EP2138396A2 - Sail membrane - Google Patents

Sail membrane Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2138396A2
EP2138396A2 EP20090008374 EP09008374A EP2138396A2 EP 2138396 A2 EP2138396 A2 EP 2138396A2 EP 20090008374 EP20090008374 EP 20090008374 EP 09008374 A EP09008374 A EP 09008374A EP 2138396 A2 EP2138396 A2 EP 2138396A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sail
fabric
grooves
calendering
diaphragm according
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Granted
Application number
EP20090008374
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2138396B1 (en
EP2138396A3 (en
Inventor
Uwe Stein
Heiner Schillings
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Dimension Polyant GmbH
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Dimension Polyant GmbH
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Publication of EP2138396A3 publication Critical patent/EP2138396A3/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H9/00—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power
    • B63H9/04—Marine propulsion provided directly by wind power using sails or like wind-catching surfaces
    • B63H9/06—Types of sail; Constructional features of sails; Arrangements thereof on vessels
    • B63H9/067—Sails characterised by their construction or manufacturing process
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
    • D06C15/00—Calendering, pressing, ironing, glossing or glazing textile fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/244—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons
    • D06M15/256—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/70—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/705—Embossing; Calendering; Pressing
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
    • D06M23/08—Processes in which the treating agent is applied in powder or granular form
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
    • D06M23/16—Processes for the non-uniform application of treating agents, e.g. one-sided treatment; Differential treatment

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sail membrane made of a fabric of synthetic fibers, a method for producing such a sail diaphragm and sails made therefrom.
  • sail membranes are made of films, they have a substantially smooth surface.
  • these membranes consists of fabrics, which is often the case with high-quality and large-area sails, the sail has on its surface the fabric to its own weave structures, possibly laminated by films, modified by coatings or modified by bonding or fusion.
  • These fabric structures influence the aerodynamic properties of the sails and possibly the wind permeability and the water absorption capacity, but are not suitable, because of their rather coarse structures to change the air resistance targeted.
  • micro-rugosities which are suitable for reducing the degree of turbulence in the turbulence layer to the surface of the sail should be mentioned here.
  • Such micro-rugosities have been developed in aircraft construction and there usually have the form of parallel grooves or grooves along the direction of flow of the air.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a sail membrane with a surface structure that is particularly well suited for sailing with aft wind, so it can be used for the production of spinnakers and gennakers.
  • the term "sail membrane” is understood to mean any woven fabric of synthetic fibers that is suitable or used for sail production.
  • sail membranes are intended for the manufacture of sails, which are used (even) in aft wind.
  • the fabrics can be made of a single fiber, such as polyamide fibers, polyolefin fibers and polyester fibers, but also contain mixed systems.
  • the tissues can be known in and of themselves Be coated to reduce or eliminate the air permeability and are usually hydrophobic. To reduce the air permeability, the fabrics can also be rolled and / or thermally treated, for example by melting a low-melting fiber of a mixed fabric of different synthetic fibers.
  • Particularly preferred as materials are polyamide (nylon-6.6), polyester and polyethylene (Dyneema R and / or Spectra R ).
  • the Riefenêt within a Riefenschar according to the invention is 5 to 25 grooves / mm, which corresponds to a comb spacing of the grooves of 200 microns to 40 microns, and preferably 8 to 20 grooves / mm, corresponding to 125 microns to 50 microns comb spacing.
  • the amplitude of the grooves, d. H. Height of the valleys between two crests to the crest height is preferably 25 to 75% of the comb spacing of a Riefenschar and in particular 40 to 60%.
  • each group is essentially all parallel to each other and can basically pass over the fabric in any orientation.
  • a diagonal course at an angle of 45 ° to the warp or weft threads, +/- 15 °.
  • An essentially diagonal course of 45 ° is particularly preferred since this course is suitable for best copying the unevenness of the fabric.
  • micro-roughnesses in the form of at least two mutually parallel Riefenscharen can be introduced in any manner in the fabric structure, for example by printing, weaving, row-wise application of nanoparticulate particles or by rolling.
  • Calendering is particularly preferred with a pattern or grooved roll, wherein the roll is usually heated to a temperature which is below the softening temperature of the synthetic fiber or the lowest softening synthetic fiber, preferably about 10 ° C below.
  • the calendering takes place at an elevated temperature under a pressure of at least 50 N / mm, preferably about 100 to 600 N / mm and especially about 200 to 400 N / mm.
  • the sail diaphragm is calendered on both sides with such a structural or grooved roller.
  • Particularly preferred in the sail membrane according to the invention is a diamond pattern with intersecting grooves, d. H. two Riefenscharen, which intersect in particular at an angle of 80 ° to 120 °. This results in this way a rectangle or diamond pattern, which is rotated by 45 ° +/- 15 ° relative to the normal fabric pattern of intersecting warp and weft threads. But it can also be provided three intersecting Riefenscharen that intersect at an angle of, for example, 60 ° and enclose hexagonal recesses.
  • the sail membrane according to the invention may be rendered hydrophobic in a manner known per se, in particular a hydrophobing with a perfluoropolyalkylene in question, for example with Teflon R.
  • the hydrophobing preferably takes place before calendering. If the fabric is dyed and finished in a special way, the dyeing process and equipment will also take place prior to calendering.
  • a hydrophobing can also be achieved by applying hydrophobic particles, for example by the application of nanoparticles, which prepare a hydrophobic wetting regime according to Cassie-Baxter.
  • Such nanoparticulate coatings may be irregular in nature and, in particular, should remain well behind the impressed groove pattern. The height of these particles should not exceed a value of 5 ⁇ m, in particular 2 ⁇ m.
  • Such a nanoparticulate coating causes accumulating water droplets to not wet and penetrate the sail membrane itself, but to bead off the surface, thereby reducing the water absorption of the membrane.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing a sail membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fabric is optionally dyed and / or finished as a raw or semifinished product after production, thereafter at a pressure of at least 50 N / mm with a structure roller is calendered for embossing of intersecting Riefenscharen with a density of 5 to 25 grooves / mm from at least one side.
  • calendering is usually the last step in the production of the finished sail membrane. All dyeing and finishing steps take place in advance, as well as possibly coatings for hydrophobing.
  • the calendering takes place at elevated temperature, wherein the roll is heated to a temperature which is set below the softening or melting point of the lowest melting synthetic fiber. Preferably, the temperature is about 10 ° C below the melting or softening point.
  • the tissue may be subjected to a steam treatment beforehand, eg. B. with superheated steam of 110 ° C.
  • a hydrophobization as described above is also done prior to calendering. Further refinement steps, such as the application of nanoparticulate layers to increase the hydrophobicity, are carried out after calendering.
  • the sail diaphragm according to the invention can be made in the usual way sails.
  • the sail is composed of individual webs or pieces of fabric, taking into account in a conventional manner, the main power lines and the tensile strength in the different directions.
  • the invention accordingly also relates to a sail made from a sail diaphragm according to the invention, in particular spinnaker and gennaker.
  • sail membranes manufactured according to the invention have particular aerodynamic properties thanks to the cross-corrugated structure, in particular when sailing with aft wind. Calendering significantly reduces the air permeability of the fabric.
  • the already lower air permeability can be achieved by conventional Coating measures further reduced and reduced to 0, which then significantly less coating material is needed. Such a coating measure is expediently carried out after calendering.
  • the sail membranes according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of spinnakers and gennakers.
  • the embossed pattern of intersecting groove blades results in an improved feel, which facilitates the setting of the sail.
  • stalling and micro vortex during downwind sailing have no decisive influence on the air resistance, but for the microroughness and the structuring of the sail surface and the associated vortex shedding to improved aerodynamic properties, increased stability of sailing and in particular facilitate the setting of the spinnaker.
  • the sail diaphragm according to the invention additionally provided with a nanoparticulate layer for water repellency, the water absorption capacity can be significantly reduced in this way.
  • FIG. 1 shows a canvas made of a polyamide fabric, in which the perpendicular to each other running warp and weft threads are clearly visible in linen weave.
  • An X pattern of intersecting grooves running diagonally to the fabric direction was embossed into this fabric using a calender roll with X-corrugation.
  • the individual grooves run at a distance of approximately 125 ⁇ m from each other, corresponding to 8 grooves / mm.
  • the diagonally from top left to bottom right and bottom left to top right extending Riefenscharen intersect at an angle of about 90 °.
  • the embossing pressure was 300 N / mm, and the roll temperature was set at 200 ° C.
  • FIG. 2 shows a canvas made of a polyamide fabric in linen binding with 20 grooves / mm in 300-fold magnification. Clearly visible are the crests of the intersecting grooves running diagonally to the fiber direction and the enclosed diamond-shaped depressions in the fiber surface, which continue in the form of chains in the fiber direction.
  • the canvas was treated with a Buchriffel calender at 200 ° C and 300 N mm.
  • FIG. 3 shows a canvas made of a polyester fabric, in which the perpendicular to each other running warp and weft threads are clearly visible in linen weave.
  • a cross corrugation was impressed with a calender roll, which runs diagonally to the fabric direction.
  • the individual grooves run at a distance of 50 ⁇ m from groove to groove, corresponding to a groove density of 20 grooves / mm.
  • the embossing pressure was 400 N / mm at a roll temperature of 200 ° C.
  • the raw fabric was calendered on both sides.
  • the permeabilities (at 300 to 400 N / mm) were 10 to 20 l / dm 2 .
  • the measurements revealed a drag coefficient of C Wa averaged 7.08 x 10 -3 for a non-corrugated sail membrane, with a cross corrugation of 10 grooves / mm of 6.54 x 10 -3 and 20 grooves / mm of 6.4 x 10 -3 .
  • the values are averaged values from 500 measurements at eight measurement points.
  • the sail membrane samples were those of a polyester / polyethylene blended fabric.

Abstract

The canvas membrane is made of a fiber cloth of synthetic fibers, where the fiber cloth has micro-roughness in the form of intersecting groove rally on the fiber cloth structure. Certain number of grooves is provided in every millimeter of fiber cloth, where the grooves are provided by roll compaction. Hydrophobizing is carried out by perfluoro-polyalkylene or nanoparticulate coating. An independent claim is included for a method for manufacturing a canvas membrane.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Segelmembran aus einem Gewebe aus synthetischen Fasern, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Segelmembran und daraus gefertigte Segel.The invention relates to a sail membrane made of a fabric of synthetic fibers, a method for producing such a sail diaphragm and sails made therefrom.

Bei der Fertigung von Hochleistungssegeln auch für Wettbewerbszwecke steht die Vereinigung einer Reihe von besonderen Eigenschaften im Vordergrund, als da sind niedriges Gewicht, gute Handhabbarkeit, geringe Winddurchlässigkeit, hohe Reißfestigkeit, Elastizität, geringes Wasseraufnahmevermögen, UV-Beständigkeit und dergleichen. Ziel eines jeden Segelherstellers ist die Optimierung dieser Eigenschaften in nur einem Gewebe für die Segelherstellung.In the manufacture of high-performance sailing for competition purposes, the combination of a number of special properties in the foreground, as there are low weight, good handling, low wind permeability, high tensile strength, elasticity, low water absorption, UV resistance and the like. The goal of every sail manufacturer is to optimize these properties in a single fabric for sail production.

Bei der Herstellung von Segeln ist bislang noch nicht versucht worden, gezielt aerodynamischen Eigenschaften des Materials verbessernde Strukturen in die Oberfläche einzubringen. Soweit Segelmembrane aus Folien hergestellt werden, haben sie im Wesentlichen eine glatte Oberfläche. Soweit diese Membranen aus Geweben besteht, was bei hochwertigen und großflächigen Segeln häufig der Fall ist, weist das Segel an seiner Oberfläche die dem Gewebe zu eigenen Webstrukturen auf, ggf. kaschiert durch Folien, modifiziert durch Beschichtungen oder verändert durch Verklebung oder Verschmelzung. Diese Gewebestrukturen nehmen Einfluss auf die aerodynamischen Eigenschaften der Segel und ggf. auf die Winddurchlässigkeit und das Wasseraufnahmevermögen, sind jedoch nicht geeignet, auch wegen ihrer recht groben Strukturen, den Luftwiderstand gezielt zu verändern.In the manufacture of sails, it has not yet been attempted to introduce structures which improve the aerodynamic properties of the material into the surface. As far as sail membranes are made of films, they have a substantially smooth surface. As far as these membranes consists of fabrics, which is often the case with high-quality and large-area sails, the sail has on its surface the fabric to its own weave structures, possibly laminated by films, modified by coatings or modified by bonding or fusion. These fabric structures influence the aerodynamic properties of the sails and possibly the wind permeability and the water absorption capacity, but are not suitable, because of their rather coarse structures to change the air resistance targeted.

Sowohl an glatten als auch an strukturierten Oberflächen, die im Wind stehen, bilden sich Strömungsabrisse und Mikrowirbel, die einen Widerstand darstellen. Durch das gezielte Einbringen von Mikrorauigkeiten in die Oberfläche kann eine Widerstandsverminderung erzielt werden. Hier sind insbesondere Mikrorauigkeiten zu nennen, die geeignet sind, den Turbulenzgrad in der Turbulenzschicht zur Oberfläche des Segels zu vermindern. Solche Mikrorauigkeiten wurden im Flugzeugbau entwickelt und haben dort in der Regel die Form von parallel verlaufenden Riefen oder Rillen längs zur Anströmrichtung der Luft.Both on smooth surfaces and on structured surfaces that are in the wind, stalls and micro-vortexes form, which constitute a resistance. The targeted introduction of micro-roughness in the surface of a resistance reduction can be achieved. In particular, micro-rugosities which are suitable for reducing the degree of turbulence in the turbulence layer to the surface of the sail should be mentioned here. Such micro-rugosities have been developed in aircraft construction and there usually have the form of parallel grooves or grooves along the direction of flow of the air.

Bei der Herstellung von Segeln wird unterschieden zwischen Segeln, die am Wind eingesetzt werden und deren Vortrieb über den Druckunterschied zwischen Luv- und Leeseite herbeigeführt wird, und solchen, die vor dem Wind eingesetzt werden und den Vortrieb im Wesentlichen aus dem Winddruck beziehen. Segel, die vor dem Wind eingesetzt werden, sollen luftdicht sein, eine hohe Reißfestigkeit und Weiterreißfestigkeit aufweisen und, insbesondere im Fall eine Spinnakers, aus einem leichten Material gefertigt sein, eine gute Haptik haben und leicht zu setzen sein.In the manufacture of sails, a distinction is made between sails that are used on the wind and whose propulsion is caused by the pressure difference between the windward and leeward sides, and those that are used before the wind and refer to the propulsion mainly from the wind pressure. Sails that are used against the wind should be airtight, have a high tensile strength and tear strength and, especially in the case of a spinnaker, be made of a lightweight material, have a good feel and be easy to set.

Ziel der Erfindung ist es, eine Segelmembran mit einer Oberflächenstruktur zu schaffen, die besonders gut für das Segeln mit achterlichem Wind geeignet ist, also für die Fertigung von Spinnakern und Gennakern eingesetzt werden kann.The aim of the invention is to provide a sail membrane with a surface structure that is particularly well suited for sailing with aft wind, so it can be used for the production of spinnakers and gennakers.

Dieses Ziel wird mit einer Segelmembran aus einem Gewebe aus synthetischen Fasern erreicht, bei der das Gewebe Mikrorauigkeiten aufweist, die in Form sich kreuzender Riefenscharen mit einer Dichte von 5 bis 25 Riefen/mm auf die Gewebestruktur auf- oder in diese eingebracht sind.This object is achieved with a sail membrane made of a synthetic fiber fabric in which the fabric has micro-roughnesses which are applied to or introduced into the fabric structure in the form of intersecting groove coats at a density of 5 to 25 grooves / mm.

Erfindungsgemäß wird unter "Segelmembran" ein jegliches Gewebe aus synthetischen Fasern verstanden, das für die Segelherstellung geeignet ist bzw. eingesetzt wird. Insbesondere sind solche Segelmembranen bestimmt für die Fertigung von Segeln, die (auch) bei achterlichem Wind eingesetzt werden. Die Gewebe können aus einer einheitlichen Faser gefertigt werden, beispielsweise aus Polyamidfasern, Polyolefinfasern und Polyesterfasern, aber auch Mischsysteme enthalten. Die Gewebe können in an und für sich bekannter Weise zur Verminderung oder Beseitigung der Luftdurchlässigkeit beschichtet sein und sind in der Regel hydrophobiert. Zur Verminderung der Luftdurchlässigkeit können die Gewebe auch gewalzt und/oder thermisch behandelt sein, beispielsweise durch Anschmelzen einer niedrig schmelzenden Faser eines Mischgewebes aus verschiedenen Synthesefasern.According to the invention, the term "sail membrane" is understood to mean any woven fabric of synthetic fibers that is suitable or used for sail production. In particular, such sail membranes are intended for the manufacture of sails, which are used (even) in aft wind. The fabrics can be made of a single fiber, such as polyamide fibers, polyolefin fibers and polyester fibers, but also contain mixed systems. The tissues can be known in and of themselves Be coated to reduce or eliminate the air permeability and are usually hydrophobic. To reduce the air permeability, the fabrics can also be rolled and / or thermally treated, for example by melting a low-melting fiber of a mixed fabric of different synthetic fibers.

Besonders bevorzugt als Materialien sind Polyamid (Nylon-6.6), Polyester sowie mit Polyethylen (DyneemaR und/oder SpectraR).Particularly preferred as materials are polyamide (nylon-6.6), polyester and polyethylene (Dyneema R and / or Spectra R ).

Die Riefendichte innerhalb einer Riefenschar beträgt erfindungsgemäß 5 bis 25 Riefen/mm, was einem Kammabstand der Riefen von 200 µm bis 40 µm entspricht, und vorzugsweise 8 bis 20 Riefen/mm, entsprechend 125 µm bis 50 µm Kammabstand.The Riefendichte within a Riefenschar according to the invention is 5 to 25 grooves / mm, which corresponds to a comb spacing of the grooves of 200 microns to 40 microns, and preferably 8 to 20 grooves / mm, corresponding to 125 microns to 50 microns comb spacing.

Die Amplitude der Riefen, d. h. Höhe von den Tälern zwischen zwei Kämmen bis zur Kammhöhe beträgt vorzugsweise 25 bis 75 % des Kammabstandes einer Riefenschar und insbesondere 40 bis 60 %.The amplitude of the grooves, d. H. Height of the valleys between two crests to the crest height is preferably 25 to 75% of the comb spacing of a Riefenschar and in particular 40 to 60%.

Die Riefen einer jeden Schar laufen im Wesentlichen alle parallel zueinander und können im Grunde genommen in jeglicher Ausrichtung über das Gewebe verlaufen. Bevorzugt ist aber ein diagonaler Verlauf in einem Winkel von 45° zu den Kett- oder Schussfäden, +/- 15°. Ein im Wesentlichen diagonaler Verlauf von 45° ist besonders bevorzugt, da dieser Verlauf geeignet ist, die Gewebeunebenheiten am besten zu überspielen.The grooves of each group are essentially all parallel to each other and can basically pass over the fabric in any orientation. Preferably, however, is a diagonal course at an angle of 45 ° to the warp or weft threads, +/- 15 °. An essentially diagonal course of 45 ° is particularly preferred since this course is suitable for best copying the unevenness of the fabric.

Die Mikrorauigkeiten in Form von wenigstens zwei sich parallel erstreckenden Riefenscharen können auf beliebige Art und Weise in die Gewebestruktur eingebracht werden, beispielsweise durch Bedrucken, Einweben, reihenförmiges Aufbringen nanopartikulärer Partikel oder auch durch Einwalzen. Besonders bevorzugt ist das Kalandern mit einer Struktur- oder Rillenwalze, wobei die Walze in der Regel auf eine Temperatur erwärmt ist, die unterhalb der Erweichungstemperatur der Synthesefaser oder der niedrigst erweichenden Synthesefaser liegt, vorzugsweise etwa 10°C unterhalb. Zur Verbesserung des Prägeeffekts kann es sinnvoll sein, das Gewebe vor dem Kalandern mit Heißdampf zu behandeln, beispielsweise mit einer Temperatur von 110°C.The micro-roughnesses in the form of at least two mutually parallel Riefenscharen can be introduced in any manner in the fabric structure, for example by printing, weaving, row-wise application of nanoparticulate particles or by rolling. Calendering is particularly preferred with a pattern or grooved roll, wherein the roll is usually heated to a temperature which is below the softening temperature of the synthetic fiber or the lowest softening synthetic fiber, preferably about 10 ° C below. To improve the embossing effect, it may be useful to treat the fabric with hot steam before calendering, for example at a temperature of 110 ° C.

Das Kalandern findet bei erhöhter Temperatur unter einem Druck von wenigstens 50 N/mm statt, vorzugsweise etwa 100 bis 600 N/mm und insbesondere etwa 200 bis 400 N/mm.The calendering takes place at an elevated temperature under a pressure of at least 50 N / mm, preferably about 100 to 600 N / mm and especially about 200 to 400 N / mm.

Vorzugsweise wird die Segelmembran beidseitig mit einer solchen Struktur- oder Rillenwalze kalandert.Preferably, the sail diaphragm is calendered on both sides with such a structural or grooved roller.

Besonders bevorzugt ist bei der erfindungsgemäßen Segelmembran ein Rautenmuster mit sich kreuzenden Riefen, d. h. zwei Riefenscharen, die sich insbesondere in einem Winkel von 80° bis 120° kreuzen. Es ergibt sich auf diese Art und Weise ein Rechteck- bzw. Rautenmuster, das gegenüber dem normalen Gewebemuster aus sich kreuzenden Kett- und Schussfäden um 45° +/- 15° verdreht ist. Es können aber auch drei einander kreuzende Riefenscharen vorgesehen sein, die sich im Winkel von beispielsweise 60° schneiden und sechseckige Eintiefungen umschließen.Particularly preferred in the sail membrane according to the invention is a diamond pattern with intersecting grooves, d. H. two Riefenscharen, which intersect in particular at an angle of 80 ° to 120 °. This results in this way a rectangle or diamond pattern, which is rotated by 45 ° +/- 15 ° relative to the normal fabric pattern of intersecting warp and weft threads. But it can also be provided three intersecting Riefenscharen that intersect at an angle of, for example, 60 ° and enclose hexagonal recesses.

Die erfindungsgemäße Segelmembran kann auf an und für sich bekannte Art und Weise hydrophobiert sein, wobei insbesondere eine Hydrophobierung mit einem Perfluorpolyalkylen in Frage kommt, beispielsweise mit TeflonR. Die Hydrophobierung findet vorzugsweise vor dem Kalandern statt. Wird das Gewebe gefärbt und auf besondere Art und Weise ausgerüstet, so finden der Färbevorgang und die Ausrüstung ebenfalls vor dem Kalandern statt.The sail membrane according to the invention may be rendered hydrophobic in a manner known per se, in particular a hydrophobing with a perfluoropolyalkylene in question, for example with Teflon R. The hydrophobing preferably takes place before calendering. If the fabric is dyed and finished in a special way, the dyeing process and equipment will also take place prior to calendering.

Eine Hydrophobierung kann insbesondere auch bzw. zusätzlich durch Aufbringen hydrophober Teilchen erzielt werden, beispielsweise durch die Aufbringung von Nanopartikeln, die ein hydrophobes Benetzungsregime nach Cassie-Baxter herrichten. Solche nanopartikulären Beschichtungen können unregelmäßiger Natur sein und sollten insbesondere dimensionsmäßig deutlich hinter dem eingeprägten Rillenmuster zurückbleiben. Die Höhe dieser Partikel sollte einen Wert von 5 µm, insbesondere 2 µm nicht überschreiten. Solch ein nanopartikuläre Beschichtung bewirkt, dass sich ansammelnde Wassertropfen nicht die Segelmembran selbst benetzen und dort eindringen, sondern von der Oberfläche abperlen und damit die Wasseraufnahme der Membran vermindern.In particular, a hydrophobing can also be achieved by applying hydrophobic particles, for example by the application of nanoparticles, which prepare a hydrophobic wetting regime according to Cassie-Baxter. Such nanoparticulate coatings may be irregular in nature and, in particular, should remain well behind the impressed groove pattern. The height of these particles should not exceed a value of 5 μm, in particular 2 μm. Such a nanoparticulate coating causes accumulating water droplets to not wet and penetrate the sail membrane itself, but to bead off the surface, thereby reducing the water absorption of the membrane.

Die Erfindung betrifft insbesondere auch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Segelmembran nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, bei dem das Gewebe als Rohware oder Halbfabrikat nach der Erstellung ggf. gefärbt und/oder ausgerüstet wird, danach bei einem Druck von wenigstens 50 N/mm mit einer Strukturwalze zur Einprägung von sich kreuzenden Riefenscharen mit einer Dichte von 5 bis 25 Riefen/mm von wenigstens einer Seite kalandert wird.In particular, the invention also relates to a method for producing a sail membrane according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fabric is optionally dyed and / or finished as a raw or semifinished product after production, thereafter at a pressure of at least 50 N / mm with a structure roller is calendered for embossing of intersecting Riefenscharen with a density of 5 to 25 grooves / mm from at least one side.

Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren stellt das Kalandern in der Regel den letzten Schritt zur Herstellung der fertigen Segelmembran dar. Alle Färbe- und Ausrüstungsschritte finden im Vorfeld statt, ebenso evtl. Beschichtungen zur Hydrophobierung. Das Kalandern findet bei erhöhter Temperatur statt, wobei die Walze auf eine Temperatur aufgeheizt wird, die unterhalb des Erweichungs- bzw. Schmelzpunktes der am niedrigsten schmelzenden Synthesefaser eingestellt wird. Vorzugsweise liegt die Temperatur etwa 10°C unter dem Schmelz- oder Erweichungspunkt. Zur Verbesserung der Einprägung kann das Gewebe zuvor einer Wasserdampfbehandlung unterzogen werden, z. B. mit Heißdampf von 110°C. Eine Hydrophobierung, wie vorstehend beschrieben, wird ebenfalls vor dem Kalandern vorgenommen. Weitere Veredlungsschritte, so beispielsweise die Aufbringung nanopartikulärer Schichten zur Erhöhung der Hydrophobie, werden nach dem Kalandern vorgenommen.In the method according to the invention calendering is usually the last step in the production of the finished sail membrane. All dyeing and finishing steps take place in advance, as well as possibly coatings for hydrophobing. The calendering takes place at elevated temperature, wherein the roll is heated to a temperature which is set below the softening or melting point of the lowest melting synthetic fiber. Preferably, the temperature is about 10 ° C below the melting or softening point. To improve the impression, the tissue may be subjected to a steam treatment beforehand, eg. B. with superheated steam of 110 ° C. A hydrophobization as described above is also done prior to calendering. Further refinement steps, such as the application of nanoparticulate layers to increase the hydrophobicity, are carried out after calendering.

Aus der erfindungsgemäßen Segelmembran können auf übliche Art und Weise Segel gefertigt werden. In der Regel wird das Segel aus einzelnen Bahnen oder Gewebestücken zusammengesetzt, wobei in an und für sich bekannter Weise die Hauptkraftlinien und die Reißfestigkeit in den verschiedenen Richtungen berücksichtigt werden.From the sail diaphragm according to the invention can be made in the usual way sails. In general, the sail is composed of individual webs or pieces of fabric, taking into account in a conventional manner, the main power lines and the tensile strength in the different directions.

Die Erfindung betrifft entsprechend auch ein aus einer erfindungsgemäßen Segelmembran gefertigtes Segel, insbesondere Spinnaker und Gennaker.The invention accordingly also relates to a sail made from a sail diaphragm according to the invention, in particular spinnaker and gennaker.

Es wurde gefunden, dass erfindungsgemäß gefertigte Segelmembrane dank der Kreuz-Riffelstruktur, insbesondere beim Segeln mit achterlichem Wind, besondere aerodynamische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Durch das Kalandern wird die Luftdurchlässigkeit des Gewebes deutlich vermindert. Die ohnehin geringere Luftdurchlässigkeit kann durch herkömmliche Beschichtungsmaßnahmen weiter vermindert und auf 0 gesenkt werden, wofür dann deutlich weniger Beschichtungsmaterial benötigt wird. Eine solche Beschichtungsmaßnahme findet sinnvoller Weise nach dem Kalandern statt.It has been found that sail membranes manufactured according to the invention have particular aerodynamic properties thanks to the cross-corrugated structure, in particular when sailing with aft wind. Calendering significantly reduces the air permeability of the fabric. The already lower air permeability can be achieved by conventional Coating measures further reduced and reduced to 0, which then significantly less coating material is needed. Such a coating measure is expediently carried out after calendering.

Derart hergestellte Spinnaker- und Gennakergewebe können somit erfindungsgemäß deutlich leichter hergestellt werden. Dieser Gewichtsvorteil kann, wenn z. B. ein Mindestgewicht gewünscht oder gefordert ist, zur Einarbeitung von Verstärkungsfäden genutzt werden, so dass bei vergleichbarem Gewicht höhere Reiß- und Weiterreißfestigkeiten erzielt werden können.Spinnaker and gennaker fabrics produced in this way can thus be manufactured much more easily according to the invention. This weight advantage can, if z. B. a minimum weight is desired or required to be used for incorporation of reinforcing threads, so that higher tensile and tear propagation strengths can be achieved with a comparable weight.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Segelmembranen sind insbesondere für die Fertigung von Spinnakern und Gennakern geeignet. Das eingeprägte Muster sich kreuzender Riefenscharen ergibt eine verbesserte Haptik, was das Setzen des Segels erleichtert. Zwar haben Strömungsabrisse und Mikrowirbel beim Vorwindsegeln keinen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Luftwiderstand, jedoch für die Mikrorauigkeiten und die Strukturierung der Segeloberfläche und die damit verbundenen Wirbelablösungen zu verbesserten aerodynamischen Eigenschaften, einer erhöhten Stabilität des Segeln und erleichtern insbesondere auch das Setzen des Spinnakers.The sail membranes according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of spinnakers and gennakers. The embossed pattern of intersecting groove blades results in an improved feel, which facilitates the setting of the sail. Although stalling and micro vortex during downwind sailing have no decisive influence on the air resistance, but for the microroughness and the structuring of the sail surface and the associated vortex shedding to improved aerodynamic properties, increased stability of sailing and in particular facilitate the setting of the spinnaker.

Wird die erfindungsgemäße Segelmembran zusätzlich mit einer nanopartikulären Schicht zur Wasserabweisung versehen, kann auf diese Art und Weise das Wasseraufnahmevermögen deutlich herabgesetzt werden. In diesem Fall kann auf eine durchgehende Beschichtung mit einem wasserabweisenden Material - wie auch auf eine Beschichtung zur Verminderung der Winddurchlässigkeit - ganz oder weitgehend verzichtet werden, so dass sich insgesamt eine deutliche Gewichtsverminderung sowohl des trocknen Segels als auch des sich im Einsatz befindlichen Segels ergibt.If the sail diaphragm according to the invention additionally provided with a nanoparticulate layer for water repellency, the water absorption capacity can be significantly reduced in this way. In this case, a continuous coating with a water-repellent material - as well as a coating to reduce the wind permeability - completely or largely be dispensed with, so that overall results in a significant weight reduction of both the dry sail and the sail in use.

Die Erfindung wird durch die beiliegenden Abbildungen näher beschrieben. Es zeigen:

Figur 1
ein Segeltuchgewebe nach dem Kalandern in 60-facher Vergrößerung und
Figur 2
ein weiteres Segeltuch nach dem Kalandern in 300-facher Vergrößerung und
Figur 3
ein drittes Segeltuch nach dem Kalandern in 60-facher Vergrößerung.
The invention is described in more detail by the accompanying drawings. Show it:
FIG. 1
a canvas fabric after calendering in 60x magnification and
FIG. 2
another canvas after calendering in 300x magnification and
FIG. 3
a third canvas after calendering in 60x magnification.

Figur 1 zeigt ein Segeltuch aus einem Polyamidgewebe, bei dem die senkrecht zueinander verlaufenden Kett- und Schussfäden in Leinenbindung deutlich zu erkennen sind. In dieses Gewebe wurden mit einer Kalanderwalze mit X-Riffelung ein X-Muster sich kreuzender Riefen eingeprägt, die diagonal zur Geweberichtung verlaufen. Die einzelnen Riefen verlaufen in einem Abstand von etwa 125 µm zueinander, entsprechend 8 Riefen/mm. Die diagonal von links oben nach rechts unten und links unten nach rechts oben verlaufenden Riefenscharen kreuzen sich in einem Winkel von etwa 90°. Der Prägedruck betrug 300 N/mm, die Walzentemperatur war auf einen Wert von 200°C eingestellt. FIG. 1 shows a canvas made of a polyamide fabric, in which the perpendicular to each other running warp and weft threads are clearly visible in linen weave. An X pattern of intersecting grooves running diagonally to the fabric direction was embossed into this fabric using a calender roll with X-corrugation. The individual grooves run at a distance of approximately 125 μm from each other, corresponding to 8 grooves / mm. The diagonally from top left to bottom right and bottom left to top right extending Riefenscharen intersect at an angle of about 90 °. The embossing pressure was 300 N / mm, and the roll temperature was set at 200 ° C.

Figur 2 zeigt ein Segeltuch aus einem Polyamidgewebe in Leinenbindng mit 20 Riefen/mm in 300-facher Vergrößerung. Deutlich zu erkennen sind die diagonal zur Faserrichtung verlaufenden Kämme der sich kreuzenden Riefen und die eingeschlossenen rautenförmigen Eintiefungen in die Faseroberfläche, die sich kettenförmig in Faserrichtung fortsetzen. Das Segeltuch wurde mit einem Kreuzriffelkalander bei 200°C und 300 N mm behandelt. FIG. 2 shows a canvas made of a polyamide fabric in linen binding with 20 grooves / mm in 300-fold magnification. Clearly visible are the crests of the intersecting grooves running diagonally to the fiber direction and the enclosed diamond-shaped depressions in the fiber surface, which continue in the form of chains in the fiber direction. The canvas was treated with a Kreuzriffel calender at 200 ° C and 300 N mm.

Figur 3 zeigt ein Segeltuch aus einem Polyestergewebe, bei dem die senkrecht zueinander verlaufenden Kett- und Schussfäden in Leinenbindung deutlich zu erkennen sind. In dieses Gewebe wurde mit einer Kalanderwalze eine Kreuzriffelung eingeprägt, die diagonal zur Geweberichtung verläuft. Die einzelnen Riefen verlaufen in einem Abstand von 50 µm von Riefe zu Riefe, entsprechend einer Riefendichte von 20 Riefen/mm. Die diagonal von links oben nach rechts unten und links unten nach rechts oben verlaufenden Riefenscharen kreuzen sich in einem Winkel von etwa 95°. Der Prägedruck war 400 N/mm bei einer Walzentemperatur von 200°C. FIG. 3 shows a canvas made of a polyester fabric, in which the perpendicular to each other running warp and weft threads are clearly visible in linen weave. In this tissue, a cross corrugation was impressed with a calender roll, which runs diagonally to the fabric direction. The individual grooves run at a distance of 50 μm from groove to groove, corresponding to a groove density of 20 grooves / mm. The diagonally from top left to bottom right and bottom left to top right running Riefenscharen intersect at an angle of about 95 °. The embossing pressure was 400 N / mm at a roll temperature of 200 ° C.

Untersuchungen an einem Polyamid-Rohgewebe, das mit einer Riffelwalze mit 8 Linien/mm bei einer Temperatur von 200°C bearbeitet wurde ergab, nach dem Kalandern, eine deutliche Verminderung der Luftdurchlässigkeit bei 20 mm/WS von 600 bis 800 I/dm2/min auf 30 bis 40 I/dm2/min für die Rohware. Für die gefärbte Rohware ist eine weitere Verminderung zu erwarten. Im Falle des beschichteten Segeltuchs sinkt die Luftdurchlässigkeit auf 0, wobei für die kalanderte Ware die Beschichtung wesentlich geringer ausfällt. Eine geringere Beschichtung führt zu einer Gewichtsverminderung bei dem fertigen Segel mit der Möglichkeit, die Gewichtsersparnis für Verstärkungsmaßnahmen (Verstärkungsfäden) zu nutzen.Investigations on a raw polyamide fabric, which was machined with a corrugating roller with 8 lines / mm at a temperature of 200 ° C, showed, after calendering, a significant reduction in air permeability at 20 mm / WS from 600 to 800 l / dm 2 / min to 30 to 40 l / dm 2 / min for the raw material. For the dyed raw material, a further reduction is expected. In the case of the coated canvas, the air permeability drops to 0, whereby the coating for the calendered product is much lower. A lower coating leads to a weight reduction in the finished sail with the ability to use the weight saving for reinforcing (reinforcing) threads.

Zur Erzielung optimaler Werte ist grundsätzlich eine beidseitige Behandlung mit dem Riffelkalander erforderlich.To achieve optimum values, two-sided treatment with the corrugated calender is always required.

Reihenuntersuchungen an einem Polyamid-Rohgewebe, das mit einer Kreuzriffelwalze mit 20 Linien/mm bei einer Temperatur von 200°C bearbeitet wurde ergaben eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Luftdurchlässigkeit von Druck, mit einem Optimum bei 200 bis 400 N/mm: Druck N/mm Luftdurchl. I/dm2/min 100 100 150 70 200 40 300 30 400 30 Serial tests on a raw polyamide fabric processed with a 20 line / mm cross corrugating roll at a temperature of 200 ° C showed a significant dependence of air permeability on pressure, with an optimum at 200 to 400 N / mm: Pressure N / mm Luftdurchl. I / dm 2 / min 100 100 150 70 200 40 300 30 400 30

Das Rohgewebe war beidseitig kalandert. Bei gefärbter Ware lagen die Durchlässigkeiten (bei 300 bis 400 N/mm) bei 10 bis 20 I/dm2.The raw fabric was calendered on both sides. For dyed fabric, the permeabilities (at 300 to 400 N / mm) were 10 to 20 l / dm 2 .

Zur Untersuchung des Luftwiderstands wurden Segelmembranproben im Windkanal mit einem MAV-Waagenprüfkörper (6-Komponenten-DMS-MAV-Waagen) bei einer Windgeschwindigkeit von 18 m/s geprüft. Bei dem MAV-Waagenprüfkörper handelte es sich um einen Trapezflügel kleiner Streckung mit symmetrischem Profil. Die Vorderkantenpfeilung betrug 36°, die Hinterkante war gerade. Die Flügelfläche wurde mit den Tuchmustern bespannt. Dabei wurde die Oberseite vollkommen bedeckt, die Unterseite nur zu ca. ¼.To investigate air resistance, sail membrane samples in the wind tunnel were tested with a MAV balance test specimen (6-component DMS-MAV balances) at a wind speed of 18 m / s. The MAV-Waagenprüfkörper it was a trapezoidal wing small draft with symmetrical profile. The leading edge sweep was 36 °, the trailing edge was straight. The wing area was covered with the cloth patterns. The top was completely covered, the bottom only about ¼.

Die Messungen ergaben für eine nicht-geriffelte Segelmembran einen Luftwiderstandsbeiwert von CWa von gemittelt 7,08 x 10-3, mit einer Kreuzriffelung von 10 Riefen/mm von 6,54 x 10-3 und mit 20 Riefen/mm von 6,4 x 10-3. Bei den Werten handelt es sich um gemittelte Werte aus 500 Messungen an acht Messpunkten.The measurements revealed a drag coefficient of C Wa averaged 7.08 x 10 -3 for a non-corrugated sail membrane, with a cross corrugation of 10 grooves / mm of 6.54 x 10 -3 and 20 grooves / mm of 6.4 x 10 -3 . The values are averaged values from 500 measurements at eight measurement points.

Bei den Segelmembranproben handelte es sich um solche aus einem Polyester/Polyethylen-Mischgewebe.The sail membrane samples were those of a polyester / polyethylene blended fabric.

Claims (13)

Segelmembran aus einem Gewebe aus synthetischen Fasern,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gewebe Mikrorauigkeiten aufweist, die in Form sich kreuzender Riefenscharen mit einer Dichte von 5 bis 25 Riefen/mm auf die Gewebestruktur auf- oder in diese eingebracht sind.Sail membrane made of a synthetic fiber fabric,
characterized in that the tissue has microroughness, which are in the form of intersecting Riefenscharen with a density of 5 to 25 grooves / mm on the fabric structure up or introduced into this. Segelmembran nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Riefen eine Höhe aufweisen, die, gemessen von Talsohle zu Kammhöhe, 25 bis 75 % des Riefenabstandes von Kamm zu Kamm, vorzugsweise 40 bis 60 % des Riefenabstandes ausmacht.Sail diaphragm according to claim 1, characterized in that the grooves have a height which, measured from bottom to top height, 25 to 75% of the groove spacing from comb to comb, preferably 40 to 60% of the groove spacing. Segelmembran nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie 8 bis 20 Riefen/mm aufweist.Sail diaphragm according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it has 8 to 20 grooves / mm. Segelmembran nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Riefen einen Winkel von 30 bis 60°, vorzugsweise von etwa 45° zum Verlauf der Kettfäden haben.Sail diaphragm according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the grooves have an angle of 30 to 60 °, preferably of about 45 ° to the course of the warp threads. Segelmembran nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Riefen durch Kalandern erhältlich sind.Sail diaphragm according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the grooves are obtainable by calendering. Segelmembran nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Riefen durch beidseitiges Kalandern erhältlich sind.Sail diaphragm according to claim 5, characterized in that the grooves are obtainable by calendering on both sides. Segelmembran nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die sich kreuzenden Riefenscharen einen Kreuzungswinkel von 80° bis 120° aufweisen.Sail diaphragm according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the intersecting Riefenscharen have a crossing angle of 80 ° to 120 °. Segelmembran nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch eine Hydrophobierung, vorzugsweise durch ein Perfluorpolyalkylen und/oder eine nanopartikuläre Beschichtung.Sail membrane according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a hydrophobization, preferably by a perfluoropolyalkylene and / or a nanoparticulate coating. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Segelmembran nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche mit den Schritten - Erstellen eines Rohgewebes aus synthetischen Fasern, - ggf. Färben und/oder Ausrüsten des Rohgewebes, - Kalandern des Rohgewebes bei einem Druck von wenigstens 50 N/mm, vorzugsweise von 100 bis 600 N/mm, mit einer Strukturwalze zur Einprägung von sich kreuzenden Riefenscharen in die Gewebeoberfläche von wenigstens einer Seite. A method of manufacturing a sail diaphragm according to any one of the preceding claims comprising the steps - creating a raw fabric of synthetic fibers, if necessary dyeing and / or finishing the raw fabric, - Calendering the raw fabric at a pressure of at least 50 N / mm, preferably from 100 to 600 N / mm, with a textured roll for embossing of intersecting Riefenscharen in the fabric surface of at least one side. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gewebe von beiden Seiten kalandert wird.A method according to claim 9, characterized in that the fabric is calendered from both sides. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gewebe vor dem Kalandern einer Wasserdampfbehandlung bei bis zu 110°C unterzogen wird.A method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the fabric is subjected to a steam treatment at up to 110 ° C prior to calendering. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gewebe vor dem Kalandern hydrophobiert wird.Method according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the tissue is hydrophobized before calendering. Aus der Segelmembran eines der Ansprüche 1 bis 10 gefertigtes Segel, insbesondere Spinnaker und Gennaker.From the sail membrane of any of claims 1 to 10 manufactured sail, especially spinnaker and gennaker.
EP09008374.2A 2008-06-26 2009-06-26 Sail membrane Not-in-force EP2138396B1 (en)

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DE102008030447A1 (en) * 2008-06-26 2009-12-31 Dimension-Polyant Gmbh sail membrane
DE102013004847A1 (en) * 2013-03-20 2014-12-04 Klaus Reins High-performance sailcloth

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EP0034189A1 (en) * 1980-02-13 1981-08-26 Verseidag-Industrietextilien Gmbh Sail-cloth
WO1989011343A2 (en) * 1988-05-26 1989-11-30 Bmt Fluid Mechanics Limited Improvements in or relating to reduction of drag
US5304414A (en) * 1991-12-17 1994-04-19 Challenge Sailcloth Non-laminated woven sailcloth
US20080061192A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-13 Steven Sullivan Method and apparatus for mitigating trailing vortex wakes of lifting or thrust generating bodies

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EP0034189A1 (en) * 1980-02-13 1981-08-26 Verseidag-Industrietextilien Gmbh Sail-cloth
WO1989011343A2 (en) * 1988-05-26 1989-11-30 Bmt Fluid Mechanics Limited Improvements in or relating to reduction of drag
US5304414A (en) * 1991-12-17 1994-04-19 Challenge Sailcloth Non-laminated woven sailcloth
US20080061192A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-13 Steven Sullivan Method and apparatus for mitigating trailing vortex wakes of lifting or thrust generating bodies

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