WO1990001208A1 - Procede et dispositif d'encapsulation de materiaux radioactifs - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif d'encapsulation de materiaux radioactifs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990001208A1
WO1990001208A1 PCT/US1989/003258 US8903258W WO9001208A1 WO 1990001208 A1 WO1990001208 A1 WO 1990001208A1 US 8903258 W US8903258 W US 8903258W WO 9001208 A1 WO9001208 A1 WO 9001208A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sleeve
capsule
sleeves
bottom portion
wall
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1989/003258
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Krishnan Suthanthiran
Original Assignee
Best Industries, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US07/225,354 external-priority patent/US4869224A/en
Application filed by Best Industries, Inc. filed Critical Best Industries, Inc.
Priority to AU40620/89A priority Critical patent/AU620136B2/en
Publication of WO1990001208A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990001208A1/fr
Priority to FI901565A priority patent/FI97831C/fi
Priority to NO901429A priority patent/NO176159C/no

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids
    • G21F9/34—Disposal of solid waste
    • G21F9/36—Disposal of solid waste by packaging; by baling
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A61N5/1001—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy using radiation sources introduced into or applied onto the body; brachytherapy
    • A61N5/1027—Interstitial radiation therapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
    • A61N5/1001—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy using radiation sources introduced into or applied onto the body; brachytherapy
    • A61N2005/1019—Sources therefor
    • A61N2005/1024—Seeds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to capsules for and a method for encapsulating radioactive materials used for medical treatments.
  • the capsule for containing these materials must be securely sealed. Otherwise, undesired leakage from the capsule may occur.
  • the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission have strict requirements for encap ⁇ sulation of the radioactive material to prevent leakage and resultant injury to patients and medical personnel handling such materials.
  • Lawrence U.S. Patent 3,351,049 discloses a metallic container for containing a radioactive isotope wherein the metallic container is closed and sealed by intermetallically joining the walls under pressure or by ultrasonic welding. Other techniques for welding the structure, depending on the material utilized, are also disclosed.
  • Kubiatowicz U.S. Patent 4,323,055 discloses similar methods for encapsulating radioactive material. Methods for sealing the titanium container of Kubiatowicz include laser, electron beam or tungsten inert gas welding.
  • Kahn U.S. Patent 2,269,458 discloses a somewhat primitive form of encap ⁇ sulation of radioactive substances wherein the capsule is formed by screwing two threaded parts together.
  • a capsule for encapsulating radioactive material comprising two or more interfitting sleeves, each of said sleeves com ⁇ prising a closed bottom portion • having a circumferential wall portion extending therefrom and an open end opposite said bottom portion.
  • the sleeves are constructed to fit snugly over one another to thereby provide an effectively sealed structure.
  • Fig. 1 is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of one preferred embodiment of the inventive capsule for encapsulat ⁇ ing radioactive materials showing the relationship between the interfitting sleeves.
  • Fig. 2 is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of another preferred embodiment of the capsule of the present inven ⁇ tion showing the relationships among the interfitting sleeves.
  • Fig. 3 is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of still another preferred embodiment of the capsule for radioactive materials of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a closed capsule 10 formed from two inter ⁇ fitting sleeves 11 and 12.
  • Each sleeve comprises a bottom por ⁇ tion 13 having a circumferential or cylindrical wall 16 extending therefrom, as illustrated in Figs. 1A and IB.
  • a substantially sealed capsule is obtained having an effectively sealed inner cavity for retaining radioactive material.
  • the preferred shape of the sleeves is cylindrical.
  • the sleeves and resulting capsule are constructed of a material which provides adequate strength for thin walls and which will readily allow radiation to pass uniformly through the material.
  • the thin walls allow for an increased amount of mater ⁇ ial to be contained in the capsule.
  • a material which will not easily corrode when brought into contact with bodyizids Titanium and stainless steel are among the preferred materials for forming such capsules.
  • Other suitable materials include platinum, gold, tantalum, nickel alloy, and copper or aluminum alloys having less corrosive protective coatings.
  • Other suitable materials may have those advantageous properties and the present invention should not be construed to be limited to those materials specifically mentioned above.
  • the inner sleeve 11 shown in Fig. 1 is constructed to have an outer wall diameter which is substantially the same as the inner wall diameter of the outer sleeve 12 shown in Fig. IB.
  • the outer diameter of the inner sleeve 11 can range from about 0.2 mm to about 20.0 mm.
  • the inner diameter of the outer sleeve 12 is thus chosen to be substantially the same as the outer diameter of the inner sleeve 11. Therefore, for an inner sleeve having an outer diameter of 1.0 mm, for example, the inner diameter of the outer sleeve would be 1.0 mm.
  • a sealed cavity 15 is formed.
  • the cavity 15 is capable of holding effectively radioactive material without significant leakage, due to the tight seal formed between the two sleeves 11 and 12 when they are interfitted.
  • the sleeves may be welded or an adhesive can be applied between the sleeves, if desired.
  • a capsule having uniform dimensions so that radiation can pass therethrough in a relatively uniform pattern.
  • the total thickness of sidewall 16 is substantially the same as the thick ⁇ ness of each bottom portion 13.
  • the thickness of the bottom portion 13 can vary with that of the wall portions 16, and further, the bottom portions of each sleeve can be varied so that any desired relationship between the total thickness of the walls and the bottom portions of the resulting capsule may be provided.
  • the thickness of the bottom portions can range from about 0.05 mm to about 3.0 mm, while the thickness of the wall portions can range from about 0.03 mm to about 2.0 mm.
  • the walls 16 of the sleeves are constructed so that the walls of the outer sleeve 12 are slightly longer than the walls of the inner sleeve 11 by approximately the thickness of the bottom portion 13 of the inner sleeve 11.
  • the walls of the outer sleeve 12 will have a length which is 0.05 mm longer than the walls of the inner sleeve 11. This construction provides an ultimate capsule having uniform thickness when the sleeves 11 and 12 are interfitted.
  • end portions 13 of the wall portions of each separate sleeve may be tapered toward the inner diameter of the sleeve so that insertion of the inner sleeve 11 into the outer sleeve 12 can be facilitated.
  • the final outer dimensions of the capsules of the present invention have outer diameters which range from about 0.25 mm to about 25.0 mm and lengths which range from about 1.1 mm to about 25.0 mm.
  • the sealed capsule includes a source of radiation, and may also contain a radiopaque marker material for viewing the location and orientation of the sealed capsule or seed in situ in a treatment site in a patient's body.
  • capsules can be constructed of varying sizes, including minute capsules which, because of their thin walls, can contain an effective amount of a radioactive source.
  • the complete internal structure of such seeds is described in applicant's copending application Serial No. Q7 /z ⁇ ,3 ⁇ Z ⁇ filed July 28, 1988 (Reference No.
  • Fig. 2 shows another preferred embodiment of the cap ⁇ sule for radioactive materials of the present invention.
  • the capsule is constructed of three interfitting sleeves.
  • the sleeves are constructed so that the outer diameter of an inner sleeve is substantially the same as the inner diameter of a corresponding outer sleeve. Therefore, in the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, a capsule 20 comprising three interfitting sleeves 21, 22 and 23 is provided wherein the outer diameter of an inner sleeve is substantially the same as the inner diameter of the corresponding outer sleeve.
  • the sleeves are interfitted so that the open end of each inner sleeve is covered by the bottom por ⁇ tion of the next corresponding outer sleeve.
  • each sleeve is chosen so that a sealed interfitting relationship between the sleeves is obtained.
  • An outer diameter of the innermost sleeve 21 can range from about 0.2 mm to about 20.0 mm.
  • An inner diameter of the next interfitting sleeve 22 is chosen to be substantially the same as the outer diameter of the innermost sleeve 21.
  • the inner diameter of the outermost sleeve 23 is chosen so as to be substantially the same as the outer diameter of the sleeve
  • each sleeve is dependent upon the thickness of the walls of each sleeve, which thickness can vary.
  • the thickness of the bottom portions 13 are preferably the same as the total thickness of the sleeve walls. However, the thickness of the bottom portion 13 of the sleeve 22 may be made thicker than the bottom portions 13 of the sleeves 21 and
  • the thicknesses of the bottom portions and walls can be made such that a uniform overall thickness of encapsula ⁇ tion is provided around the inner cavity of the capsule when all the sleeves are interfitted.
  • the lengths of the walls of each succeeding sleeve increase to compensate for the thickness of the bottom portion of each sleeve.
  • the lengths of the walls of the innermost sleeve 21 will be the least for the sleeves 21, 22 and 23.
  • the length of the walls of the innermost sleeve 21 can be as short as about 1.0 mm.
  • the length of the walls of the sleeve 22 will be increased to compensate for the thickness of the bottom portion 13 of sleeve 21.
  • the length of the walls of the outer ⁇ most sleeve 23 will increase depending on the total thicknesses of the bottom portions 13 of sleeves 21 and 22.
  • a capsule accord ⁇ ing to the second embodiment can be constructed having final outer dimensions of about 1.1 mm to about 25.0 mm in length and about 0.25 mm to about 25.0 mm in diameter.
  • each sleeve does not have to be the same.
  • Sleeves of different mater ⁇ ials can be interfitted to provide a tightly sealed capsule.
  • a capsule 30 is provided having four interfitting sleeves 31, 32, 33 and 34.
  • the innermost sleeve 31 of this embodiment comprises a bottom portion 13 having a wall portion extending therefrom. An open end is provided opposite to that of the bottom portion.
  • the next sleeve 32 has the same construction as the innermost sleeve 31 except that the innermost diameter of the sleeve 32 is substantially the same as the outer diameter of the sleeve 31.
  • the length of the wall of the sleeve 32 is longer than the length of the wall of the inner sleeve 31 by about the thickness of the bottom portion 13.
  • the sleeve 33 of the capsule of this embodiment has an inner diameter which is substantially the same as the outer diameter of the sleeve 32. Furthermore, the length of the wall of the sleeve 33 is longer than the length of the wall of the sleeve 32 by approximately the thickness of the bottom portion 13 of the sleeve 32.
  • the outermost sleeve 34 has an inner diameter which is substantially the same as the outer diameter of the sleeve 33. The length of the wall of the outermost sleeve 34 is longer than the wall of the sleeve 33 by about the thickness of the bottom portion 13 of the sleeve 33.
  • the capsule is constructed by fitting each of the corresponding sleeves in a manner wherein the open end of one sleeve is oriented at the closed end of a corresponding sleeve.
  • the sleeves When interfitted, the sleeves provide a capsule having an inner cavity which is surrounded uniformly by the walls created by this interfitting relationship.
  • Each sleeve in this embodiment may comprise a material different than that of another sleeve. It may be desired to construct a capsule wherein the sleeves 31 and 32 are of one material to contain the radioactive substance while the sleeves 33 and 34 are of a material which is highly resistant to corro ⁇ sion or deterioration by body fluids. Other combinations of materials can be envisioned depending upon the particular use of the capsule and the material to be contained therein.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

Un conteneur (10) qui renferme des matériaux radioactifs devant être soumis à des rayonnements comprend deux ou plusieurs manchons (11, 12) qui s'emboîtent l'un dans l'autre. Chaque manchon comprend un fond fermé (13) sur lequel s'étend une paroi circonférentielle (16) et une extrémité ouverte opposée au fond. Les manchons s'emboîtent l'un sur l'autre, formant un conteneur hermétiquement fermé.
PCT/US1989/003258 1988-07-28 1989-07-28 Procede et dispositif d'encapsulation de materiaux radioactifs WO1990001208A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU40620/89A AU620136B2 (en) 1988-07-28 1989-07-28 Device and method for encapsulating radioactive materials
FI901565A FI97831C (fi) 1988-07-28 1990-03-28 Laite ja menetelmä radioaktiivisen aineen koteloimiseksi
NO901429A NO176159C (no) 1988-07-28 1990-03-28 Kapsel for innkapsling av radioaktivt materiale

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/225,354 US4869224A (en) 1987-07-30 1988-07-28 In-engine deposit detection apparatus for engine control system
US225,354 1988-07-28

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990001208A1 true WO1990001208A1 (fr) 1990-02-08

Family

ID=22844545

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1989/003258 WO1990001208A1 (fr) 1988-07-28 1989-07-28 Procede et dispositif d'encapsulation de materiaux radioactifs

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0396651A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2796153B2 (fr)
NO (1) NO176159C (fr)
WO (1) WO1990001208A1 (fr)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5587463A (en) * 1989-03-06 1996-12-24 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Texaphyrin macrocycles and metal complexes thereof
US5591422A (en) * 1995-06-02 1997-01-07 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Texaphyrin complexes having improved functionalization
US5594136A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-01-14 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Texaphyrin solid supports and devices
US5595726A (en) * 1992-01-21 1997-01-21 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Chromophore probe for detection of nucleic acid
US5599928A (en) * 1994-02-15 1997-02-04 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Texaphyrin compounds having improved functionalization
US5607924A (en) * 1992-01-21 1997-03-04 Pharmacyclics, Inc. DNA photocleavage using texaphyrins
NL1003543C2 (nl) * 1996-07-08 1998-01-12 Optische Ind Oede Oude Delftoe Capsule voor brachytherapie en samenstel van een capsule voor brachytherapie en een leidraad.
US5714328A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-02-03 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System RNA photocleavage using texaphyrins
US5763172A (en) * 1992-01-21 1998-06-09 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Method of phosphate ester hydrolysis
US5798491A (en) * 1993-06-09 1998-08-25 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Multi-mechanistic chemical cleavage using certain metal complexes
US5837866A (en) * 1994-09-21 1998-11-17 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas Phosphoramidite derivatives of macrocycles
US5888997A (en) * 1994-04-14 1999-03-30 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Radiation sensitization using texaphyrins
WO1999029371A1 (fr) * 1997-12-05 1999-06-17 Cook Incorporated Dispositif medical de radiotherapie
US5969111A (en) * 1994-04-14 1999-10-19 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Texaphyrins substituted with imidazole are provided
US6069140A (en) * 1992-01-21 2000-05-30 The Board Of Regents University Of Texas System Pharmaceutical compositions comprising texaphyrins
US7612352B2 (en) 2005-01-19 2009-11-03 W.F.N. Co., Ltd. Material activating device

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20160065205A (ko) * 2013-10-07 2016-06-08 모노졸, 엘엘씨 수용성 지연 방출 캡슐, 관련된 방법, 및 관련된 제품

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US2269458A (en) * 1941-01-21 1942-01-13 Noah A Kahn Capsule for radioactive substances and means for handling the same
US2830190A (en) * 1954-02-05 1958-04-08 Tracerlab Inc Radioactive source
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US3154501A (en) * 1964-10-27 Polonium compound heat sources
US3334050A (en) * 1964-08-24 1967-08-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Organic carbonaceous matrix with radioisotope dispersed therein
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US3600586A (en) * 1967-11-09 1971-08-17 Commissuriat A L En Atomique {60 -ray heat source, suitable for use in a cardiac pacemaker
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US4228146A (en) * 1978-10-27 1980-10-14 Yuzo Imamura Method of producing radioactive carbon powder
US4323055A (en) * 1980-04-08 1982-04-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Radioactive iodine seed
US4562001A (en) * 1981-02-03 1985-12-31 Nukem Gmbh Multiple layered transportation and storage container for radioactive wastes
US4654171A (en) * 1983-11-22 1987-03-31 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Process and apparatus for confining the pollution of an isostatic pressing enclosure
US4726916A (en) * 1984-05-04 1988-02-23 Societe Generale Pour Les Techniques Nouvelles S.G.N. Method for embedding and storing dangerous materials, such as radioactive materials in a monolithic container

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US2930190A (en) * 1958-04-29 1960-03-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Bypass gas turbine power plant employing regenerative cycle
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US3154501A (en) * 1964-10-27 Polonium compound heat sources
US2269458A (en) * 1941-01-21 1942-01-13 Noah A Kahn Capsule for radioactive substances and means for handling the same
US2830190A (en) * 1954-02-05 1958-04-08 Tracerlab Inc Radioactive source
US3145181A (en) * 1960-03-17 1964-08-18 Commissariat Energie Atomique Radioactive sources
US3334050A (en) * 1964-08-24 1967-08-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Organic carbonaceous matrix with radioisotope dispersed therein
US3351049A (en) * 1965-04-12 1967-11-07 Hazleton Nuclear Science Corp Therapeutic metal seed containing within a radioactive isotope disposed on a carrier and method of manufacture
US3600586A (en) * 1967-11-09 1971-08-17 Commissuriat A L En Atomique {60 -ray heat source, suitable for use in a cardiac pacemaker
US3632520A (en) * 1968-01-04 1972-01-04 Atomic Energy Commission Radioisotope fuel
US3666846A (en) * 1969-04-11 1972-05-30 Atomic Energy Commission Process of forming an isotopic heat source
US3659107A (en) * 1970-07-29 1972-04-25 Atomic Energy Commission Radioisotopic fuel capsule
US4228146A (en) * 1978-10-27 1980-10-14 Yuzo Imamura Method of producing radioactive carbon powder
US4323055A (en) * 1980-04-08 1982-04-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Radioactive iodine seed
US4562001A (en) * 1981-02-03 1985-12-31 Nukem Gmbh Multiple layered transportation and storage container for radioactive wastes
US4654171A (en) * 1983-11-22 1987-03-31 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Process and apparatus for confining the pollution of an isostatic pressing enclosure
US4726916A (en) * 1984-05-04 1988-02-23 Societe Generale Pour Les Techniques Nouvelles S.G.N. Method for embedding and storing dangerous materials, such as radioactive materials in a monolithic container

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Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., Vol. 9, pp 1747-1752, 1983, "Physical Dosimetry of 125I Seeds of a New Design for Interstitial Implant" *
See also references of EP0396651A4 *

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5587463A (en) * 1989-03-06 1996-12-24 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Texaphyrin macrocycles and metal complexes thereof
US5594136A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-01-14 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Texaphyrin solid supports and devices
US5763172A (en) * 1992-01-21 1998-06-09 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Method of phosphate ester hydrolysis
US6069140A (en) * 1992-01-21 2000-05-30 The Board Of Regents University Of Texas System Pharmaceutical compositions comprising texaphyrins
US5595726A (en) * 1992-01-21 1997-01-21 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Chromophore probe for detection of nucleic acid
US5607924A (en) * 1992-01-21 1997-03-04 Pharmacyclics, Inc. DNA photocleavage using texaphyrins
US5798491A (en) * 1993-06-09 1998-08-25 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Multi-mechanistic chemical cleavage using certain metal complexes
US5599928A (en) * 1994-02-15 1997-02-04 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Texaphyrin compounds having improved functionalization
US5969111A (en) * 1994-04-14 1999-10-19 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Texaphyrins substituted with imidazole are provided
US5888997A (en) * 1994-04-14 1999-03-30 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Radiation sensitization using texaphyrins
US5837866A (en) * 1994-09-21 1998-11-17 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas Phosphoramidite derivatives of macrocycles
US5756726A (en) * 1995-06-02 1998-05-26 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Methods of producing singlet oxygen using compounds having improved functionalization
US5601802A (en) * 1995-06-02 1997-02-11 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Methods of MRI enhancement using compounds having improved functionalization
US5591422A (en) * 1995-06-02 1997-01-07 Pharmacyclics, Inc. Texaphyrin complexes having improved functionalization
US5714328A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-02-03 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System RNA photocleavage using texaphyrins
WO1998001186A1 (fr) * 1996-07-08 1998-01-15 Delft Instruments Intellectual Property B.V. Capsule a utiliser en curietherapie et combinaison d'une telle capsule et d'un fil de guidage
NL1003543C2 (nl) * 1996-07-08 1998-01-12 Optische Ind Oede Oude Delftoe Capsule voor brachytherapie en samenstel van een capsule voor brachytherapie en een leidraad.
US6179768B1 (en) 1996-07-08 2001-01-30 Delft Instruments Intellectual Property B.V. Capsule for use in brachytherapy and a combination of a capsule for brachytherapy and a guidewire
WO1999029371A1 (fr) * 1997-12-05 1999-06-17 Cook Incorporated Dispositif medical de radiotherapie
US6162165A (en) * 1997-12-05 2000-12-19 Cook Incorporated Medical radiation treatment device
US7612352B2 (en) 2005-01-19 2009-11-03 W.F.N. Co., Ltd. Material activating device
US8039823B2 (en) 2005-01-19 2011-10-18 W.F.N. Co., Ltd Material activating device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO901429L (no) 1990-04-30
EP0396651A4 (en) 1990-12-12
JP2796153B2 (ja) 1998-09-10
NO901429D0 (no) 1990-03-28
NO176159C (no) 1995-02-08
NO176159B (no) 1994-10-31
JPH03500819A (ja) 1991-02-21
EP0396651A1 (fr) 1990-11-14

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