WO1989000593A1 - Membranes poreuses de reseaux polymeres a interpenetrations - Google Patents

Membranes poreuses de reseaux polymeres a interpenetrations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989000593A1
WO1989000593A1 PCT/AU1988/000256 AU8800256W WO8900593A1 WO 1989000593 A1 WO1989000593 A1 WO 1989000593A1 AU 8800256 W AU8800256 W AU 8800256W WO 8900593 A1 WO8900593 A1 WO 8900593A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
membrane
pores
porous
solvent
monomer
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Application number
PCT/AU1988/000256
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard Grant
Original Assignee
Memtec Limited
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Publication of WO1989000593A1 publication Critical patent/WO1989000593A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • B01D67/00931—Chemical modification by introduction of specific groups after membrane formation, e.g. by grafting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0088—Physical treatment with compounds, e.g. swelling, coating or impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F255/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00
    • C08F255/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of hydrocarbons as defined in group C08F10/00 on to polymers of olefins having two or three carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/36—After-treatment
    • C08J9/40—Impregnation
    • C08J9/405—Impregnation with polymerisable compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L57/00—Compositions of unspecified polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C08L57/06—Homopolymers or copolymers containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/30—Cross-linking

Definitions

  • This invention relates to porous interpenetrating polymer networks and methods of their manufacture.
  • Porous polymeric membranes are used for many filtration purposes. It is often desirable to modify the nature of the polymer from which the membrane is formed.
  • the membranes are often made of a polyolefin, such as polypropylene, chosen to withstand abrasion and vigorous chemical cleaning. Such polyolefins are hydrophobic and do not wet easily with aqueous feedstocks. Furthermore, they are not well adapted to modification by attachment of different chemical groupings.
  • Membranes may be formed into various shapes including flat sheets and hollow fibres .
  • One form of f iltration involves filtering aqueous feedstocks through porous hollow fibres. With time, solids in the feedstock deposit on the fibre, blocking the pores and slowing filtration. These blocking solids may be removed by gaseous backwash in which a gas such as air is blown in a direction opposite to that of the filtration path through the wall of the fibre. If a surfactant has been used in order to initially wet such a membrane, it will eventually wash off. When a gaseous backwash is then applied to the membrane, the gas tends to dry the pores and return them to their native hydrophobic state, resulting in a marked reduction in flux.
  • a gaseous backwash is then applied to the membrane, the gas tends to dry the pores and return them to their native hydrophobic state, resulting in a marked reduction in flux.
  • porous hollow fibres and other porous membrane structures that are water wettable and that are strong and resistant to chemical attack and totally insoluble in aqueous feed streams.
  • porous membrane structures that have sites suitable for chemical modification and attachment of various chemical groupings, in order, for example, to confer ion exchange properties, or to enable attachment of biomolecules to the membrane.
  • the invention is based upon the formation of an interpenetrating polymer network of a second polymer in a preformed porous polymer matrix. This is known as a sequential interpenetrating polymer network.
  • the invention may be applied to single porous hollow fibres or to bundles of such fibres, as well as to other membrane configurations.
  • the sequential interpenetrating polymer network so formed is insoluble in any solvent and is crosslinked with negligible pore constriction.
  • the interpenetrating polymer may be chosen to be capable of reaction so that surface chemical modification may be achieved.
  • an interpenetrating polymer network is any material containing two polymers, each in network form. A practical restriction requires that the two polymers have been synthesized and/or crosslinked in the immediate presence of eaph other. A sequential IPN begins with the synthesis of a crosslinked polymer I.
  • An interpenetrating polymer network can be distinguished from simple polymer blends, blocks and grafts in two ways: (1) an interpenetrating polymer network swells, but does not dissolve in solvents, and (2) creep and flow are suppressed in an interpenetrating polymer network.
  • Polymers may be synthesized as linear, branched, or crosslinked entities, or a mixture containing all three.
  • Crosslinks may be chemical or physical. Physical crosslinks arise from, amongst other causes, the crystalline portions of a semicrystalline polymer, giving the polymer rigidity and cohesivity.
  • a chemical crosslink may be defined as a covalent junction with a functionality greater than two, the chain segments of which generally extend to other crosslink sites, thus forming a network.
  • the theory of gelation defines a network as the point where the molecular weight becomes infinite.
  • Such a polymer is insoluble (but may be highly swellable), and technically consists of one macroscopic molecule.
  • An interpenetrating polymer network thus consists of two polymers each crosslinked or otherwise connected within themselves in such a way as to form two entangled networks of polymers.
  • a membrane typically has a pore length to diameter ratio of about 2000. It is thus very difficult to control conditions such that sulfonation occurs gently and evenly along the length of the pores and not exclusively at the opening to the pores. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of preparing a porous polymer membrane consisting of a sequential interpenetrating polymer network, which method may be adapted to confer water wettable properties, strength and resistance to chemical attack to the membrane as well as being adapted to provide sites on the membrane suitable for chemical modification and attachment of various chemical groupings.
  • a method of preparing a porous polymeric membrane consisting of an interpenetrating polymer network comprising the steps of: (a) soaking a porous polymeric membrane in a solution or vapour of a monomer that swells the polymer, said monomer being capable of delayed polymerisation, and, (b) initiating polymerisation of the monomer.
  • the invention also provides a method of preparing a porous polymeric membrane consisting of an interpenetrating polymer network comprising the steps of:
  • the invention further provides a method of preparing a porous polymeric membrane consisting of an interpenetrating polymer network comprising the steps of: (a) soaking a porous polymeric membrane in a solution or vapour of a monomer or mixture of monomers in a volatile solvent, whereby said monomer (s) swells in the polymer, (b) removing the solvent form the pores of the membrane, and, (c) reacting the treated membrane with a polymerising agent so as to polymerise the monomer.
  • removing is defined to include any means by which the solvent can leave the pores of the membrane to a degree sufficient that polymerisation of the monomer therein can occur.
  • a membrane that is swelled by a monomer solution can have the solution that is not involved in the swelling displaced by a solution of polymerising agent which is forced through the membrane to a degree that will enable polymerisation of the monomer to occur.
  • the preferred polymerising agent is a neat preparation or solution of any one of boron trifluoride gas, sulfuric acid, boron trifluoride etherate or sodium persulfate.
  • the removal of solvent described as step (b) is the result of treating the membrane with a polymerising agent.
  • Suitable polymerising agents in this instance include aqueous sodium persulfate or boron trifluoride etherate in toluene, or sodium persulfate.
  • the preferred polymers are polyolefins such as propylene.
  • Preferred monomers include divinylbenzene, styrene, a member of the styrene family, butadiene, or mixtures of these.
  • the solvent may be removed by heating, preferably to only a moderate temperature, or by blowing air or a gas over the surface, or by placing the treated membrane in a vacuum.
  • the inhibiting solvent may contain at least any one of the group comprising an ether, an alcohol, a solvent containing in its structure a lone pair of electrons on an oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom and an analogue of the solvent having the lone pair of electrons.
  • divinylbenzene when divinylbenzene is loaded on a polypropylene membrane the divinylbenzene should be less than 40% based on the original weight of the membrane, otherwise the membrane may become very brittle. Loadings between 10% and 40% reduce the membrane's extension to break but increase the force to break.
  • the solvent is removed in such a way to avoid evaporation of monomer before crosslinking can take place.
  • the solvent is evaporated off in an oven with a low air flow rate.
  • the optimum temperature for removal of the solvent depends on the vapour pressure of the monomer, the vapour pressure of the ether or alcohol and the crosslinking rate.
  • the preferred inhibiting component of the solvent is ether.
  • the ether is preferably in a concentration in solvent of from 5% to 10% volume/volume or the solvent may be ether itself.
  • the preferred Lewis acid is boron trifluoride etherate.
  • the invention also provides porous membranes prepared by application of the above methods.
  • the invention further provides porous polymer membranes consisting of sequentially prepared interpenetrating polymer networks.
  • the organic acid moiety of the mixed anhydride of sulfuric acid and an organic acid is propanoic acid (which is also known as propionic acid) but others such as acetic acid or lauric acid may be used.
  • the solvent used for dissolving the mixed anhydride is preferably dichloromethane.
  • the preferred method of treatment is to dissolve the mixed anhydride in the solvent, then place the membrane to be treated into the solution and allow it to soak at room temperature. The treated membrane is then removed, dried in air and washed with hot water.
  • Porous polymer membranes consisting of sequentially prepared interpenetrating polymer networks with sulfonate or other chemical groups attached to the walls of the pores are also provided by the invention.
  • chemical groupings that may be attached to the walls of the pores include electrophilic groups such as sulphonyl chloride groups and nucleophilic groups such as amine groups.
  • the polypropylene fibres used were 0.6 mm outside diameter Accurel fibres from Membrana A.G.
  • Divinyl benzene refers to a commercial mixture of ortho, meta and para isomers (about 55%) in a mixture of isomers of ethylvinyl benzene as supplied by Dow Chemicals.
  • Examples 1 to 11 illustrate different methods of producing membranes made of an interpenetrating polymer network.
  • Examples 1 to 10 the extent of incorporation of the second network polymer was gauged by weight increase.
  • Example 1 and 9 a sample of treated fibre was burned to demonstrate the presence of poly (divinylbenzene) by the production of black sooty smoke.
  • Examples 7, 8 and 9 also include the effects of the treatment on mechanical properties of the fibres.
  • Examples 12 to 14, 16 to 18, 20 and 21 illustrate methods of sulfonating the aromatic residues of the interpenetrating polymer network. Reaction in these cases was gauged either by wettability of the fibre or by staining with methylene blue, a cationic dye that binds to sulfonate groups.
  • Example 21 includes the effects of the treatment on mechanical properties of the fibre, weight and flame property. The success of the sulfonation procedures confirms the success of the initial interpenetrating polymer network formation procedure, and is in some cases confirmed by the success of further elaboration procedures detailed in examples 15, 19 and 22.
  • EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
  • a bundle of 3000 polypropylene membrane fibres (17.12g) was slowly immersed in a 10% solution of divinylbenzene in dichloromethane, and allowed to soak for 10 minutes. The bundle was then transferred to a vacuum vessel containing approximately 1 ml divinylbenzene and containing a mesh to prevent contact between the divinylbenzene and the bundle. A vacuum was applied for 2 minutes at room temperature and for a further 1 hour at 50°C. The vessel was sealed under vacuum, connected to a cylinder of boron trifluoride and the tap opened to admit the gas. After 5 minutes the vessel was re-evacuated and boron trifluoride readmitted. The bundle was then allowed to react for 50 minutes at room temperature, then removed from the vessel and dried overnight at 60°C. The final weight of the bundle was 20.83g (i.e. an increase of 22%). EXAMPLE 4
  • Divinylbenzene (24.62 g) was made up to 250 ml with methanol, and then heated to 55°C. Water was added slowly until the solution went cloudy (46.7 ml). Methanol was then added until it went clear again (about 2ml) and the solution was then warmed to 60°C. A bundle of polypropylene membrane fibres (18.26g) was immersed slowly in the solution and soaked at 60°C for 45 minutes. The bundle was then removed from the solution, allowed to drain and then refrigerated (-10°C) for 10 minutes. It was then evacuated in a vacuum vessel to 20 mm Hg pressure for 5 minutes. Boron trifluoride gas was then admitted for 1 minute.
  • PVDF membrane disc (Millipore HVHP 47mm diameter) was soaked in a solution of 2ml divinylbenzene in ether (20ml) to which 20 drops of boron trifluoride etherate had been added. After soaking for 20 minutes the disc was dried, boiled in alcohol and redried. The weight increase was 8%.
  • Example 14 An interpenetrating polymer network membrane fibre (bubble point greater than 2 atmospheres) produced as in Example 1 was soaked in a freshly prepared solution of chlorosulfonic acid in dichloromethane (10% w/v; 5.6% v/v) for 15 minutes. The fibre turned red, but faded on immersion in 50% aqueous ethanol. The fibre was dried and was shown to wet with water at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere.
  • Example 14 Five sulfonated membranes produced as in Example 14 were soaked in thionyl chloride for 1 1/2 hours. Extensive bubble formation ensued indicating reaction of the membrane. The fibres were removed and dried under vacuum ( 200 mTorr). They were then transferred to a solution of 10% JEFFAMINE M1000 (Texaco: amino terminated polyoxyethylene) in tetrahydrofuran and allowed to soak overnight. After washing and drying this membrane was found to pass water at trans- membrane pressure of about 1 atmosphere, whereas the base interpenetrating polymer network did not do so.
  • JEFFAMINE M1000 Texaco: amino terminated polyoxyethylene
  • interpenetrating polymer network membrane fibres (8.2g) were immersed in a solution (160 ml) of propionoyl sulfate (produced from 10.2 g sulfuric acid and 13.5g propionic anhydride) in dichloromethane. The fibres were soaked overnight, then washed repeatedly in hot water and dried. Ten fibres were then mounted in a 30 cm crossflow cartridge, and had a bubble point of 180 kPa. They passed water, without prior wetting, at 55ml per minute. Fibres prepared in this fashion stained well with methylene blue solution and were found to have an ion exchange capacity of 0.4 milliequivalents (meq) per gram.
  • propionoyl sulfate produced from 10.2 g sulfuric acid and 13.5g propionic anhydride
  • EXAMPLE 19 Ten sulfonated interpenetrating polymer network membrane fibres produced as in Example 18 were treated with 10% thionyl chloride in dichloromethane for 1 1/3 hours, dried under vacuum for two hours at 20 mm Hg pressure and then soaked in a solution of 1,6-diaminohexane in tetrahydrofuran for 1 1/2 hours. They were then boiled in water several times and dried at 60°C. They were then soaked in aqueous p-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate for 10 minutes, washed well with water and then with acetone. This last procedure stained the membrane yellow-brown, indicating the presence of membrane-bound amino groups.
  • EXAMPLE 20 Sulphuric acid (2.0g) was treated dropwise with propionic anhydride (2.7g) and the resultant viscous liquid was dissolved in dichloroethane (20ml). The treated membrane disc produced in Example 10 was soaked in this solution for 2 hours, and then washed in hot water, alcohol and then dried at 70 degrees centigrade. The resulting disc stained with methylene blue dye (indicating the presence of anionic surface groups) whereas an untreated disc from the same batch did not stain. Also the disc had a water flow rate of 72ml/4 mins. under mild vacuum, whereas the untreated disc under identical conditions would not permit passage of water.
  • EXAMPLE 21 Sulphuric acid (2.0g) was treated dropwise with propionic anhydride (2.7g) and the resultant viscous liquid was dissolved in dichloroethane (20ml). The treated membrane disc produced in Example 10 was soaked in this solution for 2 hours, and then washed in hot water, alcohol and then dried at 70 degrees centigrade. The
  • Example 11 The fibres produced in Example 11 were slowly immersed in the sulfonating solution described in Example 20 and soaked for one and a half hours. After washing and drying, the test results which were obtained under the same test conditions as in Example 8 are shown in Table 4 below:

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

On trempe une membrane polymère poreuse dans une préparation de monomère(s) afin d'obtenir une membrane gonflée. On effectue ensuite la polymérisation du monomère pour former un réseau polymère à interpénétrations.
PCT/AU1988/000256 1987-07-16 1988-07-13 Membranes poreuses de reseaux polymeres a interpenetrations WO1989000593A1 (fr)

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AU315287 1987-07-16
AUPI3152 1987-07-16

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1994017903A2 (fr) * 1993-02-11 1994-08-18 Pall Corporation Membranes utilisees au cours de la separation par affinite et procedes d'activation de ces membranes
WO1995001219A1 (fr) * 1993-06-29 1995-01-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Polymerisation interfaciale se produisant dans un substrat poreux et substrats fonctionnalises avec des groupes photochimiques
US5627217A (en) * 1993-06-29 1997-05-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Interfacial polymerization in a porous substrate and substrates functionalized with photochemical groups
EP0973609A1 (fr) * 1997-02-26 2000-01-26 Integument Technologies, Inc. Composites polymeres, leurs procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation
EP1035855A1 (fr) * 1997-06-02 2000-09-20 Pharmacia & Upjohn Procede modifiant la surface d'un substrat de polymere, et polymeres resultants
WO2002016463A3 (fr) * 2000-08-21 2002-08-01 Massachusetts Inst Technology Polymeres a volume interieur libre important
US7041910B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2006-05-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive, high charge transport polymers
US7393503B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2008-07-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive polymers and devices incorporating these polymers
US7462325B2 (en) 2001-11-30 2008-12-09 Nomadics, Inc. Luminescent polymer particles
US8158437B2 (en) 2006-08-04 2012-04-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Luminescent detection of hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives
US8198096B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2012-06-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive polymers and devices incorporating these polymers
US9429522B2 (en) 2006-10-27 2016-08-30 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Sensor of species including toxins and chemical warfare agents
US11566096B2 (en) * 2017-11-02 2023-01-31 Northwestern University Process for hierarchical manipulation of self-assembled polymer thin film patterns through in-film polymerization

Citations (4)

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AU4914159A (en) * 1959-05-25 1955-11-26 American Machine. & Foundry Company Ion exchange materials and methods of forming them
GB872218A (en) * 1956-06-18 1961-07-05 American Mach & Foundry Co Improvements in or relating to ion exchange membranes
GB896740A (en) * 1957-06-03 1962-05-16 American Mach & Foundry Improvements in or relating to selective ion-exchange membranes
JPS61245803A (ja) * 1985-04-23 1986-11-01 Tokuyama Soda Co Ltd イオン交換膜の処理方法

Patent Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB872218A (en) * 1956-06-18 1961-07-05 American Mach & Foundry Co Improvements in or relating to ion exchange membranes
GB896740A (en) * 1957-06-03 1962-05-16 American Mach & Foundry Improvements in or relating to selective ion-exchange membranes
AU4914159A (en) * 1959-05-25 1955-11-26 American Machine. & Foundry Company Ion exchange materials and methods of forming them
AU6778960A (en) * 1960-12-21 1963-01-24 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuvirweten Schappelijk Onderzoek Ten Dekorne Van Nijverheid, Handel En Vereker Selective membrane
AU4752164A (en) * 1964-07-29 1964-08-20 American Machine & Foundry Company Selective membrane
JPS61245803A (ja) * 1985-04-23 1986-11-01 Tokuyama Soda Co Ltd イオン交換膜の処理方法

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, C-411, page 154; & JP,A,61 245 803 (TOKUYAMA SODA CO LTD), 1 November 1988 (01.11.86). *

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1994017903A2 (fr) * 1993-02-11 1994-08-18 Pall Corporation Membranes utilisees au cours de la separation par affinite et procedes d'activation de ces membranes
EP0611592A2 (fr) * 1993-02-11 1994-08-24 Pall Corporation Membranes utilisable pour la séparation par affinité et procédés d'activation de membranes
WO1994017903A3 (fr) * 1993-02-11 1994-09-29 Pall Corp Membranes utilisees au cours de la separation par affinite et procedes d'activation de ces membranes
EP0611592A3 (fr) * 1993-02-11 1994-10-19 Pall Corp Membranes utilisable pour la séparation par affinité et procédés d'activation de membranes.
WO1995001219A1 (fr) * 1993-06-29 1995-01-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Polymerisation interfaciale se produisant dans un substrat poreux et substrats fonctionnalises avec des groupes photochimiques
US5627217A (en) * 1993-06-29 1997-05-06 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Interfacial polymerization in a porous substrate and substrates functionalized with photochemical groups
AU687842B2 (en) * 1993-06-29 1998-03-05 Mcmaster University Interfacial polymerization in a porous substrate and substrates functionalized with photochemical groups
EP0973609B1 (fr) * 1997-02-26 2009-04-15 Integument Technologies, Inc. Composites polymeres, leurs procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation
EP0973609A1 (fr) * 1997-02-26 2000-01-26 Integument Technologies, Inc. Composites polymeres, leurs procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation
EP1035855A4 (fr) * 1997-06-02 2001-01-10 Pharmacia & Upjohn Procede modifiant la surface d'un substrat de polymere, et polymeres resultants
US6251965B1 (en) 1997-06-02 2001-06-26 Pharmacia Ab Process for the modification of elastomers with surface interpenetrating polymer networks and elastomers formed therefrom
EP1035855A1 (fr) * 1997-06-02 2000-09-20 Pharmacia & Upjohn Procede modifiant la surface d'un substrat de polymere, et polymeres resultants
EP1860141A1 (fr) * 1997-06-02 2007-11-28 Advanced Medical Optics Uppsala AB Processus de modification en surface d'un substrat de polymère et polymères formés à partir de celui-ci
US8198096B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2012-06-12 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive polymers and devices incorporating these polymers
US7943062B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2011-05-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive polymers and devices incorporating these polymers
US7393503B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2008-07-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive polymers and devices incorporating these polymers
US7662309B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2010-02-16 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive polymers and devices incorporating these polymers
US6783814B2 (en) 2000-08-21 2004-08-31 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Polymers with high internal free volume
US7494698B2 (en) 2000-08-21 2009-02-24 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Polymers with high internal free volume
WO2002016463A3 (fr) * 2000-08-21 2002-08-01 Massachusetts Inst Technology Polymeres a volume interieur libre important
US7462325B2 (en) 2001-11-30 2008-12-09 Nomadics, Inc. Luminescent polymer particles
US7041910B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2006-05-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Emissive, high charge transport polymers
US8158437B2 (en) 2006-08-04 2012-04-17 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Luminescent detection of hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives
US9429522B2 (en) 2006-10-27 2016-08-30 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Sensor of species including toxins and chemical warfare agents
US11566096B2 (en) * 2017-11-02 2023-01-31 Northwestern University Process for hierarchical manipulation of self-assembled polymer thin film patterns through in-film polymerization

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JPH052364B2 (fr)

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