respective separate fastening bolts for the support of the bow in a convexly upwardly arched support position.

It is preferred that the bow is provided at the one end with a first fastening means of a first set of fastening means for stationarily securing the bow to an associated fastening bolt and is provided at the opposite end with a fork-shaped fastening means with an associated guide groove for the reception of a fastening bolt which allows a certain local movement of one end of the bow longitudinally relative to the associated fastening bolt.

It is possible to effect the fixing of the bow in the associated one fastening bolt before the tensioning of the associated piece of canvas along the ceiling of the rock space, and thereafter, after the canvas piece is arranged in place along the ceiling of the rock space, swing the bow into place on the under side of the canvas material at the same time as the oppo¬ site end of the bow with associated fastening means is brought into engagement with a corresponding fastening bolt on the oppositely disposed longitudinal edge of the canvas material. In this way there can be achieved an especially simple and effective fixing of the bow and simultaneously an effective stretching of the canvas material into the desired folded or curved contour along the ceiling of the rock space.

Further features of the invention will be evident from the following description, having regard to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 shows a cross-section of a rock space having a lagging produced according to the invention. Fig. 2 shows in a plan view, seen from below and upwards, an arrangement of fastening bolts and associated fastening wires for fixing the canvas material in the ceiling of the rock space.

Fig. 3 shows in part a detail of the fixing of the wire and the canvas material in the floor portion of the rock space.

Fig. 4 shows in part a detail of the fastening together of two pieces of canvas via an intermediate wire.

Fig. 5 shows a cross-section of a joint between two associ¬ ated pieces of canvas and an associated strip of canvas which overlaps the edge portions of the canvas pieces.

Fig. 6 shows in plan view part of a bow according to the invention on a relatively large scale.

Fig. 7 shows the bow in side view on a smaller scale.

Fig. 8 shows the bow in a corresponding view to Fig. 7 fixed in a stationary engagement with a first fastening bolt and in a released engagement from an equivalent fastening bolt at its opposite end.

Fig. 9 shows an alternative solution illustrated in a cross-section of a rock space.

In Fig. 1 there is shown a rock space 10 having ceiling 11, walls 12 and floor 14. To the ceiling 11, which is illustrated with an arched profile, eye bolts- 15 are fixed at a distance of for example 2-3 metres (in the transverse direction), with asso¬ ciated bolt eyes (not shown further) arranged in line in an arched contour. Through the eyes of the bolts there is threaded a steel wire 17 (Fig. 3 and 4), which at opposite ends is connected via a stay 18 to an eye bolt 19 fastened in the ground floor wholly out at the lower ends of the walls 12, as is shown in Fig. 3.

As shown in Fig. 2, the bolts 15 are fastened to the ceiling 11 in a definite pattern with an intermediate distance in the longitudinal direction of the rock space of for example 4 metres. In a corresponding manner as shown in Fig. 1 steel wires 20 can also be threaded through the eyes of the bolts 15 in the longi¬ tudinal direction of the rock space also and with a fastening at the end wall 13 of the rock space (or in another suitable manner) substantially correspondingly as shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 4 two canvas pieces 21 are shown, which via the grommets 22 and cordage 23 of mutually opposite end edges are fastened to a common wire 17.

The pieces of canvas 21, which have a breadth somewhat narrower than the distance between two associated steel wires 20, are received in the intermediate space between two steel wires . The canvas material becomes tensioned and stretched via the cordage 23 and the grommets 22 together with the wire 20, and one can easily ensure that the canvas material receives a stretching flush with the adjacent steel wires 17 which is distributed relatively uniformly.

Finally a canvas strip 25 is fastened in place which over¬ laps the joint between two canvas pieces 21 and intermediate cordage 23 and fastening wire 17. Provision is made for the canvas strip 25 to be fixed - at least in the region of the ceiling of the rock space - with an excess amount of canvas, so that a downwardly hanging guide duct 25a is formed on the under side of the joint between the pieces of canvas 21. By means of such a downwardly hanging, guide -duct-forming canvas, strip 25 any accumulation of water can be collected and led away in an effec¬ tive manner from the canvas material at a distance from the cordage, the grommets and the wire, so that these are kept dry during use as far as possible.

As illustrated in Fig. 3, the lower corners of the canvas pieces are received with a U-shaped outline in a duct or drainage ditch 26, which is formed along the lower edge of the walls in the floor of the rock space. The hollow space of the ϋ-shape can be filled in with gravel, while below (and partically at the side of) the -U-shape can be filled in with coarse broken stone, as shown at 27. Besides there is shown a concrete pavement 28 on top of a layer of coarse broken stones and tightly against the hollow space of the U-shape.

That which is disclosed above wit reference to the accom¬ panying drawings, represents known engineering practice in the field and subsequently there will be described details in connection with the known_; engineering practice. Reference shall be made to the constructions according to Fig. 6-8. In Fig. 6 and 7 there is shown a bow 30 of tubular material. The bow is shown with a length of 4150 mm before shaping and with a length of approximately 4000 mm in finally fashioned condition. The external diameter of the tubular material in the illustrated embodiment is 38 mm. At opposite ends of the bow 30 the tubular piece is designed with flat-pressed end portions 31 and 32. In the one end portion 31 there are formed a pair of fastening holes 33, 34 mutually separated in the longitudinal direction of the end piece, while the opposite end piece is of fork-shaped design with a longitudinal guide groove 35 opening outwardly endways. As shown in Fig. 6 the bow is fashioned in the shape of an obtuse angle below a curved contour or a folded contour as shown herein and with an arch height of about 150 ram midway between the end portions .

In Fig. 8 a canvas piece 21 is shown between two fastening bolts 36 and 37 at a level just above a bow which is stationarily fixed to the fastening bolt 36 by means of a lower support nut 38 and an upper fastening nut 39 which are adjustable in height on a screw thread 40 on the associated fastening bolt, as illustrated to the right of Fig. 8. To the left of Fig. 8 the fixing of a second bow 30 is correspondingly shown, while the opposite end of the first bow is shown released from the associated fastening bolt. By means of a simple lifting operation it is possible to swing the bow 30 vertically into a fastening engagement with the associated fastening bolt and secure the end portion of the bow together with the end portion of an adjacent bow between the support nut and the fastening nut. Thereafter by allowing the canvas 21 to form a support abutment against the bow, the canvas will be stretched upwards in a self-adjusting manner from the middle and outwards towards the side edges and at the same time longitudinally on opposite sides of the bow gradually as the canvas is stretched in with the cordage 23 via the grommets 22 in the canvas material together with the wire 20. In this way one can readily ensure that the canvas material receives a relatively uniformly distributed stretching flush with the adjacent steel wires 17 and with a middle stretching by means of the underlying bow. Gradually as the canvas material is tensioned to a final stretched condition, the bow can be supported endways in its respective fastening bolts with a compressive force endways from the bow to the associated fastening bolt, by means of the force of tension which is exerted between the canvas 21 and the bow 30.

By means of the stretching effected there is the possibility of maintaining the canvas 21 stretched out in an especially favourable manner, especially along the ceiling of the rock space, so as to prevent thereby the occurrence of undesired pocket formations or bag formations in the canvas material itself.

In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1 there is shown a relatively uniformly arched ceiling portion of the canvas material.

In the embodiment which is illustrated in Fig. 9 the support means at the middle of the ceiling portion is omitted. This is achieved by providing for a sloping angle from the middle of the ceiling portion, that is to say from a ceiling ridge portion and at least a coup.le of metres outwards on opposite sides, of about 15°. In the illustrated embodiment there is shown a sloping angle of about 15° over a distance of about 6.5 m outwards on opposite sides from the middle of the ceiling portion. Thereafter the ceiling portion extends more steeply (at an angle of about 40°) downwards towards the adjacent wall of the rock space and there¬ after vertically downwards to the bottom of the rock space.

In a corresponding manner as described in connection with a first embodiment the canvas material is tightened up with wires 17 and 20 as is illlustrated in Fig. 2.

Claims

CLAIMS,

1*. Process for the lagging of walls (12, 13) and ceilings (11) in rock spaces (10) (road tunnels or the like) with reinforced canvas material (21), where a canvas is employed which is adapted to divert water from ceilings and walls to a drainage ditch (26) at the lower edge of the wall and where eye bolts (15) are fixed in rows in walls (12, 13) and ceilings (11) in the rock space (10) at a set distance, conforming to the breadth of a piece (21) of canvas, after which associated wires (17) are threaded through eyes of the bolts and the wires are fastened via stays (18) or similar fastening means in or at the drainage ditch (26), the pieces (21) of canvas with associated grommets (22) and cordage (23) being thereafter fastened to tensioned wires (17), while the joint between canvas pieces (21) is overlapped with a strip (25) of canvas to form a liquid-tight joint, characterised in that each piece (21) of canvas, which extends continuously from end edge side to end edge side, about an upper line along the roof of the rock space, preferably about a line coinciding with the median line plane of the rock space, is placed in a convexly folded or curved contour and further obliquely outwards and downwards in opposite directions towards the respective wall of the rock space and further downwards to the bottom of the rock space, the piece of canvas which is fastened to the roof and walls of the rock space by means of anchor bolts, being fixed between the anchor bolts with a tensile force in the longitudinal direction of the piece of canvas and a tensile force resulting from, this in the breadth direction of the piece of canvas.

2. Process in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that each piece (21) of canvas is placed in the folded or curved contour about a support means (30) extending along the upper line which is connected and fixed at opposite ends to respective anchor bolts at opposite edges of the piece of canvas, after which the piece of canvas is drawn out in opposite directions longitudinally across the support means via associated cordage 23 and wires 17.

3. System for use in the lagging of walls (12, 13) and ceilings (11) in rock spaces (10) (road tunnels or the like) with rein¬ forced canvas material (21), comprising a canvas which is adapted to divert water from ceilings and walls to a drainage ditch (26) at the lower edge of the wall and eye bolts (15) in rows in walls (12, 13) and ceilings (11) in the rock space (10), together with wires (17) which are adapted to be threaded through the eyes of the bolts (15) and to be fastened via stays (18) or similar fastening means in or at the drainage ditch (26) , the pieces (21) of canvas with associated grommets (22) and cordage (23) being adapted to be fastened to tensioned wires (17), while the joint between canvas pieces (21) is adapted to be overlapped with a strip (25) of canvas to form a liquid-tight seal, characterised in that a support means, in the form of a bow (30) folded or curved into an obtuse angle, is provided at opposite ends (31, 32) with fastening means (33, 34₇ 35) for locating in their respective separate fastening bolts (36, 37) for the support of the bow in a convexly upwardly arched support position.

4. System in accordance with claim 3, characterised in that the bow (30) is provided at the one end with a first fastening means or a first set of fastening means (33, 34) for stationarily fastening the bow to an associated fastening bolt (37) and at the opposite end is provided with a forked fastening means (32) with associated guide groove (35) for the deception of an associated fastening bolt (36) which allows a certain local movement of one end of the bow longitudinally relative to the associated fastening bolt.