WO1987000285A1 - Process and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like - Google Patents

Process and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1987000285A1
WO1987000285A1 PCT/AT1985/000017 AT8500017W WO8700285A1 WO 1987000285 A1 WO1987000285 A1 WO 1987000285A1 AT 8500017 W AT8500017 W AT 8500017W WO 8700285 A1 WO8700285 A1 WO 8700285A1
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Prior art keywords
measuring
diaphragm
liquid transfer
powders
zeta potential
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AT1985/000017
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jörg JACOBASCH
Josef Schurz
Günther BAUBÖCK
Original Assignee
Forschungsanwendungsgesellschaft M.B.H.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Forschungsanwendungsgesellschaft M.B.H. filed Critical Forschungsanwendungsgesellschaft M.B.H.
Priority to PCT/AT1985/000017 priority Critical patent/WO1987000285A1/en
Priority to EP19850903191 priority patent/EP0229051A1/en
Publication of WO1987000285A1 publication Critical patent/WO1987000285A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/447—Systems using electrophoresis

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibers, powders, etc. by determining the electroosmotic liquid transfer. Measurements of the electrokinetic or zeta potential of solids provide important information about technologically relevant material properties, e.g. about soiling and washing behavior, processability of fiber materials, etc.
  • a device for measuring the electroosmotic liquid transfer which consists of a measuring cell (diaphragm) to be installed in a glass apparatus via ground joints, to which a DC voltage is applied via Ag / Ag 2 SO 4 or calomel electrodes, which is what leads to a migration of the fluid through the diaphragm.
  • a voltage of 100 to 500 V is required, which can endanger the operating personnel.
  • the liquid transfer is due to displacement of the liquid meniscus in a graduated measuring capillary measured (Deutsche lext iltechnik 20 (1 970) issue 1 0, p. 651; WP G 01 N / 222 81 9).
  • the zeta potential is determined using the v. Helmholtz-S Molukhovsky equation.
  • V is the rate of migration of the measuring liquid in the
  • movably arranged platinum electrodes are guided close to the diaphragm and first the electrical resistance of the diaphragm filled with the measurement solution is determined.
  • the measuring solution is then removed from the apparatus and, after thorough rinsing of the apparatus and diaphragm, it is filled with M / 10 KCl solution and the resistance of the diaphragm thus filled is determined.
  • the value of x results from the relationship
  • the value of x N / 10 KCl can be found in table values. Since resistance measurements on the diaphragm are inaccurate, a relatively high error occurs. In addition, a high cleaning effort is required when changing the measuring liquid.
  • the aim of the invention is to measure the electrokinetic or zeta potential of fiber materials more easily and precisely.
  • the invention has for its object to solve the measurement of the electroosmotic liquid transfer in a novel way.
  • the object is achieved in that a voltage drop is measured directly on a diaphragm, a liquid transfer is determined at different diaphragm densities and the zeta potential according to the following formulas
  • the invention further provides a device for carrying out the method in which a diaphragm space of a measuring cell is delimited by displaceable stamps having perforated palladium electrodes and the palladium electrodes have connections for supplying voltage.
  • a diaphragm space of a measuring cell is delimited by displaceable stamps having perforated palladium electrodes and the palladium electrodes have connections for supplying voltage.
  • voltages of 50 V are sufficient.
  • Resistance measurements on the diaphragm are also omitted.
  • a simplified measuring cell makes measurements of the electrokinetic potential easier and more precise.
  • FIG. 1 shows the schematic dismantling of the device and FIG. 2 shows a section through the measuring cell of the device.
  • the measuring cell 1 consists of a glass body 2, which is closed by union nuts 3.
  • the union nuts 3 represent guides for the displaceable punch 4, which form the diaphragm space 5 due to their limitation.
  • the punches 4 On the end faces facing the diaphragm space 5, the punches 4 have perforated palladium electrodes 6, which have a connection to the voltage supply 7.
  • the storage vessels for the measuring solution 10 and the measuring capillary 6 are placed on the measuring cell 1 via ground joints. The function of the device is demonstrated on the basis of the measurement on a fiber. The measurement is carried out in such a way that the fibrous material is suspended in the measuring liquid.
  • the measuring cell is brought into the vertical position, with only one electrode in the measuring cell, namely at the lower end.
  • a plastic funnel is screwed onto the upper end and the pulp suspension is filled into the measuring cell and the pulp mass is filtered off on the electrode. It is important to ensure that the resulting diaphragm is always covered with the measuring liquid (avoidance of air bubbles).
  • the second electrode is installed in the measuring cell in such a way that a diaphragm of relatively loose packing is created.
  • the measuring cell as described above, is completed and the device with the measuring liquid; filled to the extent that the meniscus is at the beginning of the measuring capillary 8. The fine adjustment of the meniscus takes place with the aid of the displacement body 11.
  • the diaphragm By applying a voltage, a liquid flow is generated through the diaphragm, the speed of which is determined by measuring the time in which a certain volume travels in the measuring capillary. The measurement of the voltage drop and the electrode spacing is also necessary for the evaluation. With a known measuring cell cross section and known fiber weight, the packing density d can be calculated. The diaphragm is then compressed in stages by changing the electrode spacing and the sizes U, D and L are determined for each packing density.
  • the zeta potential is determined using the following relationships
  • L M length of the measuring cell

Abstract

A process for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like by determining the electro-osmotic liquid transfer. Measurements of the electrokinetic or zeta potential of solids provide important information about technologically important material properties. In order to determine the zeta potential a voltage field is measured directly on a diaphragm (5), a liquid transfer is determined with various diaphragm densities and the zeta potential is calculated. The invention also includes a device for carrying out the process.

Description

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen des elektrokinetischen Potentials von Fasern, Pulvern u.ä. Method and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibers, powders and the like
Anwendungsgebiet der ErfindungField of application of the invention
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Messen des elektrokinetischen Potentials von Fasern, Pulvern u.a. durch Bestimmung der elektroosmotischen Flüssigkeitsüberführung. Messungen des elektrokinetischen oder Zeta-Potentials von Feststoffen liefern wichtige Informationen über technologisch relevante Materialeigenschaften, z.B. über Anschmutzungs- und Waschverhalten, Verarbeitbarkeit von Faserstoffen u.a.The invention relates to a method and a device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibers, powders, etc. by determining the electroosmotic liquid transfer. Measurements of the electrokinetic or zeta potential of solids provide important information about technologically relevant material properties, e.g. about soiling and washing behavior, processability of fiber materials, etc.
Charakteristik der bekannten technischen LösungenCharacteristic of the known technical solutions
Als für Faserstoffe anwendbare heßapparatur ist eine Vorrichtung zur Messung der elektroosmotischen Flüssigkeitsüberführung bekannt, die aus einer über Schliffverbindungen in eine Glasapparatur einzubauenden Keßzelle (Diaphragma) besteht, an die über Ag/Ag2SO4- oder Kalomel-Elektroden eine Gleichspannung angelegt wird, was zu einer Wanderung der Flüssigkeit durch das Diaphragma führt. Infolge des großen Abstandes zwischen dem Diaphragma und den spannungszuführenden Kalomelelektroden mit einer dazwischenliegenden Flüssigkeitsstrecke ist eine Spannung von 100 bis 500 V erforderlich, die das Bedienungspersonal gefährden kann. Die Flüssigkeitsüberführung wird infolge Verschiebung des Flüssigkeitsmeniskus in einer graduierten Meßkapillare gemessen ( Deutsche lext iltechnik 20 ( 1 970 ) Heft 1 0 , S . 651 ; WP G 01 N/222 81 9 ) . Hi erbei erfolgt die Be st immung des ZetaPotentials an Hand der v. Helmholtz-S moluchowskischen Gleichung.As a heat apparatus that can be used for fibers, a device for measuring the electroosmotic liquid transfer is known, which consists of a measuring cell (diaphragm) to be installed in a glass apparatus via ground joints, to which a DC voltage is applied via Ag / Ag 2 SO 4 or calomel electrodes, which is what leads to a migration of the fluid through the diaphragm. As a result of the large distance between the diaphragm and the voltage-supplying calomel electrodes with an intermediate liquid section, a voltage of 100 to 500 V is required, which can endanger the operating personnel. The liquid transfer is due to displacement of the liquid meniscus in a graduated measuring capillary measured (Deutsche lext iltechnik 20 (1 970) issue 1 0, p. 651; WP G 01 N / 222 81 9). The zeta potential is determined using the v. Helmholtz-S Molukhovsky equation.
Figure imgf000004_0001
wobei V die Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit der Meßflüssigkeit in der
Figure imgf000004_0001
where V is the rate of migration of the measuring liquid in the
Kapillare in cm3/s x die spezifische elektrische Leitfähigkeit im Diaphragma in Ω-1 cm-1 Capillary in cm 3 / sx the specific electrical conductivity in the diaphragm in Ω -1 cm -1
n Viskosität der Meßlösung in Pn viscosity of the measuring solution in P
I Stromstärke in A s DielektrizitätskonstanteI current in A s dielectric constant
bedeuten. Z ur Bestimmung von x werden beweglich angeordnete Platinelektroden dicht an das Diaphragma geführt und zunächst der elektrische Widerstand des mit der Meßlösung gefüllten Diaphragmas bestimmt. Anschließend wird die Meßlösung aus der Apparatur entfernt und nach gründlichem Durchspülen von Apparatur und Diaphragma dieses mit M/10 KCl-Lösung gefüllt und der Widerstand des so gefüllten Diaphragmas bestimmt. Der Wert von x ergibt sich an Hand der Beziehungmean. To determine x, movably arranged platinum electrodes are guided close to the diaphragm and first the electrical resistance of the diaphragm filled with the measurement solution is determined. The measuring solution is then removed from the apparatus and, after thorough rinsing of the apparatus and diaphragm, it is filled with M / 10 KCl solution and the resistance of the diaphragm thus filled is determined. The value of x results from the relationship
Figure imgf000004_0002
Figure imgf000004_0002
mit RN/10 KCl = Widerstand des mit N/10 KCl-Lösung gefüllten Diaphragmas und R = Widerstand des mit der Meßlösung gefüllten Diaphragmas. Der Wert von xN/10 KCl Kann Tabellenwerten entnommen werden. Da Widerstandsmessungen am Diaphragma ungenau sind, tritt ein relativ hoher Fehler auf. Außerdem ist bei einem Wechsel der Meßflüssigkeit ein hoher Reinigungsaufwand erforderlich.with R N / 10 KCl = resistance of the diaphragm filled with N / 10 KCl solution and R = resistance of the diaphragm filled with the measurement solution. The value of x N / 10 KCl can be found in table values. Since resistance measurements on the diaphragm are inaccurate, a relatively high error occurs. In addition, a high cleaning effort is required when changing the measuring liquid.
Ziel der ErfindungAim of the invention
Ziel der Erfindung ist es, das elektrokinetische oder ZetaPotential von Faserstoffen einfacher und genauer zu messen.The aim of the invention is to measure the electrokinetic or zeta potential of fiber materials more easily and precisely.
Darlegung des Wesens der Erfindung Technische AufgabeState of the Invention Technical Problem
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Messung der elektroosmotischen Flüssigkeitsüberführung auf neuartige Weise zu lösen.The invention has for its object to solve the measurement of the electroosmotic liquid transfer in a novel way.
Merkmale der ErfindungFeatures of the invention
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß ein Spannungsabfall direkt an einem Diaphragma gemessen, eine Flüssigkeitsüberführung bei verschiedenen Diaphragmadichten ermittelt und das Zeta-Potential nach folgenden FormelnAccording to the invention the object is achieved in that a voltage drop is measured directly on a diaphragm, a liquid transfer is determined at different diaphragm densities and the zeta potential according to the following formulas
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000005_0001
berechnet wird.is calculated.
Weiter sieht die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens vor, in der ein Diaphragmaraum einer Meßzelle von perforierten Palladium-Elektroden aufweisenden, verschiebbaren Stempeln begrenzt wird und die Palladium-Elektroden Anschlüsse zur Spannungszuführung aufweisen. Infolge der Anlegung der Spannung direkt an das Diaphragma reichen Spannungen von 50 V aus. Weiterhin entfallen Widerstandsmessungen am Diaphragma. Durch eine vereinfachte Meßzelle werden die Messungen des elektrokinetischen Potentials einfacher und genauer.The invention further provides a device for carrying out the method in which a diaphragm space of a measuring cell is delimited by displaceable stamps having perforated palladium electrodes and the palladium electrodes have connections for supplying voltage. As a result of applying the voltage directly to the diaphragm, voltages of 50 V are sufficient. Resistance measurements on the diaphragm are also omitted. A simplified measuring cell makes measurements of the electrokinetic potential easier and more precise.
AusführungsbeispielEmbodiment
Nachstehend soll die Erfindung an einem Ausführungsbeispiel näher erläutert werden. In der zugehörigen Zeichnung zeigen Fig. 1 den schematischen Abbau der Vorrichtung und Fig. 2 einen Schnitt durch die Meßzelle der Vorrichtung.The invention will be explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. 1 shows the schematic dismantling of the device and FIG. 2 shows a section through the measuring cell of the device.
Die Meßzelle 1 besteht aus einem Glaskörper 2, der durch Überwurfmuttern 3 verschlossen wird. Die Überwurfmuttern 3 stellen Führungen für die verschiebbaren Stempel 4 dar, die durch ihre Begrenzung den Diaphragmaraum 5 bilden. An den dem Diaphragmaraum 5 zu gewandten Stirnseiten tragen die Stempel 4 perforierte PalladiumElektroden 6, die einen Anschluß zur Spannungszuführung 7 besitzen. Durch Verschieben der Stempel 4 kann die Packungsdichte des im Diaphragmaraum 5 befindlichen Diaphragmas variiert werden. Auf die Meßzelle 1 werden über Schliffverbindungen die Vorratsgefäße für die Meßlösung 10 sowie die Meßkapillare 6 aufgesteckt. Die Funktion der Vorrichtung wird an Hand der wessung an einem Faserstoff demonstriert. Die Messung erfolgt in der Weise, daß der Faserstoff in der Meßflüssigkeit suspendiert wird. Dann wird die Meßzelle in die vertikale Lage gebracht, wobei sich nur eine Elektrode in der Meßzelle und zwar am unteren Ende befindet. Auf das obere Ende wird ein Kunststoff-Trichter geschraubt und die Paserstoffsuspension in die Meßzelle gefüllt und die Faserstoff-Masse auf der Elektrode abfiltriert. Dabei ist darauf zu achten, daß das entstehende Diaphragma immer mit der Meßflüssigkeit bedeckt ist (Vermeidung von Luftblasen). Mach dem Füllen der Meßzelle wird die zweite Elektrode so in die Meßzelle eingebaut, daß ein Diaphragma von relativ lockerer Packung entsteht. Anschließend wird die Meßzelle, wie oben beschrieben, komplettiert und die Vorrichtung mit der Meßflüssigkeit; soweit gefüllt, daß der Meniskus sich am Anfang der Meßkapillare 8 befindet. Die Feineinstellung des Meniskus erfolgt mit Hilfe der Verdrängungskörper 11. Durch Anlegen einer Spannung wird eine Flüssigkeitsströmung durch das Diaphragma erzeugt, deren Geschwindigkeit durch die Messung der Zeit, in der ein bestimmtes Volumen in der Meßkapillare wandert, ermittelt wird. Für die Auswertung ist außerdem die Messung des Spannungsabfalles und des Elektrodenabstandes notwendig. Bei bekanntem Meßzellenquerschnitt und bekannter Fasereinwaage kann die Packungsdichte d errechnet werden. Anschließend wird das Diaphragma durch Änderung des Elektrodenabstandes in Stufen komprimiert und bei jeder Packungsdichte werden die Größen U, D und L ermittelt.The measuring cell 1 consists of a glass body 2, which is closed by union nuts 3. The union nuts 3 represent guides for the displaceable punch 4, which form the diaphragm space 5 due to their limitation. On the end faces facing the diaphragm space 5, the punches 4 have perforated palladium electrodes 6, which have a connection to the voltage supply 7. By moving the stamp 4, the packing density of the diaphragm located in the diaphragm space 5 can be varied. The storage vessels for the measuring solution 10 and the measuring capillary 6 are placed on the measuring cell 1 via ground joints. The function of the device is demonstrated on the basis of the measurement on a fiber. The measurement is carried out in such a way that the fibrous material is suspended in the measuring liquid. Then the measuring cell is brought into the vertical position, with only one electrode in the measuring cell, namely at the lower end. A plastic funnel is screwed onto the upper end and the pulp suspension is filled into the measuring cell and the pulp mass is filtered off on the electrode. It is important to ensure that the resulting diaphragm is always covered with the measuring liquid (avoidance of air bubbles). After filling the measuring cell, the second electrode is installed in the measuring cell in such a way that a diaphragm of relatively loose packing is created. Then the measuring cell, as described above, is completed and the device with the measuring liquid; filled to the extent that the meniscus is at the beginning of the measuring capillary 8. The fine adjustment of the meniscus takes place with the aid of the displacement body 11. By applying a voltage, a liquid flow is generated through the diaphragm, the speed of which is determined by measuring the time in which a certain volume travels in the measuring capillary. The measurement of the voltage drop and the electrode spacing is also necessary for the evaluation. With a known measuring cell cross section and known fiber weight, the packing density d can be calculated. The diaphragm is then compressed in stages by changing the electrode spacing and the sizes U, D and L are determined for each packing density.
Die Bestimmung des Zeta-Potentials erfolgt an Hand der folgenden BeziehungenThe zeta potential is determined using the following relationships
Figure imgf000007_0001
Figure imgf000007_0001
mit D = überführtes Flüssigkeitsvolumen pro Zeiteinheitwith D = transferred liquid volume per unit of time
U = Spannungsabfall zwischen den Palladium-Elektroden ε = relative Dielektrizitätskonstante der Meßflüssigkeit εo = Influenzkonstante n = dynamische Viskosität der MeßlösungU = voltage drop between the palladium electrodes ε = relative dielectric constant of the measuring liquid ε o = influence constant n = dynamic viscosity of the measuring solution
LM = Länge der MeßzelleL M = length of the measuring cell
QM = Querschnittsfläche der fteßzelle d = Packungsdichte des FaserstoffesQ M = cross-sectional area of the measuring cell d = packing density of the fibrous material
(oder einer anderen zu messenden Substanz)(or another substance to be measured)
B = empirische Konstante B = empirical constant

Claims

Patentansprüche; Claims;
1 . Verfahren zum Messen des elektrokinetischen Potentials von Fasern, Pulvern u.a. durch Bestimmung der elektroosmotischen Flüssigkeitsüberführung, dadurch gekennzeichnet , d aß ein Spannungsabfall direkt an einem Diaphragma gemessen, eine Flüssigkeitsüberführung bei verschiedenen Diaphragmadichten ermittelt und das Zeta-Potential nach folgenden Formeln1 . Method for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibers, powders, etc. by determining the electroosmotic liquid transfer, characterized in that a voltage drop is measured directly at a diaphragm, a liquid transfer is determined at different diaphragm densities and the zeta potential according to the following formulas
Figure imgf000008_0001
berechnet wird.
Figure imgf000008_0001
is calculated.
2. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Punkt 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet , daß ein Diaphragmaraum ( 5 ) einer Meßzelle ( 1 ) von perforierten Palladium-Elektroden ( 6 ) aufweisenden, verschiebbaren Stempeln (4 ) begrenzt wird und die Palladium-Elektroden ( 6 ) Anschlüsse zur Spannungs zuführung (7 ) aufweisen. 2. Device for performing the method according to item 1, characterized in that a diaphragm space (5) of a measuring cell (1) of perforated palladium electrodes (6) having displaceable stamps (4) is limited and the palladium electrodes (6) Have connections for voltage supply (7).
Aufstellung der verwendeten BezugszeichenList of the reference symbols used
1 Meßzelle1 measuring cell
2 Glaskörper2 vitreous bodies
3 Überwurfmutter3 union nut
4 Stempel4 stamps
5 Diaphragmaraum5 diaphragm space
6 Palladium-Elektrode6 palladium electrode
7 Anschluß zur Spannungszuführung7 Connection for voltage supply
8 Meßkapillare8 measuring capillaries
9 Schliffverbindung9 ground joint
10 Vorratsgefäß für die Meßlösung10 storage vessel for the measuring solution
11 Metallschrauben zur Regulierung des Flüssigkeitsniveaus in der Meßkapillare (Verdrängungskörper)11 metal screws for regulating the liquid level in the measuring capillary (displacement body)
12 Hähne zum Entleeren der Vorrichtung 12 taps for emptying the device
PCT/AT1985/000017 1985-07-08 1985-07-08 Process and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like WO1987000285A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/AT1985/000017 WO1987000285A1 (en) 1985-07-08 1985-07-08 Process and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like
EP19850903191 EP0229051A1 (en) 1985-07-08 1985-07-08 Process and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/AT1985/000017 WO1987000285A1 (en) 1985-07-08 1985-07-08 Process and device for measuring the electrokinetic potential of fibres, powders and the like

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WO1987000285A1 true WO1987000285A1 (en) 1987-01-15

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992006368A1 (en) * 1990-10-08 1992-04-16 The Wiggins Teape Group Limited Electrokinetic potential measurement
US5475205A (en) * 1994-06-22 1995-12-12 Scientific Games Inc. Document verification system
US5599046A (en) * 1994-06-22 1997-02-04 Scientific Games Inc. Lottery ticket structure with circuit elements
DE19724014A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 1998-12-10 Heckmann Klaus Prof Dr Apparatus to determine zero charge point of colloids and suspensions
DE19540206C2 (en) * 1995-10-28 1999-07-01 Inst Polymerforschung Dresden Device for determining the zeta potential of fine particles
DE10159566B4 (en) * 2001-11-30 2007-04-26 Leibniz-Institut Für Polymerforschung Dresden E.V. Device for determining the zeta potential and the permeability of membranes

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Deutsche Textiltechnik, Volume 20, Issue 10, 1970, Leipzig (DD) JACOBSCH: Elektrokinetische Messungen zur Interpretation von Anschmutzungs- und Waschvorgangen, pages 649-653, see page 651, cited in the application *
Industrial Laboratory, Volume 50, Nr. 3, March 1984, New York (US) IVANOVA et al.: "A Cell for Measuring the Electrokinetic Potential of a Powder Specimen by Electroosmosis", pages 308, 309, see the whole document *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992006368A1 (en) * 1990-10-08 1992-04-16 The Wiggins Teape Group Limited Electrokinetic potential measurement
US5475205A (en) * 1994-06-22 1995-12-12 Scientific Games Inc. Document verification system
US5599046A (en) * 1994-06-22 1997-02-04 Scientific Games Inc. Lottery ticket structure with circuit elements
DE19540206C2 (en) * 1995-10-28 1999-07-01 Inst Polymerforschung Dresden Device for determining the zeta potential of fine particles
DE19724014A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 1998-12-10 Heckmann Klaus Prof Dr Apparatus to determine zero charge point of colloids and suspensions
DE19724014B4 (en) * 1997-06-06 2006-11-09 Heckmann, Klaus, Prof. Dr. Method and apparatus for determining the zero charge of electrically charged colloidal and / or suspended particles
DE10159566B4 (en) * 2001-11-30 2007-04-26 Leibniz-Institut Für Polymerforschung Dresden E.V. Device for determining the zeta potential and the permeability of membranes

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