WO1984005001A1 - Downsampling and prefilter implementation in television systems - Google Patents

Downsampling and prefilter implementation in television systems Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1984005001A1
WO1984005001A1 PCT/GB1984/000193 GB8400193W WO8405001A1 WO 1984005001 A1 WO1984005001 A1 WO 1984005001A1 GB 8400193 W GB8400193 W GB 8400193W WO 8405001 A1 WO8405001 A1 WO 8405001A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
filter
samples
sections
sample
delay
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1984/000193
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Richard Morcom
Terence Ralph Hurley
Original Assignee
Indep Broadcasting Authority
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Indep Broadcasting Authority filed Critical Indep Broadcasting Authority
Priority to DE8484902356T priority Critical patent/DE3470640D1/en
Priority to JP59502391A priority patent/JPH0693596B2/en
Priority to AT84902356T priority patent/ATE33737T1/en
Publication of WO1984005001A1 publication Critical patent/WO1984005001A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H17/00—Networks using digital techniques
    • H03H17/02—Frequency selective networks
    • H03H17/06—Non-recursive filters
    • H03H17/0607—Non-recursive filters comprising a ROM addressed by the input data signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H15/00—Transversal filters
    • H03H15/02—Transversal filters using analogue shift registers
    • H03H15/023—Transversal filters using analogue shift registers with parallel-input configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H17/00—Networks using digital techniques
    • H03H17/02—Frequency selective networks
    • H03H17/06—Non-recursive filters
    • H03H17/0621—Non-recursive filters with input-sampling frequency and output-delivery frequency which differ, e.g. extrapolation; Anti-aliasing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H17/00—Networks using digital techniques
    • H03H17/02—Frequency selective networks
    • H03H17/06—Non-recursive filters
    • H03H17/0621—Non-recursive filters with input-sampling frequency and output-delivery frequency which differ, e.g. extrapolation; Anti-aliasing
    • H03H17/0635—Non-recursive filters with input-sampling frequency and output-delivery frequency which differ, e.g. extrapolation; Anti-aliasing characterized by the ratio between the input-sampling and output-delivery frequencies
    • H03H17/065—Non-recursive filters with input-sampling frequency and output-delivery frequency which differ, e.g. extrapolation; Anti-aliasing characterized by the ratio between the input-sampling and output-delivery frequencies the ratio being integer
    • H03H17/0664—Non-recursive filters with input-sampling frequency and output-delivery frequency which differ, e.g. extrapolation; Anti-aliasing characterized by the ratio between the input-sampling and output-delivery frequencies the ratio being integer where the output-delivery frequency is lower than the input sampling frequency, i.e. decimation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H2218/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of digital filters
    • H03H2218/06—Multiple-input, multiple-output [MIMO]; Multiple-input, single-output [MISO]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to data transmission systems in which the data is in the form of analogue or digital samples.
  • transmission bandwidth can be reduced by downsampling. This, in its simplest form, involves dropping samples to reduce the number transmitted. Where more than one sample stream is to be transmitted, downsampling and then multiplexing sample streams can reduce the number of channels required. If two such streams are downsampled by dropping alternate samples and then multiplexed by interleaving samples, the resultant sample rate is the same as in one of the original streams.
  • the present invention provides a filter for filtering a signal in the form of analogue or digital samples, comprising a multiplier stage having a plurality of multiplier sections each with a respective output but a common input for applying a plurality of coefficients to a sample input to the stage, and a delay and summing net- work comprising a plurality of delay sections and alter ⁇ nate summing networks connected in series, the output of
  • Figure 1 is a diagram showing the frequency spectrum of a sampled signal
  • Figure 2 is a diagram showing the frequency spectrum of a downsampled signal
  • Figure 3 is a diagram showing the frequency response of an ideal pre-filter
  • Figure 4 is a block diagram of a basic form of a downsampling system with pre-filtering
  • Figure 5 is a block diagram of a pre-filter used in the system shown in Figure 4.
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram of a pre-filter construc- tion which can be used to replace the pre-filter shown in Figure 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a pre-filter construc ⁇ tion according to the present invention.
  • Figure S is a block diagram of a part of receiving apparatus for receiving a signal that has been processed by the construction shown in Figure 7•
  • the frequency spectrum of a sampled system is out ⁇ lined in Figure 1.
  • the spectrum has repeats at intervals which are multiples of the sampling frequency. Do n- sampling introduces spectrum repeats at multiples of the downsampled frequency. Downsampling to half the sampling frequency introduces repeats at half the sampling requency as shown in Figure 2.
  • the repeat spectra can overlap to cause aliasing which cannot be removed by simple means.
  • the aliasing can however be prevented or reduced by pre-filtering prior to downsampling.
  • the ideal pre- filter has an amplitude response which is a"brick-wall" as shown in Figure 3 *
  • the cut-off frequency is at half the downsampled frequency.
  • the simplest practical pre- filter is a two sample average which has coefficients of ⁇ :
  • the frequency response of this pre-filter has a null at half the original sampling frequency and therefore reduces the alias but does not remove it. More complicated filters using more samples can improve the response .
  • each pre-filter 10 is often implemented by the arrangement shown in Figure 5 for a filter of N coefficients.
  • the pre- filter comprises a succession of delay circuit 14, each having a delay period equal to the sample period of the data stream.
  • the input of each delay circuit 14 is connected by a respective filter coefficient circuit 15 to an addition circuit 16, the output of which is the filtered output.
  • the output of the last delay circuit 14 is also connected by a circuit 15 to the addition circuit l6. Note two such pre-filters are required in the system.
  • the n circuit 15 is connected between the filter input and the input of the first delay circuit 14-
  • the outputs of the filters shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 are identical and thus the filter in Figure 6 could be used in place of the filter in Figure 5-
  • This pre-sum arrangement lends itself to the situation where two sample streams are to be filtered, downsampled and multiplexed. This is because the system can be changed so that the sample streams are first multiplexed and downsampled in one operation into two separate streams-. The resulting streams are filtered in one filter which has beensplit in two phases.
  • the implementation is shown in Figure 7 for a filter of n coefficients. Figure 7 shows the whole system, including the multiplexing. Note the reduction in hardware, because only one filter is required.
  • the same reference numerals are used for the same parts shown in Figure 6 and hence no description will be given.
  • this technique can be used to implement the pre-filter used in the colour channels of the MAC system of coding television pictures.
  • Colour information is first coded as colour difference signals U and V.
  • the U and V are then further coded by interleaving alternate lines to generate a single colour channel. This is a downsampling process which requires a pre-filter to reduce alias components.
  • the samples are lines of television picture which consist of streams of 8 bit wide bytes of data.
  • the pre-filter arrangement can be used to implement the filter disclosed in our co-pending International Application PCT/GB83/00022.
  • FIG. 7 A block diagram of suitable receiving apparatus is shown in Figure S .
  • the input to receiving apparatus comprises alternate samples from the X and Y data streams shown in Figure 7•
  • Each sample is fed through a first delay circuit 2 ⁇ which delays the samples by a period equal to one line of video and the output of the delay circuit 20 is fed to a second, identical, delay circuit 21 and to a switching network 23•
  • the output of the delay circuit 21 is fed to an adding circuit 22 where the sample instanteously present at the input to the delay circuit 20 is added to the sample from two lines previous ⁇ ly and divided by a factor, in this case two, in order to produce an interpolated sample to replace the sample omitted by the downsampling operation prior to trans ⁇ mission.
  • the switching network 23 operates to recreate the X and Y data streams with each data stream comprising alternate real and interpolated samples. With one sample per line, the network operates at one half line frequency.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Transmission Systems Not Characterized By The Medium Used For Transmission (AREA)
  • Filters That Use Time-Delay Elements (AREA)

Abstract

Signal samples from two signal streams are downsampled, filtered and multiplexed for transmission by being fed in parallel to a switching network which feeds samples from the two signal streams (X, Y) alternately to one or other of two phases of filter. Each phase applies a plurality of coefficients (15) to each received sample and then sums the samples to provide a resultant downsampled and multiplexed signal. Receiving apparatus carries out the reverse operation and with interpolation the two original signal streams are reconstructed.

Description

DOWNSAMPLING AND PREFILTER IMPLEMENTATION IN TELEVISION SYSTEMS
The present invention relates to data transmission systems in which the data is in the form of analogue or digital samples.
In sampled systems, transmission bandwidth can be reduced by downsampling. This, in its simplest form, involves dropping samples to reduce the number transmitted. Where more than one sample stream is to be transmitted, downsampling and then multiplexing sample streams can reduce the number of channels required. If two such streams are downsampled by dropping alternate samples and then multiplexed by interleaving samples, the resultant sample rate is the same as in one of the original streams.
The present invention provides a filter for filtering a signal in the form of analogue or digital samples, comprising a multiplier stage having a plurality of multiplier sections each with a respective output but a common input for applying a plurality of coefficients to a sample input to the stage, and a delay and summing net- work comprising a plurality of delay sections and alter¬ nate summing networks connected in series, the output of
OMPI one of the multiplier sections being connected to the first delay section in the series with each output of the other multiplier sections being connected to a respective summing network. Features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:-
Figure 1 is a diagram showing the frequency spectrum of a sampled signal;
Figure 2 is a diagram showing the frequency spectrum of a downsampled signal;
Figure 3 is a diagram showing the frequency response of an ideal pre-filter; Figure 4 is a block diagram of a basic form of a downsampling system with pre-filtering;
Figure 5 is a block diagram of a pre-filter used in the system shown in Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a block diagram of a pre-filter construc- tion which can be used to replace the pre-filter shown in Figure 5;
Figure 7 is a block diagram of a pre-filter construc¬ tion according to the present invention; and
Figure S is a block diagram of a part of receiving apparatus for receiving a signal that has been processed by the construction shown in Figure 7•
The frequency spectrum of a sampled system is out¬ lined in Figure 1. The spectrum has repeats at intervals which are multiples of the sampling frequency. Do n- sampling introduces spectrum repeats at multiples of the downsampled frequency. Downsampling to half the sampling frequency introduces repeats at half the sampling requency as shown in Figure 2. The repeat spectra can overlap to cause aliasing which cannot be removed by simple means.
OMPI The aliasing can however be prevented or reduced by pre-filtering prior to downsampling. The ideal pre- filter has an amplitude response which is a"brick-wall" as shown in Figure 3* The cut-off frequency is at half the downsampled frequency. The simplest practical pre- filter is a two sample average which has coefficients of ^:|. The frequency response of this pre-filter has a null at half the original sampling frequency and therefore reduces the alias but does not remove it. More complicated filters using more samples can improve the response .
Where two sample streams X and Y are to be identi¬ cally filtered, downsampled and multiplexed by interleaving samples, the hardware can be implemented as shown in Figure 4 by passing each sample stream X and Y at identical rates through respective pre-filters 10X and 10Y and thereafter through respective down sampling circuit 11X and 11Y. The downsampled streams are then multiplexed using a multiplexing circuit 12. Each pre- filter 10 is often implemented by the arrangement shown in Figure 5 for a filter of N coefficients. The pre- filter comprises a succession of delay circuit 14, each having a delay period equal to the sample period of the data stream. The input of each delay circuit 14 is connected by a respective filter coefficient circuit 15 to an addition circuit 16, the output of which is the filtered output. The output of the last delay circuit 14 is also connected by a circuit 15 to the addition circuit l6. Note two such pre-filters are required in the system.
This implementation can however be improved, resulting in a reduction in hardware using a different technique. Consider implementing the filter using a pre-sum technique as in Figure 6. The same reference numerals are used for the same parts as in Figure 5- In this case however each sample as it appears at the input of the filter is fed to all of the n_ filter coefficient circuits 15 of which n - 1 are connected to respective summation stages 18 connected at the outputs of the respective delay circuit 14. The n circuit 15 is connected between the filter input and the input of the first delay circuit 14- The outputs of the filters shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 are identical and thus the filter in Figure 6 could be used in place of the filter in Figure 5- This pre-sum arrangement lends itself to the situation where two sample streams are to be filtered, downsampled and multiplexed. This is because the system can be changed so that the sample streams are first multiplexed and downsampled in one operation into two separate streams-. The resulting streams are filtered in one filter which has beensplit in two phases. The implementation is shown in Figure 7 for a filter of n coefficients. Figure 7 shows the whole system, including the multiplexing. Note the reduction in hardware, because only one filter is required. The same reference numerals are used for the same parts shown in Figure 6 and hence no description will be given.
As an example, this technique can be used to implement the pre-filter used in the colour channels of the MAC system of coding television pictures.
Colour information is first coded as colour difference signals U and V. The U and V are then further coded by interleaving alternate lines to generate a single colour channel. This is a downsampling process which requires a pre-filter to reduce alias components. In this example the samples are lines of television picture which consist of streams of 8 bit wide bytes of data.
Other applications of this technique are for bit rate reduction in transmission systems and for digital video tape recording. The pre-filter arrangement can be used to implement the filter disclosed in our co-pending International Application PCT/GB83/00022.
At a receiving station such as a domestic television receiving apparatus, the reverse operation to that shown in Figure 7 will be carried out with interpolation to recreate the X and Y data streams. A block diagram of suitable receiving apparatus is shown in Figure S .
In Figure S, the input to receiving apparatus comprises alternate samples from the X and Y data streams shown in Figure 7• Each sample is fed through a first delay circuit 2δ which delays the samples by a period equal to one line of video and the output of the delay circuit 20 is fed to a second, identical, delay circuit 21 and to a switching network 23• The output of the delay circuit 21 is fed to an adding circuit 22 where the sample instanteously present at the input to the delay circuit 20 is added to the sample from two lines previous¬ ly and divided by a factor, in this case two, in order to produce an interpolated sample to replace the sample omitted by the downsampling operation prior to trans¬ mission.
The switching network 23 operates to recreate the X and Y data streams with each data stream comprising alternate real and interpolated samples. With one sample per line, the network operates at one half line frequency.
OMPI

Claims

CLAIMS :
1. A filter for filtering a signal in the form of ana- logue or digital samples, comprising a multiplier stage having a plurality of multiplier sections (15) each with a respective output but a common input for applying a plurality of coefficients to a sample input to the stage, and a delay and summing network comprising a plurality of delay sections (14) and alternate summing networks (l8) connected in series, the output of one of the multiplier sections (15) being connected to the first delay sections (14) in the series with each output of the other multipler sections (15) being connected to a respective summing network.
2. A filter arrangement comprising a filter according to claim 1 and means for omitting alternate samples fed to or output from the filter.
3. A filter arrangement according to claim 2, wherein the filter comprises two sections each according to claim 1 , with the delay and summing network of one section being interleaved in series with the delay and summing network of the other section.
4- A filter arrangement according to claim 3, wherein the means for omitting alternate samples comprises a switching arrangement for receiving two input signals in parallel and for feeding to each section alternate samples from the two input signals.
5. Receiving apparatus for receiving a signal produced by the filter arrangement of claim 4 and comprising means for interpolating from two adjacent samples of the same type a sample equivalent to each omitted sample, and switching means operating at one half the sample rate for reconstructing from real and interpolated sampled the two original input signals. ^^JS.S
PCT/GB1984/000193 1983-06-03 1984-06-04 Downsampling and prefilter implementation in television systems WO1984005001A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8484902356T DE3470640D1 (en) 1983-06-03 1984-06-04 Downsampling and prefilter implementation in television systems
JP59502391A JPH0693596B2 (en) 1983-06-03 1984-06-04 Filter and data transmission system using the same
AT84902356T ATE33737T1 (en) 1983-06-03 1984-06-04 SAMPLING FREQUENCY LOWERING AND PREFILTER DESIGN IN TELEVISION SYSTEMS.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB838315373A GB8315373D0 (en) 1983-06-03 1983-06-03 Downsampling and prefilter implementation in television systems

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1984005001A1 true WO1984005001A1 (en) 1984-12-20

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PCT/GB1984/000193 WO1984005001A1 (en) 1983-06-03 1984-06-04 Downsampling and prefilter implementation in television systems

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US4700345A (en)
EP (1) EP0146601B2 (en)
JP (1) JPH0693596B2 (en)
DE (1) DE3470640D1 (en)
GB (1) GB8315373D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1984005001A1 (en)

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EP0180989A2 (en) * 1984-11-08 1986-05-14 Nec Corporation Rate conversion digital filter
WO1994024632A1 (en) * 1993-04-14 1994-10-27 Northshore Laboratories, Inc. Resampling apparatus suitable for resizing a video image

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US4782458A (en) * 1986-12-18 1988-11-01 North American Philips Corporation Architecture for power of two coefficient FIR filter
JPS63205778A (en) * 1987-02-20 1988-08-25 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd Video signal digitizing circuit
JPS63245085A (en) * 1987-03-31 1988-10-12 Pioneer Electronic Corp Subsample interpolating method
US5010391A (en) * 1987-10-27 1991-04-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Digital video signal processing device
JP2692251B2 (en) * 1989-03-22 1997-12-17 日本電気株式会社 Optical disk controller
JPH0445671A (en) * 1990-06-12 1992-02-14 Sony Corp Contour emphasis circuit for television signal
US5212660A (en) * 1990-09-20 1993-05-18 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Digital filter having a switching matrix and adders
SG46674A1 (en) * 1993-04-14 1998-02-20 Northshore Lab Inc Resampling apparatus suitable for resizing a video image
JPH06164320A (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-10 Takayama:Kk Filter circuit
WO1998043349A2 (en) * 1997-03-21 1998-10-01 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Receiver with a simplified sample rate converter
US6493399B1 (en) 1998-03-05 2002-12-10 University Of Delaware Digital wireless communications systems that eliminates intersymbol interference (ISI) and multipath cancellation using a plurality of optimal ambiguity resistant precoders
US7375573B2 (en) * 2006-05-25 2008-05-20 Micron Technology, Inc. De-emphasis system and method for coupling digital signals through capacitively loaded lines

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Fujitsu, Vol. 15, No. 2, June 1976 (Kawasaki, JP) YOSHIHIRO et al.: "A Neander Channel CCD Transversal Filter", pages 123-135, see the entire document *
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0180989A2 (en) * 1984-11-08 1986-05-14 Nec Corporation Rate conversion digital filter
EP0180989A3 (en) * 1984-11-08 1986-11-26 Nec Corporation Rate conversion digital filter
WO1994024632A1 (en) * 1993-04-14 1994-10-27 Northshore Laboratories, Inc. Resampling apparatus suitable for resizing a video image

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0146601B1 (en) 1988-04-20
US4700345A (en) 1987-10-13
EP0146601A1 (en) 1985-07-03
GB8315373D0 (en) 1983-07-06
EP0146601B2 (en) 1992-07-01
DE3470640D1 (en) 1988-05-26
JPS60501486A (en) 1985-09-05
JPH0693596B2 (en) 1994-11-16

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