WO1990004053A1

WO1990004053A1 - Electric surface-polishing device

Info

Publication number: WO1990004053A1
Application number: PCT/DE1988/000626
Authority: WO
Inventors: Robert Weber
Original assignee: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date: 1988-10-10
Filing date: 1988-10-10
Publication date: 1990-04-19
Also published as: DE3878697D1; EP0436528A1; EP0436528B1

Abstract

An electric surface-polishing device has a housing (60) closed on all sides, except the side that faces the surface to be electrically polished. The housing (60) can be moved by a guiding device (4, 12, 14, 28) along the surface (48) to be electrically polished. A seal (62) is arranged between the edge of the housing and the surface to be electrically polished. An electrode (56) is held in the housing and accessory devices (41, 42) for supplying current and fluid electrolyte are connected to the housing. In order to remove as much as possible of the electrolyte residues from the electrically polished surfaces, the housing (60) is arranged with the electrode (56) inside an outer housing (34) closed on all sides, except on the side that faces the surface to be polished. The outer housing has a seal (50) arranged on its edge and is provided with connections (86, 88) for delivering and removing a rinsing fluid, as well as with passages for delivering and removing the fluid electrolyte to and from the inner housing (60). The electrolyte residues remaining on parts of the electrically polished surfaces are thus rinsed away immediately behind the inner housing. The invention is particularly useful for electrically polishing the inner walls of containers, pipes and other parts of installations in the chemical and nuclear industries.

Description

Methods for the detection and identification of toxic substances using cloned microorganisms

The invention relates to a method for the detection of toxic substances in a liquid or gaseous environment with the help of specifically sensitive and / or resistant microorganism strains which

1. occur naturally,

2. adapted to certain toxic substances by repeated laboratory selection or

3. have been given certain properties by molecular cloning.

All microorganisms are capable of emitting light (bio-luminescence) by introducing a plasmid-encoded luciferase gene. The bioluminescence of the indicator organisms enables changes in their metabolism or the loss of their viability as an effect of a toxic substance in the test medium to be detected quickly and with great sensitivity.

Describe ibung- tz> er < ^**** * i -bsb l- amn- ier Me ß ¬ ve rf ehr with heaps of microorganisms

The use of microorganisms for measuring critical loads caused by toxic substances (US Pat. No. 3,981,777) and for determining antibiotic concentrations (EP. No. 0200 226) has been established. The applications are based on the detection of the growth of the test organisms by counting colonies, turbidity measurements, nephelometry, etc. These measuring methods require the cultivation of large amounts of microorganisms, so that reliable measurements are only possible after can be carried out over a period of 16 to 72 hours. In contrast, the method described below allows the evaluation of measurement results after less than 2 hours.

Naturally occurring microorganisms capable of bioluminescence have been used for resistance detection in the laboratory to detect certain toxins (PCT / US84 / 01217); However, this method has some disadvantages which cannot be expected from the general use of this method:

1. Naturally occurring bioluminescent microorganisms are of marine origin and therefore require a high ionic strength in the test medium. The production of the required osmolarity means a possibly falsifying intervention in the measurement.

2. Because of the statistical rarity of a useful mutation event, the adaptation of these microorganisms to specific substances by repeated selection in the laboratory is very time-consuming, or

3. even impossible.

4. The use of naturally bioluminescent bacteria precludes the use of the measuring principle for established and internationally standardized tests which prescribe the use of a defined bacterial strain.

Description of the invention

The invention described here makes the methods ex- use experimental genetics to transform in principle any desired bacterial strain by introducing a specially constructed plasmid vector (pGL3, see below) into an organism capable of bioluminescence. While the principle of transforming a bacterial strain with a plasmid-encoded luciferase LUX gene has already been described (US Pat. No. 4,581,335), the present invention represents a decisive improvement: the expression of the LUX gene and the ability to bioluminescence is no longer permanent (constitutive), but can be switched on and off in a temperature-dependent manner. The feature of adjustability is achieved by construction of a plasmid Vek¬ catalyst which both the luciferase gene complex of Vi ^• brio harveyi (lux genes A and B), and the C allele _Ig57 of phage lambda repressor gene ( contains thermolabile gene product1). The inducible bioluminescence achieved by this concept has two important advantages compared to permanently light-emitting test organisms:

1. The signal to noise ratio of the individual measurement is improved.

2. The process of light emission, which is energy-intensive for the bacterium, can be limited to the short measuring period; the consequence of this is that poorly growing organisms can also be used, the growth of which would be particularly impaired by permanent bioluminescence, but are interesting for tests precisely because of their high sensitivity.

Another characteristic of the development according to the invention is the possibility of introducing additional resistance or hypersensitivity to specific toxic mediating genes in the plasmid vector outlined; this is made possible by molecular cloning of a corresponding gene into existing specific restriction endonuclease sites.

So far, various antibiotic resistance genes (e.g. tetrazvklin) have been successfully introduced into plasmid pGL3. Microorganisms that are equipped with genes that have an a priori defined, specific reactivity to a toxic substance (e.g. resistance to the antibiotic tetrazvklin) can finally be used to identify and estimate the concentration of the substance in question in the test medium.

Further advantages of the development presented here are that

1. Measurement results take about ten times less time than conventional microbiological cultivation and measurement methods and

2. In principle, any suitable, recommended or prescribed in standardized reference tests bacterial strain for bioluminescence measurements can be set up.

E.coli ATCC 25922 may be mentioned as an example of a bacterial strain which belongs to the latter category; this strain is the official (WHO) reference strain for standardized antibiotic inhibition tests. E. coli ATCC 25922 and other strains frequently used in clinical and industrial tests (E. coli K- and B; chi 1776 etc.) have been successfully converted by the applicant into the species capable of bioluminescence by introducing the plasmid pGL3 .

In summary, it should be noted that the one presented here Toxicity testing by means of light-emitting microorganisms is a further development compared to conventional measuring methods, which combines the following advantages:

1. Biological relevance.

2. High speed.

3. With a suitable construction of the cloning vector, specificity towards certain substances and thereby the possibility of their identification and concentration estimation.

4. Any species that can be transformed by the LUX plasmid can be used as an indicator organism, which means a considerable expansion of possible use.

5. Bioluminescence measurements can be carried out with little equipment, therefore inexpensive and

6. under "field conditions", i.e. decentralized.

How it works -from. Plasmid pGL3 in comparison with LUX gene constructions of the prior art

The molecular cloning of the LUX gene complexes of various marine bacteria and their transfer into microorganisms which are normally not capable of bioluminescence is described both in the scientific and in the patent literature (US Pat. No. 4,581,335; EP 0168933). These documentations are plasmid vectors that either LUX genes expressed expressively by their original promoter or under the control of the beta-galactosidase (lac Z) gene promoter from E. coli. However, plasmid pGL3

1. transcribes the luciferase gene complex under the control of the P ^ promoter of phage lambda,

2. at the same time encodes the C ^ repressor gene of the phage lambda, the gene product of which is known as the lambda repressor, negatively regulates the P _pj . Promoter,

3. The regulation takes place by using the allele 857 of the lambda repressor in a temperature-dependent manner.

By increasing the temperature to above 37 ° C, the repressor protein is inactivated and the LUX gene complex is released for transcription in mRNA, which ultimately results in an increase in the bioluminescence activity of the indicator organism by more than three orders of magnitude. The difference in the size of the bioluminescence signal between the repressed and transcribed state of the LUX gene complex - and thus the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements - is more than a factor of ten in test organisms equipped with pGL3 better than those which are induced to bioluminescence by chemical induction of the lacZ gene (cf. US Pat. No. 4,581,335). The reason for this property of pGL3 is that the lambda P "-, - promoter, which regulates the expression of the LUX genes, is on the one hand one of the strongest prokaryotic promoters that are functional in E. coli, but on the other hand in represented state is about a power of ten "more densely" closed than all previously known bacterial promoters. This almost absolute suppression of bioluminescence by pGL3 in the repressed The condition of the LUX genes, ie in the case of incubations below 35 ° C., is an important prerequisite for using even very fragile microorganisms for bioluminescence measurements short measurement period.

Description of individual aspects <_- {& --- Ent icklunq

I. Construction of plasmid vector pGL3

The plasmid pGL3, which was designed for the generation of controllable bioluminescence in microorganisms, was constructed by using conventional molecular biological cloning techniques; it contains:

1. the Luciferase gene complex (LUX A; LUX B) from Vibrio Harvey

2. the PL promoter of the bacteriophage lambda,

3. the Lambda C _Ig57 repressor gene under the control of

4. P_ promoter of bacteriophage lambda,

5. a resistance gene against the antibiotic ampicillin,

6. incl. Its promoter and

7. an interface for the restriction endonuclease Pst 1.

The LUX-gene complex is 3 ', ie "behind" promoter. _J the P Loo defined and is therefore transcribed therefrom; the P R_M ..- pro- For its part, motor is negatively controlled by the gene product of the C gene - the lambda repressor; Although this lambda repressor is always synthesized in sufficient quantity by constitutive expression of the P_-dependent C _χ gene, it is heat-labile by using the C _Ig57 allele. The P_ _M promoter remains blocked by binding the repressor until the repressor protein is denatured by increasing the temperature to 37 ° to 42 ° C for 5 to 15 minutes and the P _-.- promotor falls off. The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase then binds to the free promoter and causes the massive transcription of the LUX gene complex. Overall, this construction of pGL3 leads to an adjustable, since temperature-dependent synthesis of the enzyme luciferase, which is responsible for the bioluminescence of the indicator organisms.

The construction base of pGL3 is the plasmid pLK915 (see KK Stanley, and JP Luzio, EMBO J. 3: 1429 to 1434, 1984). A 3.1 kilobase pair Sal 1-Bam HI restriction fragment from the genome of Vibrio Harveyi, which contains the complete luciferase gene complex (but without a promoter), was inserted into the Barn HI restriction site of pLK915 by molecular means Cloning inserted; Compatibility of the Sal 1 interface with Bam Hl was determined by previously attaching the 45 base pair long Bam Hl - Sal 1 restriction fragment from the polylinker region of the plasmid "pBluescript" (company "STRATAGENE"; San Diego, Cal., USA ) at the Sal 1 end and subsequent restriction cleavage with the enzyme Bam HI. Finally, an oleonucleotide with the length of 16 base pairs, which contains translation stop signals in all 3 reading frames (company Pharmazia, Sweden), was cloned into the Sma 1 site of the Bam HI-Sal 1 polylinker fragment in order to avoid any Exclude protein translation above, ie 5 ', of the LUX gene complex. II. Production, storage and handling of transformed microorganisms

The above-described plasmid pGL3 can in principle be introduced into any desired species of microorganism by standard techniques in order finally to be cultured in large quantities. It is possible to store bacteria as glycerol cultures at -20 ° C or after freeze-drying at ambient temperature. Freeze-drying is carried out either in glass ampoules or in specially made plastic containers, e.g. in two separate chambers the lyophilized microorganisms or the components necessary for the revitalization of the bacteria. Contain nutrient medium. In order to carry out measurements of toxic substances in a gas phase, the indicator organisms are permanently separated from a measuring compartment by a membrane impermeable to water vapor. In this way, the constant composition of the growth medium and thus the measurement over a longer measurement period, as required for toxicity tests of gases, is ensured.

III. Application of the procedure

In order to be able to use and automate the described bioluminescence toxicity measurement process centrally, the application of the lyophilized indicator organisms to a suitable carrier material in the form of a test strip is a preferred form of application. In this process, the microorganisms are applied to the carrier matrix in a defined amount, fixed by a special process, freeze-dried and finally sealed as a test strip. Before carrying out the bioluminescence tests, the indicator bacteria are incubated for one to two hours in aqueous nutrient medium Ambient temperature revitalized.

The measuring principle of the toxicity test described here is based on the use of a two-step method:

First, a "screening" is carried out with a number of different test organisms of defined sensitivity for the detection of general toxicity in a sample. Thereafter, further detection reactions can be carried out with strains which are provided with a specific, genetically present or introduced by transformation property of resistance or (hyper) sensitivity. A toxin to which a strain is specifically resistant will lead to an un or only partially reduced bioluminescence signal; in contrast, a non-resistant control strain is more serious in its viability and, correlated with it, its ability to bioluminescence. The measuring method according to the invention is therefore suitable on the one hand for determining the degree of generally present toxicity of a sample through the growth behavior of microorganisms, and on the other hand it is also possible to use all substances with which a specific reactivity of certain test agents ganisms exists to identify and determine their concentration approximately easily and quickly.

IV. Carrying out a toxicity test

IV. 1 Detection of general toxicity in an aqueous sample using different sensitive indicator strains

An aliquot (0.01 to 1 ml) of a suspension of each indicator strain in liquid nutrient medium is mixed with the same volume (about 10 3 to 107 cells) of the sample flow to be tested. added, mixed and incubated for 1 to 60 min at 10 ° to 34 ° C. Thereafter, the transcription of the LUX gene complex and thereby the bioluminescence in the microorganisms is initiated by heating the sample to 37 ° to 42 ° C. for 5 to 15 minutes. The light signals are measured in a suitable luminescence photometer either as an end point or as a continuous measurement over a period of 1 to 60 minutes. The degree of general toxicity in a test liquid is determined by the decreasing bioluminescence measurement signal of different indicator strains in comparison with one another as with a control, the nutrient medium of which no sample liquid was added.

IV. 2 Identification of specific substances

As described under IV.1, indicator organisms - this time endowed with specific resistance or sensitivity to certain toxic substances - are incubated with the sample liquid in order to finally carry out bioluminescence measurements. If the bioluminescence signal is unchanged only in one of the test organisms, for example at the level of the control value, ^" while all other microorganisms experience a reduction in measurable bioluminescence, the toxin to which the strain in question is resistant is identified.

V. Application example 1

The example shown in Figure 2 illustrates the application of the measurement method presented here for testing the antibiotic concentration in raw milk:

A strain of the gram-negative bacterium E. coli ATCC 25922 was treated with a plasmid [(pGL3.T, which in addition to the grain components of pGL3 (see above) contains a tetracycline resistance gene (strain "T" in Fig. 2)]. As a control strain (strain "C") a derivative of ATCC 25922 - equipped with pGL3 - was used. Several 0.5 ml samples of raw milk with different concentrations of the antibiotic tetracycline were mixed with 0.1 ml (about 2 x 10 bacteria) suspensions of the strains C and T and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. After heating the cultures at 40 ° C. for 10 minutes to induce bioluminescence, 0.01 ml of a 0.1% solution of the aldehyde decanal as substrate of the luciferase was added and the samples in a luminescence photometer over a period of 50 minutes in 4- Minute intervals measured. Figure 2 shows the measurement results of samples with five different antibiotic concentrations as relative light signals (RLU; ordinate) as a function of time.

The bioluminescence signal of the tetracycline-resistant strain T is relatively constant over the measurement period, while strain C shows a decrease in the amount of light emitted in a concentration-dependent manner. The fact that the growth properties of the indicator strain T are not significantly impaired by tetracycline makes it possible to use this antibiotic in samples (e.g. milk) of unknown origin. The determination of absolute concentrations of this antibiotic or other toxic substances against which an indicator strain is specifically resistant is possible to a good approximation by including reference values of known concentration of the toxin in the measurement series.

VI. Further applications of the method

The example above only explains one of the possible ones Applications of the toxicity measurement method presented here using bioluminescence. Analogously, the toxicity determination of liquid samples with regard to their exposure to other antibiotics, heavy metals, chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs) such as dioxins, PCBs etc. must be carried out, provided that they are equipped with the appropriate resistance or hypersensitivity genes Microorganisms are available.

Effects of toxic substances in a gaseous environment can be recorded in a similar manner - as described in the example for liquid samples. In this form of application, the gaseous sample is brought into contact with the indicator organisms via a membrane which is permeable only for gases, but not for water vapor. This measuring arrangement allows the detection of toxic substances in the gas phase over longer measuring times without the nutrient medium of the test bacteria being changed in its composition by evaporation of water vapor.

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Claims

Patent claims

1. Method for the detection of toxic substances in a liquid or gaseous environment with the help of microorganisms of defined general or specific resistance or (hyper) sensitivity to toxic substances, that is, that the indicator strains

(I) occur naturally

(II) can be adapted to a specific toxin by selection in the laboratory, or

(III) are equipped by molecular biological techniques with a resistance or hypersensitivity to a particular gene which mediates toxins, and

(IV) all microorganisms have been given the property of bioluminescence by transformation with a bacterial luciferase gene complex.

2. The method of claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n ¬ z e i c h n e t that the plasmid designated pGL3 has the following construction features:

(I) Vibrio Harveyi's LUX gene complex,

(II) a specific allele of the lambda phage repressing morning

C _τ under the control of its natural promoter, P _R ,

(III) a resistance gene against the antibiotic ampicillin,

(IV) a restriction enzyme interface which offers the option of introducing an additional gene by cloning into pGL3,

(V) the lambda phage P - ^ - promoter, under whose control the luciferase gene complex is transcribed.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the P _R promoter is under the control of the heat-unstable gene product of the lambda phage repressing gene ^C I857 ^stands ' ^ ^as repressor protein can be inactivated by heating to above 37 ° C for about 5 to 15 minutes, resulting in the phenomenon of temperature-inducible bioluminescence.

4. The method as claimed in claim 2, which also means that the presence of an interface for the restriction enzyme Pst 1 offers the possibility of introducing an additional resistance or hypersensitivity to a gene which mediates a specific substance by molecular cloning.

5. The method of claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n -. it is not that toxic effects of antibiotics, heavy metals, enzyme inhibitors, pesticides, microbial toxins, volatile hydrocarbon compounds (CFCs), disinfectants, preservatives or other substances with cytotoxic properties are exerted.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the general toxicity of a sample liquid is tested by exposing a strain of indicator microorganisms which is capable of bioluminescence by genetic manipulation to this liquid and reducing the bioluminescence signal in contrast to control measurements without adding the sample liquid to be tested.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the identification of a certain toxic substance is carried out by comparing the death rates of a sensitive with an indicator organism that is specifically resistant to the toxin in question: the light Emission of the non-specifically resistant control organisms is reduced, while a constant bioluminescence signal leads to the identification of the substance to which the organism is specifically resistant.

8. The method according to claim 1, dadurchgeken ¬ characterized in that the concentration of a toxic substance by measuring the mortality or change in the metabolism of bioluminescent indicator organisms, which are exposed to this substance over the measurement period, determined by the The decrease in the bioluminescence signals of these measurements is compared with controls in which known concentrations of the test substance act on the indicator organisms.

9. The method of claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n ¬ z e i c h n e t that the microorganisms lyophilized, applied by a special method to a carrier matrix made of paper or a synthetic material and stored in a special container.

10. The method according to claim 9, dadurchgeken ¬ characterized in that the test container is separated by a membrane into two compartments, so that gases, but not water vapors, in daε compartment with the microorganisms from the liquid nutrient medium of the test bacteria pass into the gas space can.

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