WO1986000121A1

WO1986000121A1 - Pair of springs and applications thereof

Info

Publication number: WO1986000121A1
Application number: PCT/FR1985/000153
Authority: WO
Inventors: Louis Kedves
Original assignee: Louis Kedves
Priority date: 1984-06-15
Filing date: 1985-06-17
Publication date: 1986-01-03
Also published as: EP0185718A1

Abstract

The pair (17) is formed of two identical straight blades having on each side equivalent half-holes. The blades are shaped into capital S springs, and they are arranged in an inverted, upright position, facing each other and side to side, so that the half-holes communicate into full holes. Thereafter, the pair is linked for example at the top by means of a brush (7) and the bolts (21), thereby readily assembling the pair of springs (17). Finally, the bottom of the pair is attached by locking it to its base (12) by means of nuts (24) and screws (4). The pair of springs (17) has a same length all over, and this is due to its central attachments. It is used in electric trolleys or, after adjustment, in balance-inverters.

Description

Couple of springs and its applications.

The present invention relates to the pair of compound springs connecting two identical springs, in the form of a capital S, mounted inverted, face to face, linked together by one or both of their ends, directly or together with an object.

It is intended for general use and more specifically as an electrical contact carrier, - such as a brush holder in a trolley. This couple of springs provides the "Rocker-Inverter Effect".

A spring 11 alone can slide only in one direction, - see arrow Fig. 1 -a. In the other direction, - Fig. 1-b it will graze, it will hang. To make it slide in both directions, it is made to carry an object, - such as the brush 7 of the trolley 1 for example, - Fig. 2-a; the spring 11 is made shorter than the brush 7 and a balance is created, by connecting each end of the spring 11 to the center of two objects respectively, - to the brush 7 and to its base 12 of the trolley 1,

- Fig. 2-a.- Thus constructed, the broom rests under the rail 6, and, thanks to this, it can slide in both directions, - Fig. 2-a. In addition, the contact is always parallel between the brush and the rail 6, even if the rail is inclined,

- Fig. 6-e, - or if the junctions between two rails are deformed.

But, - see trolley 1 in Fig. 2-a, - with only one too small spring 11 compared to the available volume, optimal performance is not possible.

Another great and wasteful defect in the material of these designs is the definitive connections with means, whose reliability over time only depends on their necessarily decreasing tension with age: eyelet, rivet, encirclement, crimping, etc. ...; - Fig. 2-a. - In this type of trolley, the brush 7 is connected to its plate 8, - which retains it, - by the weld 9 and by the eyelet 10. - This same eyelet passes through this plate 8 and retains the spring 11 also. The bottom of the spring 11 is fixed by another eyelet 10 on the base 12, - and on it is riveted its log 13, by its upper part, which serves as a rivet 1 4. The screw 4 of the log blocks the cable terminal d 'food16

The result can only be bad. The tension releases, there are bad contacts, prolonged heating hardens the copper qu beryllium, - the material used for the springs in electricity - which breaks.

The pair of springs 17 in capital S of the invention presented here cancels all the faults indicated and provides the solution everywhere.

Figs. 3-a, b, c and d present the progressive birth of the couple of springs 17, formed by 2 springs 11. In view of the maximum possible flexibility, they have the greatest possible length and radius of folding. - In Fig. 3-a, 2 springs 11 in the shape of a capital S are placed face to face, inverted; - In Fig. 3-b, - these springs 11 have moved closer together, their ends are side by side, - but they are still independent;

- In Fig. 3-c, the 2 ends of the 2 springs 11 are already connected at the top by any means and thus the object of the invention was born: the "couple of springs".

- In Fig. 3-d, the couple of springs is created together with an object, - here the brush 7, - with deliable connecting means such as: bolt 21, stud 22, screw 4, rigid or elastic washers 23, like "Belleville", - then, the couple of springs thus established is connected by its lower ends to the base 12 and now it is 17, the "KEDVES trolley" which was born, - even with a single couple and even without a cover. (2)

Manufacture of spring pairs 17.

1) Springs 11: There is only one blade model, - 18, Fig. 13, - which supplies both springs 11 of the torque 17. This blade 18 is cut and punched with its half-holes 19 on its two sides in a single operation, FIG. 13. - These half-holes are moved back relative to the blades 18, - the axis is not on the edge of the blade 18, - to prevent the two blades, become the 2 springs 11 from touching or s 'not hang in the txolley 17; - Indeed, if for a screw (4) 3 mm in diameter, the two axes of the half-holes in the blades 18 are moved back edges of 0.2 mm each, when the two blades move closer to the screws by 3 mm move them apart by 0, b mm. This difference, - if the springs are properly aligned, is sufficient to prevent the 2 springs 11 from touching. Next, the blades 18 are folded into a capital S shape and finally they are hardened by structural heat treatment, by blocking them.

Another great advantage of the half-holes 19 tightly encircling the means for blocking the springs 11 is the speed and the precision obtained from assemblies, helped by the passage 25, in which the torque is placed. It is possible to prevent the springs 11 from touching each other, by placing a metal sheet 52 between them during assembly, temporarily, or even permanently; Fig. 18. Fig. 18 indicates the dimensions to be calculated in order to apply the couple of springs 17 to its main user, the trolley 1:

- the height and width of the available space, - what determines; - The maximum possible size of the usable torque 17, knowing that the springs must cross widely;

- the difference in height between the unsupported pair, side X and the supported pair, side Y;

the thickness of the edge 41 of the cover where the brush 7 of the pair of springs 17 is located. Possible attachment between the 2 springs 11 of the torque 17: - If the alignment of the springs is good, there is no problem, even with a slight rustling; - Slight catching is very easy to avoid when fitting the cover, in the still inclined position, by moving the springs 11, - Fig. 9 - even after fitting the cover, using a screwdriver to help. The two springs 11 must be long enough, that they can descend much lower, - then go up much higher than the central point of their crossing. This elongation increases the flexibility, therefore the longevity of the couple of springs 17. - In this FIG. 10, the spring A starts from the left side of the brush 7. It turns lower than the midpoint of the crossing; it turns around, climbs upwards, crosses this center of the crossing and continues to climb, passes once again in height; then it turns down and will be fixed on its base 12. - The springB starts on the right side of the broom 7 and makes the same route, the same turns, but in reverse. See also Fig. 28, 30 35, 36 and 39.

2) Brushes 7: It has one or more fixing points. It is preferably graphitized copper. It can have studs 22 or bolts 21 with heads embedded in its frame, Fig. 1 4. - If the bala i 7 has tapped holes, - in the models of the trolleys presented here for screws (4) 3 mm, - they are drilled and tapped smaller than ISO standards. - This forces the assembly to force the bolt 21 or the screw 4 to screw them in and block them by seizing in their tapped holes. To form the pair 17, - Fig. 3-d, - the half-holes 19 surround the assembly member, - bolt, screw, stud, - of the brush 7 and these half-holes 19 become the whole holes 20, - Fig. 14. - The locking of the 2 springs 11 on the brush 7 is done, at the same time, by the washer 23, tightened by the head of the bolts 21, or of the screws 4, or even by nuts 24, in the case of the studs 22 - The couple of springs 17 thus formed is ready for storage or for assembly, FIG. 16. - Note here another great advantage of the couples of springs 17 thus formed, that in this state, - Fig. 16, - there is no tension in the springs 11, while in the other existing trolleys, - such as in FIGS. 2-a and 34, the springs are still tensioned.

Assembly of a couple of springs 17 on a base, here that of a trolley 1: Of the couple of springs 17, Fig. 16, thus formed, the other 2 ends of its springs 11 are connected to the base 12 of a trolley 1, or they surround by their half-holes 19 the screws 4 or studs 22, which are screwed or embedded in the base 12. The 2 springs 11 will be pressed by the "Belleville" washers and will be blocked by nuts 24 in the guide corridor 25. - The total width of the 2 springs 11, counting the interval 39, Fig. 15, - corresponds to the width of this corridor, which allows perfect and immediate automatic alignment to the spring torque 17. See Fig. 8, 12c, 18, 20, 28, 30 and 35. From this central fixing of the spring couples 17 result the following advantages:

- the uniform width, therefore a minimum of couples, which saves space;

- the side-by-side mounting of the pairs of springs 17, which allows alignment without offsets of their brush 7, -

Fig. 8, 9-a, 12, 14, 25, 26, 35, 36 and 37. - On the contrary, the design of most trolleys does not allow the brushes 7 to be aligned by their mechanism or by another reason: in the trolley in Fig. 2-a, and 24, - the log 13, -the supply pole, - is thicker than the width of the spring 11, which requires alternating the brushes7 Fig. 2-b. See also Fig. 34.

- The ideal shape of the material of the springs 11 composing the couple of springs 17 is the flat strip which must be as thin as possible. However, in some cases, other shapes, such as square, round, can be used. Fig. 20 has a couple made of springs 11 of the round wire. To fix the brushes 7 on these round wires, they must be hollowed out and use support plates 8 hollowed out instead, - Fig. 19. - The great advantage of springs in round wire, that they can not hang between them, sel on l eur conc ept i on here indicated. Guiding the spring couples 17 A spring couple 17 does not require any guiding, no cover 2, no protection plate, no tunnel, except for reasons of personnel safety. In the examples of Figs. 17 and 27, it is thus, since here the brush 7 has either a guide corridor or it is enclosed in a rail 6 which guides it. The rail can have the shape of V, U, half a round, or other. - When the couple is guided by their own worn object, - here the broom 7, - this is fitted out for this purpose: the broom 7 can guide with its corridor 25 formed in its mass, - Fig. 17-a. - The guide can be brought by 2 plates 8 fixed on the 2 sides of the brush by the screw 4, - Fig. 17-b; or the guide is created by a U-shaped object which is fixed by the same bolts 21 of the brush 7.

Balance The balance is established, in principle, in the middle of an object in relation to gravity, or in relation to a support. - Thus a single self-locking bolt 21, screwed in the middle of the brush 7 can ensure perfect balance. See spring 11 in Fig. 2-a, then Figs. 3-d, 21 and 38. But the brush 7 must be thick enough that the bolt 21, - here, - can screw there a sufficient number of steps, for its self-locking, and this must not be too much long, so as not to prevent normal wear and tear on the brush 7, the bolt being made of a harder material than the brush. But the central link is not always achievable or is not strong enough, see above. - This requires the object to be fixed on the couple of springs 17 at several points, as close as possible to the center, but without preventing the assembly-exchange of the object from being rapid, here the brush 7

In the case of a brush 7, it must be 6 to 8 times longer than the interval 39 between the 2 ends of the rails 6 of 2 different electrical circuits, - Fig. 23 - otherwise there is a risk of snagging.

Use of spring couples in trolleys A trolley:

- must ensure flawless, by a sliding or rolling contact, the electrical connection between an overhead conductor and a mobile receiver, - such as a trolley-bus, a manufacturing trolley - which transports it;

- must have moving working parts, - brushes, springs, - very easily interchangeable;

- must have a very simple and inexpensive design;

- must be able to immediately replace the old trolley on site, without mechanical machining, by reusing the original or slightly different fixing means. - The problems are: - current trolleys do not use enough available volume; - Their moving parts, - brushes, springs, - are often fixed by means that are not interchangeable and uncertain over time, - crimping, riveting, stamping, - hence the compact units with non-interchangeable parts, resulting from waste in raw material.

- Current trolleys cannot replace other trolleys without sometimes significant modifications to the original location.

Figs. 2-a and 2-b represent the best-known crolley (1), which must be replaced first, given the huge quantity sold worldwide.

Fig. 7 represents the water dish of the carriage 3, emptied of its original trolley 1, which has been fixed there by its 4 screws 4, - which are screwed into the tapped holes 5 of the plate. They are 3 / ^ 6-e of an American inch and 1/2 "in length. The removed trolley 1, - Fig. 2-a and b, - forms a compact unit, with non-separable spikes, for disposal.

- Here, the rail 6 feeds the brush 7 which slides in the

2 senses. This brush 7 is connected to its plate 8 by the weld9 and by the eyelet 10. This same eyelet 10 passes through this plate 8 and retains the spring 11 also. The bottom of the spring 11 is fixed by another eyelet 10 on its base 12. On this base 12 is riveted the threaded log 13 which serves by its upper part as a rivet 14. The via 4 of the log 13 blocks the cable terminal diet 16. The result is insufficient: the 2 eyelets 10 cannot catch on the very hard and slippery material of the spring 11,

- in treated beryllium copper; the rivet 14 already turns on the tightening torque of screw 4. All of these cause poor contacts, overheating, burns, hence loss in continuous manufacturing, due to lack of electric current, burns from three-phase motors . In addition here, and in other electrical devices, these units are enclosed without ventilation, resulting in inevitable heating and far too long replacement time.

Trolley 1 remedies all these faults by using:

- the couple of springs 17, - subject of the application for this invention, - with: - the brush 7

- base 12 and

- cover 2, - if this is required.

The KEDVES 1 trolley has only three parts: the KEDVES pair of springs, which is connected at the top by the broom7 and at the bottom by the base 12. -

The pair 17 used in each of the trolleys 1 uses the blades 18 of 127 mm in length, - Fig. 13, - or a total useful length of approximately 180 mm, between the 2 fixing points, - which is 4 to 6 times larger than the springs used in known trolleys, - such as that of FIG. 2-a. This increase in length allows very large bending diameters while resulting in the same working pressures as the other springs 11 used, but with incomparable longevity.

Here, the width of the springs 11 used is 3.9 mm, which gives a total width of 7.8 mm

(0.316 inch) with a thickness of 0.5 mm (0.197 i.). The total section is 3.9 mm, supporting an electric current of 32 Amps, - at 20 ° C, in the open air or well ventilated, in continuous operation. The brush 7 has M3 threaded holes, already indicated on page 3.

In base 12, the M4 screws are screwed into the threads with tight ribs. One of the screws 4 also serves to fix the cable lug 16 there, - Fig. 7, 28. At the trolley in FIG. 8, .the right side of the base 12 rises, - 37, - and is hollowed out, 26. This base 12 is fixed on the plate 3 of the carriage 27 by 2 screws 4 on the right side and which are in their cavity 26. This part of the base 12 is lowered due to the extension of the torque 17. This requires the use of screws 4 here which are shorter than the original screws 4. These M5 screws are delivered with trolleys, to make them better, we re-thread the original tapped holes by hand, on site. These are the only but improving modifications made to this trolley in FIG. 8. In these trolleys mounted on the plate 3 of the carriage 27, FIG. 27, it is possible to mount up to 5 pairs of springs 17 with a width of 8mm everywhere. See 8-9-a, 9-b, 28.30. After the installation of the pairs of springs 17 on their base 12, it is possible to install, if necessary, 5 brushes on each side of the pairs of removable slides, serving as a guide, insulation and separator of the dust, fallen from the top, - at the same time, - Fig. 12, 12-b, 12-c, 28 and 30. These slides 30 and 31 are installed in the slots 29, -

Fig. 12-b, hollowed out parallel to the corridors 25 guides of the base 12, receiving the torques of springs 17. They are all lined up, their base has lugs 33, in order to be able to push them into their slot or take them out, - Fig. 12-a, b and c.

Covers for KEDVES trolleys 1. A cover 2 is not essential for KEDVES trolleys 1. However, to replace the old trolleys on site, for better guidance and better security, the invention presents some models which are part of the trolleys KEDVES 1:

1) The cover model 2 of FIG. 9-aa 5 slots 32 to guide the couples of springs 17, installed on the base 12 of FIG. 8. - This type of cover can only be used by cleaning it very regularly. Indeed, see also cover 2, Fig. 2-a, - the graphite copper dust from the brushes 7 is deposited on the bars 44 of the separation between the brushes 7 and causes leaks and short-circuits of current. To assemble this type of trolley, Fig. 8 to Fig. 10, it is first necessary to tilt this cover 2, slide its lug 33 into the recess 26; place the cover 2 on the tray 3 of the carriage 27; then fix it on this plate using 2 original screws, which are in their cavity 28, - and which are screwed in the tapped holes 5 of origin, - Fig.7. These cavities 28 are split, 32, because of the increase in volume for the couple 17, a slot also allowing better ventilation.

2) The covers of Figs. 25, 28, 30, 35, and 36 are open, so very well ventilated. The couples are guided by themselves by sliding in the advanced lanes 25, - Fig. 25, - or moved back, - Fig. 26. This guiding of the pairs of springs 17 is free of dust between the brushes 7 since, there is not only air between them. - These corridors 25 are created by partitions 45, - Fig. 25, 2b, 28, 30, 35 and 36, - obtained in the mass of the cover or are reported there.

3) The cover 2 is used for the trolley in FIG. 26, which is an improvement on the model trolley of FIG. 25. To obtain even greater torques on the same location of the carriage 27, FIG. 7, - here the cover and the base are elongated in the 2 "clearances" 35 of the carriage between the wheels 36. Two of the original screws 4 are located outside, in the cavities 41 or on the edges 41, to block the cover 2 in the nuts drowned from the bottom; the other 2 original screws 4 are screwed into the tapped holes 5 of the plate 3, to block the entire threeley 1. The total useful length of the springs of the torque 17 here becomes approximately 215 mm, which is at least 5 times longer than the spring 11 of the trolley of FIG. 2-a. 4) Trolley 1 in Fig. 29, - where the locking of the cover2 is made by lever, also increases the size of the couple of springs 17. - Here, a nut 24 is embedded in the left side of the cover 2 in which the screw bolt 21-4 is screwed. It holds a lever blade 18, which is slightly folded and the lower part of which descends in the gap 39 located between the cover 2 and the assembly plate 8 of the carriage 27, Fig.7. - By screwing, this bolt-screw 21-4 blocks by the sink-blade 18 the cover 2 against the assembly plate8 The other side of the cover 2 can be fixed in the same way or be fixed by one of the solutions already indicated before. TROLLEYS KEDVES 1, WITH LIDS A

CLOSING

In these trolleys, the assembly of the cover 2 on its base 12 is done by simple engagement, immediately without foreign means; Fig. 30, 35, 36. The action is done by pins 33, which fit into their recess 26. A recess can be simple, - Fig. 30, 35, 36, - or double, Fig. 29-a. - A lug can be part of the mass of the base, by extending its rising parts 37, - and also it can be brought thanks to a pull tab 43, which is fixed on the base 12. This solution is better, allowing interchangeability in the event of an accident and also saves the cost of tools. The opposite part of the ergot33 can be straight, - Fig. 30, 30-a, 35, or folded down, - Fig. 29-a, - to be able to pull it when the zipper43 is mounted between 2 objects, Fig. 35. The fixing of the pullers 43 is made by screws 4 on the base 12, - Fig. 30-a. These pulls 43 are mounted inclined to a certain degree, - here 3 °, - to ensure better engagement, - Fig. 30-a and 35.

To assemble or release the cover in or from its base 12, pull the pull tabs 43. When exiting, the pairs of springs eject the cover 2. - Another great advantage of this interlocking solution is to be able to let the covers without lowering them into their base, to store, - and thus leave the couples of springs 17 out of use without unnecessary pressure, which is hardly possible with other trolleys.

Fig. 34 shows the trolley 1, which operates without a cover. This trolley is placed on its location by its shoulders 49, which are the extensions of the plates 8 for separating the brushes J. The problems are:

- The brushes 7 are offset between them and are slightly inclined towards the outside, - facts which can disturb.

- When a brush 7A is not pressed, it is higher than the separation plates 49. - But when the brush is pressed, - 7B -, by its rail 6, it descends a lot between the separation plates 49. At this moment, the rail 6 rubs or even damages these plates 49, - especially if the rail is misaligned . - The excellent, but too complicated mechanism of this trolley is too expensive and takes a long time to change these parts.

The trolley in Fig. 35 remedies these disadvantages by its designs already described. In addition, its shoulder plates 49 do not form a body with the base 12, but are fixed there by screws 4 in order to be able to exchange them after an accident. It goes without saying that these screws 4 can be replaced by studs 22 and nuts 24. The drawbars 43 are also mounted here by screws 4. Their upper part may have a hole 20 instead of being inclined downwards . In all models of trolleys, - examples of use of the spring couples 17, - the accessibility to the couples is immediate or very fast. This allows essential periodical cleaning, facilitated by the removability of any slides, - and the exchange of worn brushes immediately, even on a trolley mounted on site.

The ventilation of the pairs is also ensured by openings 25 almost everywhere around the trolleys.

TROLLEYS KEDVES ASSEMBLED BY SLICES. To make trolleys in small quantities, production is too slow. - It is better to assemble these trolleys by pre-manufactured slices and stored by the manufacturer: Fig. 36 and 37.

- The section 53 composes the base 12 with its couple of springs 17 and its brush 7;

- The wafer 54 is the cover 2 in two groups accompanied by the assembly plates 8. - All the wafers 53 and 54 are first connected by their positioning assembly pins, - 55, - which fit into the holes20 on the sides of the other sections. - Then, these assembled sections will be blocked by any means:

- Such screw 4, which fixes the base 12 in its place;

- Such rods 56 or tubes 57, which pass through the edges by blocking them with their heads 58; by their nut 20, - or by riveting action 14.

The side between the axes of the brushes 7 in existing or future trolleys is never the same, - That of the trolley 2-b is 13.5 mm, that of the trolley of FIG. 34 is 18 mm. - To be able to adapt the slices to the request, we make the smallest possible units and we interpose between them the spacers, the sheets or even the washers to obtain the ribs of the different centers. - It goes without saying, that the smooth and tapped holes are machined according to demand, to fix the pull tabs 43 on the base units 12.

Other forms of folding of the springs of the couples 17

- The spring 11 of the trolley of FIG. 2-a is fixed on a plate 8 the 2 ends of which are curved downwards, under the edge 41 of the cover 2, - to retain the spring 11 when it is not supported by the rail 6. - To retain the torque springs 17, these springs 11 do the same action by their straight end, which rests under the edge 41, as in FIG. 30. To obtain the curvature of the spring 11 of FIG. 2-a, it suffices to fold this straight part of the springs 11 of the couple 17 and lower this part of the ceiling of the cover 2 downwards.

- The springs 11 can be superimposed within a reasonable limit to obtain even greater flexibility, - Fig. 39, - if space is available and guidance is provided. KEDVES TIP-INVERTER EFFECT

Theoretically and practically:

"When 2 capital S-shaped springs, in all respects strictly the same, are turned face to face; placed side by side; interconnected by their ends, - at this moment, the couple remains straight and becomes again after be leaning to the sides. " Fig. 3-a, b, c and d; Fig. 3-e. But almost always there is an imbalance between the springs, due to many things: material, mechanical or thermal. This imbalance forces the springs, then their torque 17 to lean, even slightly, towards one of the sides and return there, when it is moved.

However, it is possible to obtain the said: "KEDVES Rocker-Inverter Effect", - because, - 17 and 60, Fig. 4,:

"The torque of springs 17 can be adjusted

KEDVES in such a way that, when it is flipped the opposite way to one or the other side, it stays there. "This effect, this action can be used for different things: balance, switch, inverter, pendulum, relay , various toys, indicator. Points 61 are the places where the spring 11 is raised to reverse the torque 17 which has become 60, "rocking", - in the other direction, Fig. 4. The immediate action esc, its speed depends on the length springs 11 in their entirety and in their parts.

Fig. 40 presents the most common application of this effect, in an inverter. When the couple 17 passes to the left, it connects the electric current which it leads to the contact A. - When the couple is balanced to the right, it is the contact B which receives the current. Both the brush 7 and the contacts 46 are very rounded and, thanks to the couple of springs 17, the closings and openings of the sliding contacts are obtained, ideal actions in the electrical circuits.

Claims

1) Couple of springs and its users, characterized in that it:

- it is made of two identical capital S-shaped springs, turned face to face, affixed side by side;

- It has a uniform width, obtained by the central fixing of the two springs, having at their two ends identical half-holes which, assembled in central holes, achieve the torque;

- that it is assembled-connected alone or at the same time with an object - such as the broom and its base in a trolley, where it slides under electric voltage;

- that it does not require any balancing or guidance, to perfectly follow an electrical line, even an irregular one;

- that it is formed of flat strips or round wires;

- that it doubles the possible useful length in an available volume;

- that it is assembled-fixed by safe means, but immediately removable 5

- that one can obtain by it 1'BEffet de Bascule-Inverseur ". 2) Couple of springs, according to claim 1), - characterized in that by its uniform width, and by its central fixing, it allows:

- precise and instant assembly and disassembly;

- a very close set-up with other couples, without need to alternate them in the same alignment, without mechanical and especially electrical offset when powering up or switching off.

3) Couple of springs, according to preceding claims characterized in that it uses for its meeting - alone or with an object - usual and reliable mechanical means but immediately, easily detachable: such screws, studs, nuts, and ordinary washers - such self-locking bolts and washers. 4) Couple of springs, according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that he himself or the object carried by him can be guided:

- through the slots in a cover;

- by the partitions built under the roof of a cover, which brings together all the couples in a common opening, without separating bars between them;

- by removable partitions placed at its sides, at its base - eas of a trolley - partitions (or slides) which also separate them from other couples; - by a corridor formed in the mass of the object carried by it, - like a broom, - or formed on the object by plates or by a metal U;

- by the shape of an object, - such as the U or the V of a metal-electric rail; 5) Couple of springs according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the removal of the bars separation by a common opening of the cover, prevents the accumulation of metal dust on them and therefore leaks or even coutft-circuits between the couples, action improved by partitions or slides separating the base 12.

6) Couple of springs, according to claim 1), characterized in that one can obtain by it the "Effect of Saεcule-Inverter", - by adjusting it in such a way, that when it is rocked (balance) towards one or the other of its sides, it remains there.

7) Couple of springs according to the preceding claims, taken together, characterized in that the electric trolleys 1, equipped by them, use entirely and without any mechanical machining the volume formerly occupied by the trolleys 1 replaced by the trolleys using the couples of springs 17, - that the original fixing means or only slightly different are reused, - that they do not unnecessarily compress the couples of springs when they are not used; that these new trolleys are always studied, in the event of replacements, - especially to install them immediately in place of the already existing trolleys, - that these new trolleys align all their brushes without offset between them; - that they use the removable slides to separate the metallic dust fallen from the top so that it does not create leaks and short-circuits between the couples of reosorts17 - that it is possible to create pure slice trolleys to apply them for all the existing inter-axes between balsis.

8) Couple of springs according to claim 1, characterized in that it is possible to use also more than the 2 springs 11 indicated, they can be superimposed if necessary to obtain greater flexibility; 9) Trolleys, according to claim 7), characterized in:

- they use couples of springs in the form of bands or round wires, - couples connected by their broom and at their base of the trolleys thanks to safe means, but immediately separable, such as screws, standard nuts, self-supporting washers blockers, screws, studs, bolts encrusting, blocking in tapped holes with tight ribs - that they form compact reduced units - thanks to the uniform width of the pairs of springs used, which are brought closer and aligned without any offset offset and especially electrical at power-up or shutdown;

- They can guide their couples of springs with the slots or corridors of a possible cover or with removable partitions of the base, separating the couples;

- that the possible cover is fixed to the base of the trolley by the original means; by coupling; by a couple of lever screws; - that means are provided to prevent dust from accumulating; 10) Trolleys, according to claim 7), - characterized in that they use the available surface, volume, where their base, in insulating material, is fixed to the user vehicle, without machining, immediately, by the means original: tapped holes, original screw, - or screws of different shape, material, thread and length (Example; nylon countersunk head screw, M5, length 6 mm, instead of American NF screws N ° 32, - the slight difference establishing perfect blocking, - with flat head, length 1/2 inch, 12.7 mm; M5 screws supplied with the trolleys)

11) Trolleys, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a possible cover is fixed on the base of the trolley:

- by the original screws, or by screws of different length and shape, - see above;

- by a coupling on one side, - the lug on the base upright fitting into the recess of the cover, - then on the other side, by the original screws, or as above,

- Or by a couple of screw-levers, in which the screw tightens the lever, which locks against a rigid object, such as the assembly block of the carriage;

- by coupling the sides, as above, - with instant assembly and separation, without any tools, with interlocking. 12) Trolleys, according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that they do not compress inu tilely their couples of springs, by blocking on their base the possible cover, only in case of use. 13) Trolleys, according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the accumulation of conductive metallic dust is avoided:

- by inserting their brushes in a common opening made on the roof of the cover, without separation bar, - which is a deposit of dust -, between them: the lanes of covers, or the removable partitions of the base ensuring the guiding of the pairs of springs;

- by the tapered partitions in their upper part, slid between the pairs, on the base of the Trolleys, in the corridors, - cutting in half the mass of dust falling from the top. l 4) Trolleys, according to the preceding claims, taken together, characterized in that the couples of springs used are always mounted ventilated and immediately accessible for maintenance and replacement of the members. 15) Trolleys, according to claim 7), characterized in that, when they are mounted in sections, these are fitted-aligned thanks to their pins and holes, then they are blocked together by rods, nuts, tubes riveting; 16) Couple of springs, according to claim 1), characterized in that it makes it possible to obtain the effect of Rocker-Inverter ", by a desired imbalance between its springs 11, phenomenon used in scales, switches, inverters, pendulums, relays, toys, indicators. 17) Trolleys, according to claim 11, characterized in that the assembly and separation por coupling are made by the engagement with the pulls 43 whose lugs fit into the recesses of the base 12, - pull tabs, which or extend this base or they are fixed to it by screws 4.