WO1989011343A2 - Improvements in or relating to reduction of drag - Google Patents
Improvements in or relating to reduction of drag Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1989011343A2 WO1989011343A2 PCT/GB1989/000562 GB8900562W WO8911343A2 WO 1989011343 A2 WO1989011343 A2 WO 1989011343A2 GB 8900562 W GB8900562 W GB 8900562W WO 8911343 A2 WO8911343 A2 WO 8911343A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- riblets
- mould
- coating
- sheet
- sheet material
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/10—Influencing flow of fluids around bodies of solid material
- F15D1/12—Influencing flow of fluids around bodies of solid material by influencing the boundary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/02—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
- B05D3/0254—After-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/12—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by mechanical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain a matt or rough surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/022—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing characterised by the disposition or the configuration, e.g. dimensions, of the embossments or the shaping tools therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
- B29C59/026—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing of layered or coated substantially flat surfaces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C21/00—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow
- B64C21/10—Influencing air flow over aircraft surfaces by affecting boundary layer flow using other surface properties, e.g. roughness
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
- F15D1/02—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits
- F15D1/06—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits by influencing the boundary layer
- F15D1/065—Whereby an element is dispersed in a pipe over the whole length or whereby several elements are regularly distributed in a pipe
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/0035—Multiple processes, e.g. applying a further resist layer on an already in a previously step, processed pattern or textured surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/40—Distributing applied liquids or other fluent materials by members moving relatively to surface
- B05D1/42—Distributing applied liquids or other fluent materials by members moving relatively to surface by non-rotary members
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
- B05D3/061—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation using U.V.
- B05D3/065—After-treatment
- B05D3/067—Curing or cross-linking the coating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/0002—Lithographic processes using patterning methods other than those involving the exposure to radiation, e.g. by stamping
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/10—Drag reduction
Definitions
- This invention relates to the reduction of drag caused by relative flow between fluids and bodies.
- Such bodies may comprise, but are not confined to, marine craft, aircraft, motor vehicles, air compressor blades of jet engines, windmill blades and the interiors of fluid conducting pipes.
- One proposed solution to the reduction of drag caused by relative flow between fluids and bodies comprises applying to the bodies, adhesive-backed material having a patterned surface defining a multiplicity of minute grooves aligned with the path of fluid flow relative to the bodies and operable so as to reduce drag forces of the turbulent boundary layer. See WO 84/03867 and the article entitled “A Smoother Mover", page 51 of the publication "Yachting World” dated June 1987. Such sheet material has been produced by extrusion.
- Such micro-grooves have been termed 'riblets'.
- 'riblets' used hereinafter should be understood to include not only micro-grooves but where appropriate any small scale surface irregularity in the nature of a plurality of projections and/or recesses in the surface and which are capable of reducing drag, at least for a range of Reynolds numbers.
- the present application is concerned with various improvements in the production of drag reducing riblets.
- riblets as hereinbefore defined are formed directly on the surface of a body by the steps of first applying a deformable coating to the surface and then deforming the coating so as to produce the riblets.
- This process overcomes a problem which can arise with adhesivebacked sheet material, that the material can sometimes begin to peel thereby increasing drag.
- the coating material may be thermoplastic. Heat and pressure may then be applied to the material so as to deform it.
- the coating material may be curable by exposure to radiation, preferably ultra-violet radiation.
- Heat and pressure may be applied by a heated roller or by a heated mould.
- An inflatable bag can be positioned between a rigid, stationary reaction member and the mould, and the bag inflated to apply a super-atmospheric pressure to the mould.
- super-atmospheric pressure can be applied in a heated chamber.
- the mould is positioned on the surface, and an impervious cover is positioned over the mould to define a vacuum chamber, sealing means being provided to seal the margin of the cover to the surface around the mould, and a vacuum connection is provided to the chamber for connecting the chamber to a vacuum source to subject the mould to vacuum.
- the cover is preferably a sheet of flexible material and preferably a porous breather sheet is positioned between the flexible cover material and the mould.
- a heated blanket may then be positioned against the flexible cover material.
- a method of forming riblets on the surface of a body by chemical milling comprising the steps of providing a mask with the desired riblet pattern but having a riblet spacing which is a multiple of the desired riblet spacing, using the mask to expose portions of a photosensitive resist layer applied to the surface, removing the exposed portions of the resist, applying an etching solution to the resist-covered surface to form a first plurality of riblets in the surface, providing a new photosensitive resist layer, and then applying the mask again to the resist but in a position displaced from the original position, the steps of exposing the resist layer, removing the exposed resist and applying the etching solution being repeated to produce a second plurality of riblets in the surface phase - displaced from the first plurality of riblets.
- a method of forming riblets on deformable flexible sheet material comprises embossing the material by bringing it into moving pressurised contact with a suitably patterned surface defined by a moving strip.
- the flexible sheet material is preferably a thermoplastic material such as PVC (Polyvinyl chloride).
- flexible sheet material defining elongate riblets is manufactured by attaching a plurality of suitably shaped members of filamentary form in parallel array , to a backing whereby the filamentary members form the required elongate riblets.
- the filamentary members may be first wound onto a former defining a cylindrical surface, the backing attached to the members, and both the filamentary members and the backing then removed from the former.
- flexible sheet material defining riblets is manufactured by joining together, by weaving, a plurality of suitably shaped members of filamentary form disposed in substantially parallel array.
- the invention also comprises bodies and/or flexible material bearing riblets formed according to any of the above-defined methods.
- the invention further comprises apparatus for performing any of the above-defined methods.
- Figure 1 is a fragmentary end view, in section, of the body of a motor vehicle which bears a coating defining riblets;
- Figure 2 is a side view of a roller device
- Figure 3 is a front view, to an enlarged scale, of the roller of the device
- Figure 4 is a view similar to that shown by Figure 1 and illustrates a modification
- Figure 5 shows a technique for subjecting tooling sheets to super-atmospheric pressure using inflatable bags
- Figure 6 shows an arrangement for subjecting the tooling sheet to vacuum and the use of a heated blanket
- Figure 7 shows the various stages of a chemical milling technique
- Figure 8 illustrates how riblets may be produced by rotary embossing apparatus
- Figure 9 illustrates how riblets may be produced by use of a former.
- Figure 1 illustrates a part 1 of the metal body 2 of a motor vehicle.
- the body part 1 illustrated is a portion of one side of the vehicle.
- thermoplastic paint has been applied to the outer surface 4 of the metallic body part 1 and subsequently deformed to produce a plurality of drag-reducing riblets 5 disposed in parallel array.
- the riblets 5 comprise a series of minute grooves with parallel peaks 6 and valleys 7.
- the riblets 5 extend lengthwise along the path of air flowing past the vehicle body, which path is normal to the plane of Figure 1.
- thermoplastic paint is best applied to the body part 1 by a spray gun.
- a suitable paint is Type F190-0494 acrylic lacquer available from ICI Paints Division, Slough, Berkshire, or Type Z-4381, Aultragem single pack lacquer available from Ault and Wiborg Paints, Chadwell Heath, Dagenham.
- FIG 2 illustrates a roller device 10 whereby heat and pressure is applied to the thermoplastic coating 3 to form the riblets 5.
- the roller device 10 comprises a roller 11 formed by a metal cylinder 12 ( Figure 3) with a wire 13 wound around the surface of the cylinder and secured thereto.
- the roller 11 is rotatable, about an axis 14, within a cowling 15.
- the cowling 15 is connected to the outlet nozzle 16 of a variable temperature hot air gun 17, as used for paint removal.
- the cowling 15 defines a small longitudinal gap 18 with the roller 11, which gap provides a restricted hot air exit.
- the hot air gun 17 is used to heat the roller 11 and the wire 13 thereon, and the device 10 then employed to move the roller along the coating 3 while applying pressure thereto.
- the heated roller 11 softens the coating 3, allowing the wire 13 of the roller to enter the coating and deform it so as to form the riblets 5.
- the riblets may be regularly or randomly distributed. They may, for example, be of triangular or semi-circular transverse cross-section.
- the temperature of the paint coating 3 during the formation of the riblets 5 is preferably 60° to 80° C.
- the roller 11 is driven.
- roller device 10 has been described herein for illustrative purposes only. Obviously, the device 10 would be replaced by larger, purpose-built equipment for full-scale production of riblets on vehicles produced in a factory.
- FIG. 4 The principle of another method of producing riblets is illustrated schematically in Figure 4, wherein a heated mould 25 is pressed against a coating 3a of thermoplastic paint, as indicated by arrows 27.
- the working surface 26 of the mould is formed with a suitable pattern whereby the riblets 5a are produced.
- release agent or release layer may be required to assist removal of the mould 25 from coating 3a.
- FIG. 5 A practical implementation of the method of Figure 4 for applying riblets to a thermoplastic paint-coated aerofoil member 29 is illustrated in Figure 5.
- the purpose of this process is to create riblets on the external surfaces of large structures such as aircraft wings and fuselages. It is intended to be the final production process in the manufacture of these finished surfaces, with no further painting or finishing being necessary.
- the surface of the body 29 to which the process is to be applied is first thoroughly cleaned and degreased. It is then either sprayed with a suitable thermoplastic paint or covered with an appropriate pre-preg sheet.
- tooling sheets 25 I and 25 II containing the negative form of the desired riblet profile are then carefully positioned on top of and/or underneath the body. Great care is taken to ensure the correct orientation of the riblet grooves.
- the tooling sheet is so constructed that the alignment of the riblets is appropriate to the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic characteristics of the body, and incorporates datum locations to mate with appropriate features in the body itself. Usually the riblets on a given tooling sheet will not all be parallel because of the 3D characteristics of the flow and the surfaces.
- the tooling sheet 25 , 25 can be produced in an appropriate grade of silicon rubber for the application, and incorporates a heating element 30 and thermocouples 31 in its construction.
- the heating elements are close to the working surface of the tool which is in contact with the body 29.
- a respective inflatable pressure bag 32 is put in position covering the tooling sheet(s).
- reaction frames 33, 34 This complete assembly is then positioned between reaction frames 33, 34. As illustrated, there is an upper frame 33 and a lower frame 34. These frames will be connected together by structural members so that the forces on each frame react against one another. Pressure connections 35 and air supply lines 36 are shown in the diagram.
- the complete assembly is pressurised and heater supplies 37 are energised.
- the body 29 then undergoes a carefully controlled thermal cycle at a predetermined temperature and time. The temperature and the time depend on the surface coating materials which have been applied to the body.
- the thermocouples 31 incorporated in the tools 25 , 25 are used both to monitor and control the temperature during this riblet forming process.
- a typical height and width of riblet grooves applied to commercial aircraft is about 50 ⁇ m.
- a vacuum forming technique for producing riblets will now be described with reference to Figure 6.
- the surface 1 of the body 1 to be treated is painted as previously described.
- a sheet tool 25 containing the negative form of the desired riblet profile is then carefully applied to the surface 1 , and is held in place temporarily, eg with adhesive tape.
- This tool 25 is so constructed that the alignment of the riblets is appropriate to the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic characteristics of the body. In many cases this means that the riblets on a given tool will not all be parallel.
- a release sheet 38 of halar is preferably used to cover the area of the tooling sheet 25 and ensure that a porous breather sheet 39 does not stick to sheet 25. Both the release 38 and breather 39 sheets are very slightly larger than the tooling sheet 25 itself.
- a strip of adhesive tape 40 is applied around the perimeter of these sheets. This is to protect the thermoplastic coating from damage caused by the removal of sealing putty 41, which is applied on top of the tape 40.
- the complete assembly is covered with a sheet of capran 42 which is sealed against the putty 41.
- Vacuum fittings 43 are incorporated in one or more positions, depending on the size of the assembly, and the whole assembly is subjected to a vacuum.
- the assembly is covered with a heater blanket 43 and subjected to a carefully controlled thermal cycle at a controlled temperature for fixed time.
- the temperature and the time depend on the thermoplastic material being used.
- Thermocouples 44 are attached to the outer surface of the capran sheet 42 both to monitor and control the temperature.
- the construction of the heater blanket 43 is also shown in Figure 6.
- a woven copper heating element 45 is protected on both sides by glass cloth 46. Insulation 47 on one side helps to retain the heat during the process.
- the outer casing 48 of the blanket is made from silicon rubber in order to withstand the heat and keep out moisture. Electrical connections 49, 50 respectively from the blanket 43 and the thermocouples 44 are both connected to the power supply/ temperature controller for the blanket.
- thermocouples 44 are connected into the oven/autoclave control system, for monitoring and controlling the temperature during the heat curing process.
- Stage 1 The substrate material 1 is coated with an appropriate etch resistant polymer layer 51.
- a photographically produced mask 52 is then used to expose this photosensitive resist layer to the desired riblet pattern. This pattern has grooves which are spaced apart by 2 or 3 times the desired spacing for the finished surface.
- the exposed portion of the resist is illustrated as 53 in the Stage 1 diagram.
- the accurate positioning of the mask is critical to the proper formation of the riblet grooves and a suitable jig or fixture is required to control the relative positions of the two.
- Stage 2 The areas of the etch resistant coating which have been exposed to ultra-violet light by the mask are fixed by the cross-linking of polymer and the unexposed areas washed away. The sheet is then immersed in acid or sprayed with an appropriate etchant which etches away the metal where it is not protected by the etch resistant coating. Controlling the time and strength of the etchant determines the depth and width of the grooves 54.
- Stage 3 After removing the original resist layer and applying a fresh resist layer 51, the whole of Stage 1 of the process is then repeated, but with the mask 52 displaced by one groove spacing.
- a suitable jig with micrometer adjustment or ratchet mechanism is required to ensure that the displacement of the mask can be controlled with sufficient accuracy. In this way the grooves 54 produced during the first etching are protecting during the second and subsequent etching processes.
- Stage 4 is then repeated to remove the etch resistant layer where the grooves are to be formed, followed by etching to produce the further grooves 55 themselves.
- the number of times which the process is repeated depends on the size and spacing of the riblet grooves to be produced for the specific application.
- An alternative method of forming riblets directly on a body comprises a coating which is sensitive to and curable by ultraviolet light radiation.
- the riblets are first produced in an uncured coating by any of the techniques described above, and the deformed coating subsequently cured by exposing it to the radiation, which may conveniently be shone through a suitably transparent mould or roller.
- UV varnish available from the aforesaid ICI Paints Division.
- the body parts 1 need not in general be metallic. They may, for example, by GRP (glass-reinforced plastics) material.
- Figures 8 and 9 illustrate methods of forming riblets on deformable and conformable flexible sheet material.
- Such material per se has application, for example, as yacht sails and coverings for loads carried by road and other vehicles.
- the flexible sheet material may also be applied to a body, using adhesive.
- the adhesive may be in the form of a backing on the flexible sheet material.
- rotary embossing apparatus 60 comprises a pair of rolls 61, 62 through the nip of which pass, in moving contact with each other, a strip 63 of paper and a strip 64 of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride).
- rollers 65, 66 and the ends of the PVC strip 64 are mounted on rollers 67, 68.
- Rollers 65 and 67 are supply rollers.
- Rollers 66 and 68 are take-up rollers.
- Paper strip 63 is a master or casting strip, embossed with a suitable pattern, eg a plurality of grooves comprising a mirror image of the desired riblets.
- the rolls 61, 62 are heated and the apparatus 60 is set up and operated so that as the strips 63, 64 pass through the nip of the rolls 61, 62, controlled heat and pressure are applied to the PVC strip whereby it is deformed so as to define the desired riblets.
- the PVC strip may be replaced by composite strip material wherein only the surface contacted by the patterned paper strip 63 is of thermoplastic material, such as PVC.
- All or only some of the rolls 61, 62 and rollers 65, 66, 67, 68 may be driven.
- another method of manufacturing sheet material defining riblets employs a mandrel 75 around the cylindrical surface of which is wound filamentary members 76 of triangular or cusped semi-circular cross-section.
- the filamentary members 76 which are disposed in parallel array, are subsequently covered by a backing 77, the members and the backing being attached to each other by adhesive.
- the backing 77 is dimensioned so that its ends meet to form a tube enclosing the members.
- the tube and members beneath are then cut along a line 78 parallel to the axis 79 of the mandrel 75, and the material peeled off the mandrel.
- the contiguous filamentary members 76 form the required riblets 80.
- Flexible sheet material in the form of a mat may also be produced by weaving together filamentary members of suitable cross-section disposed in parallel array.
- the resulting material is similar to that produced using the filament to backing technique described above with reference to Figure 9, but with cross-stitching holding the filaments in place instead of adhesive.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8812494.6 | 1988-05-26 | ||
GB8812494A GB8812494D0 (en) | 1988-05-26 | 1988-05-26 | Improvements in/relating to reduction of drag |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1989011343A2 true WO1989011343A2 (en) | 1989-11-30 |
WO1989011343A3 WO1989011343A3 (en) | 1990-01-11 |
Family
ID=10637581
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1989/000562 WO1989011343A2 (en) | 1988-05-26 | 1989-05-22 | Improvements in or relating to reduction of drag |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0383852A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH03500508A (en) |
AU (1) | AU3732789A (en) |
GB (1) | GB8812494D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1989011343A2 (en) |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998033601A1 (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1998-08-06 | Sigma Coatings Farben- Und Lackwerke Gmbh | Process for generating structured surfaces in coil coating |
US6025024A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 2000-02-15 | Sigma Coatings Farben- Und Lackwerke Gmbh | Process for generating structured surfaces in coil coating |
GB2388173A (en) * | 2002-03-21 | 2003-11-05 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Pipe comprising a porous inner wall |
US6666646B1 (en) | 1999-07-30 | 2003-12-23 | Chromalloy Holland B.V. | Drag reduction for gas turbine engine components |
WO2003106260A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2003-12-24 | University Of Nottingham | Controlling boundary layer fluid flow |
WO2007036349A1 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2007-04-05 | Nikolaus Vida | Surface shaping method |
WO2008066466A1 (en) * | 2006-11-29 | 2008-06-05 | Ragnar Winberg | Procedure to reduce the friction between a hull and the surrounding water by creating ribs in the hull paint |
FR2911079A1 (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-11 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Fabricating a membrane for restructuring internal surface of tube, comprises coating spindle of thermofusible material layer, machining the thermofusible material layer, placing coated spindle in a mold, and flowing a material in the mold |
EP2138396A2 (en) * | 2008-06-26 | 2009-12-30 | Dimension-Polyant GmbH | Sail membrane |
GB2477325A (en) * | 2010-02-01 | 2011-08-03 | Dariusz Kazimierz Szymanek | Aerodynamic surface |
US20110186685A1 (en) * | 2010-02-02 | 2011-08-04 | The Boeing Company | Thin-Film Composite Having Drag-Reducing Riblets and Method of Making the Same |
DE102010014475A1 (en) * | 2010-04-09 | 2011-10-13 | Gerhard Dorandt | Hydro-Hai system |
CN102248950A (en) * | 2011-05-02 | 2011-11-23 | 李仕清 | High-efficiency energy-saving technology for bullet train |
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WO2013085671A1 (en) * | 2011-12-09 | 2013-06-13 | General Electric Company | Method of applying surface riblets to an aerodynamic surface |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH03500508A (en) | 1991-02-07 |
AU3732789A (en) | 1989-12-12 |
WO1989011343A3 (en) | 1990-01-11 |
EP0383852A1 (en) | 1990-08-29 |
GB8812494D0 (en) | 1988-06-29 |
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