Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
  • H01J27/00—Ion beam tubes
  • H01J27/02—Ion sources; Ion guns
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
  • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

• This invention relates to the creation of coherent beams of charged bosons for use as an energy source for various purposes.
• a device effective to so create coherent charged bosons is hereinafter referred to as a "baser”.
• the mechanism of microscopic basers (boson and analogues of laser) has been described and further studied in the two level decay mode as well as in the independent multiparticle production model in a small volume. The above phenomena. are explained by C.S. Lam and S.Y. Lo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 1184 (1984).
• the invention provides a macroscopic baser comprising means for providing bosons in an evacuated region, and means for producing induced scattering of said bosons to produce a coherent focused boson beam. More specifically, the invention provides a baser comprising means for providing bosons in an evacuated region, means for reflecting said bosons within said evacuated region, means for focusing the boson beam within said evacuated region, and means for rendering the focused boson beam coherent.
• the focused boson beam is rendered coherent by means of a laser beam directed along the line of focusing of said boson beam.
• the boson beam is rendered coherent by means of a beam of charged particles, such as protons or electrons, directed along the line of focusing of said ion beam.
• the focusing of the boson beam may be achieved by means of magnetic focusing devices, such as quadrupole magnets.
• the means for reflecting the boson beam may comprise devices such as bending magnets arranged at either end of the evacuated region. Alternatively, electric mirroring may be used to achieve a similar end.
• the means for producing induced scattering of the ions may thus effective to scatter the bosons of at least one of said charges to produce a coherent focused boson beam.
• bosons of two different polarity charges are moved in paths which over at least respective common portions thereof are substantially coincident.
• the bosons of two different charges may move on closed substantially coincident paths such as in loop-like configurations but in opposite directions, means being provided for at least periodically directing the ions of said one charges outwardly from said paths to form said beam.
• the emergent beam comprises charged bosons
• what is circulated within the baser itself is, in effect, a composite stream formed of two component streams of oppositely charged bosons, whereby the possibility of deviation of the bosons from the desired paths in the baser is reduced.
• the bosons of a first of said charges may comprise deuterons and the ions of a second of said charges may comprise singly negatively charged deuterium ions.
• the emergent beam may comprise bosons of a selected one of either of said two charges.
• bosons of two opposite charges are moved in closed paths which are substantially coincident for only the respective said portions thereof.
• the paths may be in the form of elongate loops, with respective opposed first and second elongate parallel path portions interconnected at opposite ends of the respective loops by end portions of the loops. These loops may be positioned side by side so that the portions of the. corresponding paths which are substantially coincident comprise respective ones of the two elongate path portions of each loop.
• oppositely charged bosons may be moved, in circulatory fashion around each loop, in oppositely directed directional senses whereby, at the substantially coincident portions of the paths, the bosons moving on each path move side by side or in intermingled fashion in the same direction.
• the bosons of the two different charges may be injected into the paths of movement for each at locations towards respective adjacent one ends of the elongate loops for injection into the substantially coincident path portions at one end thereof and the beam which is directed from the baser is arranged to emerge at a location between the two elongate loops at the opposite ends of the substantially coincident path portions.
• the composite stream of bosons which passes along the common portions of the two loops will comprise a mixture of bosons of the two different charges and the resultant exit beam will also comprise a mixture of these.
• the means for producing induced scattering may comprise means for injecting a coherent light beam, photons or other particles, into the streams at appropriate locations around the said paths.
• the bosons of a first of said charges may comprise deuterons and the bosons of a second of said charges may comprise single negatively charged deuterium ions.
• a number such as four streams of bosons are moved on respective closed paths within the baser, these being arranged in an array which extends in two directions in the plane transverse to the intended direction of emergence of the boson beam.
• four such streams are provided, each moved in a respective elongated closed paths with alternate ones around the array having bosons of respective opposite polarities moved therearound.
• Adjacent paths may have common portions extending in a lengthwise direction of the baser so that over these adjacent portions bosons of the two different charges are moved therethrough. In such a case, there may be four such common path portions preferably arranged in a rectangular array when viewed in transverse section.
• bosons of one charge polarity and bosons of the opposite charge polarity are respectively injected at locations towards adjacent one ends of the paths.
• two beams of the charged bosons are taken from the baser.
• coherent light beams or other particles that may cause induced scattering are injected to induce coherence in the exiting beams.
• Figures 1 to 8 are schematic representations of respective different basers, figures 1 to 7 being schematic side views of the different basers, and figure 8 being a schematic transverse section of the baser of figure 7.
• V is the normalization volume
• T the period of particle travelling around a closed tube
• v rel is the relative velocity between ⁇ and ⁇
• E o p o + k o is the total energy
• p o , k o are all evaluated at the centre of mass frame.
• n i is the number of ⁇ particles in the beam which it is kinematically possible to scatter into a definite final state p' by particle ⁇ with initial momentum k.
• nw 1 is the loss rate at which n coherent ⁇ particles are scattered by n ⁇ ⁇ particles to become different momentum states in the final states.
• the second term indicates the increase of coherent ⁇ -bosons due to the scattering of ⁇ -particles with the ⁇ -beam.
• the combination of (5) and (8) produces the critical condition for the occurrence of macroscopic baser phenomena to be
• N is the total number of ⁇ -particles in the beam.
• the ranges of various parameters as shown in Table 1 are quite within the limits of present technology.
• n ⁇ and n be the number of coherent photons and ⁇
• the initial n ⁇ photons in the scattering gives a n ⁇ (n ⁇ -1)...(n ⁇ -n+1) because only (n ⁇ -n) initial photons participate in the interaction.
• the (n!) 2 in the numerator comes from n ⁇ -particles in the initial state and final state.
• n 2 ⁇ -particles and (n ⁇ -n 1 ) (k) photons do not change momentum. They behave like spectators except that the presence of n 2 (p 2 ) ⁇ -particles acts to induce the n 1 (p 1 ) ⁇ to be scattered into momentum state p 2 .
• the transition rate is given by
• the transition probability grows rapidly with n 1 but because of unitarity it cannot exceed 1.
• the limit is reached when n ⁇ 6 x 10 8 for the value of P 1 ⁇ 10 -29 , ⁇ ⁇ 10 -5 . It is clear that when the limit is reached, the N order perturbation theory becomes insufficient. It is then necessary to treat the scattering processes to all order.
• basers may be used to create and to study the nonlinear effects, exotic states, exotic scattering and production processes etc., in nuclear and hadronic levels.
• the system will be seen to comprise a vacuum tube 1 (alternatively the apparatus may be arranged in a vacuum chamber), an ion source 2 for creating a beam of deuterons d within the vacuum tube, a pair of bending magnets 3 and 4 which cause the deuteron beam d to be reflected within the vacuum chamber 1, a pair of quadrupole magnets 5 and 6 which cause focusing of the deuteron beam d and a laser 7 adapted to project a laser beam into the vacuum tube 1 through a transparent hole in the vacuum tube 1 in alignment with the deuteron beam d focused by the quadrupole magnets 5 and 6, the laser 7 including a reflecting mirror or a prism 8 positioned to reflect the laser beam in a suitable manner.
• a kick-off mechanism 9 is provided to allow the coherent deuteron beam to be released from the device and in the present embodiment this mechanism 9 may take the form of means which neutralises the magnetic field of the bending magnet in the position shown. Alternatively, an electric kick-off mechanism may be provided.
• the quadrupole magnets may be turned off. Operation of the above described laser induced deuteron-Baser (d-baser) may be in either a continuous mode or may be in a pulsed mode. One use for the d-baser lies in thermonuclear fusion.
• the ion source 2 may comprise a IkeV to lOOkeV deuteron alpha particle (or other nuclear ion) source such as that manufactured by Ortec Inc. of Oakridge Tennesse U.S.A.
• the bending magnets 3 and 4 should be suitable for turning particles having momentum in the MeV/C range through 180°.
• the quadrupole magnets 5 and 6 should be capable of focusing particles having the same momentum. Suitable magnets are manufactured by Nuclear Accessories Co. Ltd. of Auckland, New Zealand.
• the laser 7 may be a 20 watt or more carbon dioxide laser made by California Laser Corporation of San Marco California, U.S.A.
• the kick-off mechanism 9 may be a bending magnet of the type referred to above.
• a further ion source 12 is positioned to emit a stream of protons p which is focused by means of quadrupole magnets 15 and 16 positioned so that the proton beam p is brought into alignment with the deuteron beam d.
• the mechanism is otherwise similar to that described in relation to
• FIG. 3 of the drawings this embodiment is again similar to the embodiment of Figure 1 of the drawings with the exception that a further ion source 22 is provided to emit an electron beam e which is focused by quadrupole magnets 25 and 26 and reflected into alignment with the deuteron beam d by means of bending magnets 23 and 24.
• a further ion source 22 is provided to emit an electron beam e which is focused by quadrupole magnets 25 and 26 and reflected into alignment with the deuteron beam d by means of bending magnets 23 and 24.
• the use of an electron beam to render the deuteron beam coherent has the advantage that the negative charge of the beam helps to reduce electrostatic energy problems. Since the mass of the electrons in the electron beam e is considerably smaller than the mass of the deuterons, it is necessary to have a much weaker bending magnet to correctly position the electron beam.
• an electric mirroring mechanism is used to achieve the same end as the bending magnets 3 and 4 in the previous embodiments.
• the deuteron beam d is aligned with the axis of the vacuum tube 30 by means of a bending magnet 10.
• a laser 7 projects a photon beam through a transparent spot in the centre of the plate 32 and a movable mirror 33 is located to cover an aperture 34 in the plate 31 at the other end of the tube 30.
• a quadrupole magnet (not shown) may be arranged outside the vacuum tube 30 if focusing of the ion beam is required. This arrangement is preferred for the production of a low energy coherent deuteron beam.
• the advantage of the baser in this case is it has discrete momentum and simplification of the high energy accelerator because of the coherence of the beam.
• Coherent neutral particle beams may be obtained by placing a suitable material in front of the coherent charged boson beam. For example.
• FIG. 5 shows a vaccuum chamber 1 of elongate loop like form comprising a pair of parallel tubes 56, 58 interconnected, at one pair of adjacent ends of the tubes, by a curved tubular portion 62 and, at the other pair of adjacent ends, by a curved tubular portion 60.
• An ion source 2 in use generating deuterons is positioned at one end of the baser, more particularly at the end of tube 58 adjacent portion 62, and is arranged to inject a stream of deuterons into the tube 58, at that tube end, for travel into the chamber 1, so as to traverse a loop-like path 70 extending along tube 58, thence around end portion 60, through tube 56, around end portion 62 and thence to return to tube 58 whereby deuterons in use continuously circulate around path 70.
• a second ion source 52 is provided effective to generate deuterium ions which are singly negatively charged.
• This ion source is positioned at the same end of the baser as the source 2 but is positioned to inject the aforementioned deuterium ions into the tube 56 at the end adjacent end portion 62 whereby the ions traverse the chamber 1 in the closed loop like path 72 shown, which path extends along tube 56, around end portion 60 thence along tube 58, to return via end portion 62 to tube 56.
• This path 72 is largely coincident with path 70, but it will be observed that the deuterium ions traverse around the chamber 1 in a clockwise direction whereas the deuterons traverse in an anticlockwise direction.
• a laser 7 producing coherent light is positioned at the end of the baser adjacent end portion 60 of chamber 1 and is arranged to inject coherent light into tube 56 at the end thereof adjacent end portion 60 to travel down the tube 72.
• a mirror or prism 8 is positioned at the opposite end of tube 56 to reflect such coherent light back towards the end of tube 56 adjacent end portion 60.
• a kick-off device 9 is provided at the end of tube 58 adjacent end portion 60 of chamber 1. This is effective, such as by de-energising bending magnet 3, to cause deuterons travelling on path 70 along tube 58 to be exited from the vaccuum chamber 1 at the end of the tube 58 adjacent end portion 60 rather than to be directed around the end portion 60.
• the kick off device may, for example, comprise means for momentarily or otherwise de-energising the bending magnet 3.
• a beam 74 of deuteons is caused to exit the baser via the kick off device 9.
• the light from the laser 7 causes induced scattering in the deuterons and the deuterium ions traversing paths 70 and 72 thereby tending to cause the streams to be brought into a coherent state, thus the exiting deuteron beam 74 comprises a coherent beam of deuterons.
• the beam 74 is electrically charged (being positively charged) on account of the positive charge carried by the deuterons forming the beam, the net charge of the co-extensive streams of deuterons and deuterium ions flowing on these substantially coincident paths 70, 72 is zero, the positive charge of the deuterons being cancelled by the negative charge of the deuterium ions so that the composite stream comprising both particles as moved around the paths 70 and 72 is electrically neutral. For this reason, there is considerably lessened chance that the deuterons will be subjected to components of motion normal to the paths 70, 72 under influence of coulomb forces. Thus tendency for the streams to defocus within the chamber 1 is reduced and coherence is enhanced.
• deuterons are taken by the kick off apparatus 9 to form the beam 74 which exits the baser, it is possible to arrange for take off of the deuterium ions instead, so as to produce a coherent beam of deuterium ions. This may be simply effected by interchanging the positions of the laser 7 and kick off mechanism 9.
• further focusing devices such as the quadrupole magnets 5 and 6 may be positioned within the chamber 1 to facilitate maintenance of focused streams of the deuterons and deuterium ions; particularly these may be provided in tube 58 in a similar manner to the arrangement of quadrupole magnets 5 and 6 in tube 56.
• the vaccuum chamber 1 comprises three parallel side by side tubes 80, 82, 84.
• Tubes 80, 82 are interconnected at one pair of adjacent ends by an end portion 85 of chamber 1 and the other pair of adj acent ends by an end portion 86 of chamber 1.
• tubes 82, 84 are interconnected at one pair of respective adjacent ends by an end portion 88 of chamber 1 whilst the other adjacent ends of these tubes are interconnected by an end portion 90 of the chamber 1.
• deuterium ions, singly negatively charged, and deuterons are introduced in side by side streams into tube 82 at one end of the chamber 1, particularly at the end of the chamber adjacent end portions 85 and 88 and are caused to be guided around respective paths 98 and 100 into chamber 1 by the use of magnets and quadrupole magnets in an analogous fashion to that described in figure 1.
• the path 98 on which the deuterium ions are moved is of elongate closed loop like form extending down tube 82 from the point of introduction of these ions into the tube 82 thence through end portion 86, along tube 80, around end portion 85 to be returned to tube 82.
• the path 100 on which the deuterons move is likewise of elongate loop like, form extending down the tube 82, around the end portion 90 of the chamber 1 through tube 84, thence around end portion 88 of chamber 1 to be reintroduced into tube 82.
• photons in coherent light beams 87, 89 are directed into the tubes 80 and 84 at locations shown in Figure 6, namely at the ends of the respective tubes 80, 84 adjacent the portions 85 and 88 of the chamber 1.
• These light beams 87, 89 may be generated by lasers and reflected by mirror or prism as previously described.
• Deuterons and deuterium ions moving down the tube 82 are directed in a beam outwardly, of the baser from the end of tube 82 adjacently portions of 86, 90 of the chamber 1. This may, again, be effected by the use of a kick off mechanism analogous to the previously described kick off mechanism 9.
• the emergent beam 102 in this instance comprises a mixture of deuterium ions and deuterons.
• the arrangement of Figure 6 has the advantage that the beam which is produced by the baser is a coherent beam of neutral electrical characteristics by virtue of the intermingled oppositely charged deuterium ions and deuterons. Furthermore, over substantial parts of the paths of movement of the deuterium ions and deuterons within the chamber 1, namely over the portions which traverse tube 82, the composite stream of deuterons and deuterium ions is of net neutral charge.
• vaccuum chamber 1 comprises four parallel lengthwise extending tubes 120, 122, 124, 1.26 arranged, when viewed in transverse section of the chamber 1, in the rectangular array shown particularly in Figure 8.
• the chambers are shown in side by side relationship for clarity.
• the tubes 126, 120 are interconnected by respective end portions 130, 132.
• the tubes 120, 122 are interconnected by respective end portions 134, 136.
• the tubes 122, 124 are interconnected by respective end portions 138, 140.
• the tubes 124, 126 are interconnected by respective end portions 142, 144 of the chamber 1.
• the tubes 120, 126 with end portions 130, 132 define a first elongate loop like chamber portion
• tubes 120, 122 together with the end portions 134, 136 define a second elongate loop like chamber portion
• tubes 122 and 124 and end portions 138, 140 define a third elongate loop like chamber portion
• the tubes 124 and 126 and end portions 142 and 144 define a fourth elongate loop like chamber portion.
• the fourth and first chamber portions are common over the length of tube 126, the first and second chamber portions being common over the length of tube 120, the second and third chamber portions being common over the length of tube 122 and the third and fourth chamber portions being common over the length of tube 124.
• deuterium ions and deuterons are injected into the chamber 1.
• deuterium ions and deuterons are directed into the tube 120 at the end thereof adjacent end portions 130, 134 of the chamber.
• further deuterium ions and deuterons are directed into tube 124 at the end thereof adjacent end portions 138, 142 of the chamber 1.
• the deuterium ions injected into tube 120 travel down the tube 120 around the end portion 132, through tube 126 and thence through end portion 130 of chamber 1 to move through the aforementioned first chamber portion in the closed elongate loop like path 145 shown.
• the deuterons passed into tube 120 move down the tube 120, around end portion 136, along tube 122, through end portion 134, back into tube 120 in the closed elongate loop like path 146 shown, within the second of the aforementioned chamber portions.
• the deuterium ions injected into tube 124 move along tube 124 round end portion 140, through tube 122, around end portion 138 and thence to be directed back to tube 124 whereby to move on the closed elongate loop like path 148 shown, within the third of the aforementioned chamber portions.
• the deuterons injected into tube 124 move along tube 124, around end portion 144 of chamber 1, along tube 126, around end portion 142 to be redirected into tube 124 so as to move on the closed elongate loop like path 150 shown, within the aforementioned fourth portion of the chamber 1.
• Direction of the deuterium ions and deuterons on these paths and any necessary focusing is achieved by use of bending magnets and quadrupole magnets as aforementioned in relationship to the embodiments of Figures 1 and 2.
• Coherent light designated by reference numerals 160, 162 is directed into tubes 126 and 122 so as to cause induced scattering of deuterons moving on the path 150 and of deuterium ions moving on path 148, and also of the deuterons moving on path 146 and of deuterium ions moving on path 145.
• reflectors like the mirror or prism 8 previously described may be positioned at the end of tubes 126 and 122 remote from the points of injection of light thereto to reflect the light back towards the injection point.
• the coherent light may be generated by lasers.
• coherent beams each comprised of intermingled deuterium ions and deuterons exit from the apparatus at ends of tubes 120 and 124, being ends of these tubes opposite the ends thereof at which deuterons and deuterium ions are introduced.
• the arrangement of Figures 7 and 8 has the advantage that coherent beams of ions are produced which beams each have net neutral charge by virtue of the mixture of ions of different polarities, whilst at the same time, the streams of deuterons and deuteriom ions moving on paths 150, 148, 146 and 145 are over almost the entirity of the lengths thereof intermingled to likewise have a net neutral charge.
• Figures 7 and 8 could be extended to include a number of paths greater than the four paths shown, 145, 146, 148 and 150.
• an array which, viewed in transverse section, included eight, twelve, sixteen or more such paths may be constructed.
• the vaccuum chamber 1 is formed of tubes interconnected by end portions to define loop-like chamber portions, it is not essential that this be of the case.
• the vaccuum chamber 1 may simply comprise, in each instance, a chamber which surrounds, as a group, all of the paths of movement of particles within the baser.
• the baser has been described as operating with ion streams formed of deuterium ions and deuterons, other charged particles as previously described may be employed.
• One of the two deuterons may be provided as a compound of deuterium, such as deuterium oxide (D 2 O), such as in pellet form and the other may be provided by the baser of this invention.
• the deuterium oxide is subjected to one or more beams of coherent deuterons provided by one or more basers of the invention.
• the beams may thus be applied from various different directions as in a three dimensional array directed against pellets of deuteron containing material, these pellets being supplied sequentially, such as continuously, to a reaction region.
• each deuteron particle in the coherent deuteron beam has energies in the range of keV to 10 2 keV, which is 10 3 to 10 times that of the photons produced in a laser.
• the coherent deuteron beam itself interacts directly with the deuteron pellet, and hence can produce nuclear fusion more effectively and instantaneously.
• the size of such a nuclear fusion reactor can be smaller, possibly allowing the device to be made portable.
• the nuclear fusion process of the invention may be practiced wherein coherent nuclei other than deuterium nuclei are fused.
• the process may employ mixtures of deuterium and tritium nuclei.

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