WO1983003849A1 - Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des champs electriques et magnetiques dans des plans d'eau salee - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des champs electriques et magnetiques dans des plans d'eau salee Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1983003849A1
WO1983003849A1 PCT/US1983/000596 US8300596W WO8303849A1 WO 1983003849 A1 WO1983003849 A1 WO 1983003849A1 US 8300596 W US8300596 W US 8300596W WO 8303849 A1 WO8303849 A1 WO 8303849A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
anode
sweep
electrode
sweep cable
cable device
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1983/000596
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Henry Frank Gibbard
Original Assignee
Gould Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gould Inc. filed Critical Gould Inc.
Priority to JP50192783A priority Critical patent/JPS59500657A/ja
Priority to GB08333295A priority patent/GB2129830B/en
Publication of WO1983003849A1 publication Critical patent/WO1983003849A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
    • B63G7/00—Mine-sweeping; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63G7/02—Mine-sweeping means, Means for destroying mines
    • B63G7/06—Mine-sweeping means, Means for destroying mines of electromagnetic type
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K79/00—Methods or means of catching fish in bulk not provided for in groups A01K69/00 - A01K77/00, e.g. fish pumps; Detection of fish; Whale fishery
    • A01K79/02—Methods or means of catching fish in bulk not provided for in groups A01K69/00 - A01K77/00, e.g. fish pumps; Detection of fish; Whale fishery by electrocution

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the generation of electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environments by means of spaced charged electrodes.
  • One known method of generating magnetic fields in salt water environments and the like is to provide, on the end of flexible electrical conductors, electrodes formed of aluminum. Current flows from one electrode through the salt water to the other electrodes and in do- ing so, generates the desired magnetic field.
  • the present invention comprehends the provision of a dimensionally stable anode electrode to generate electric or magnetic fields in a salt water environment.
  • the novel electrode of the present invention has a useful life of up to approximately 100 times that of the conven- 5 tional aluminum electrode.
  • the present invention comprehends a novel anode sweep cable device comprising at least one dimensionally stable electrode helically wound around an elongated floatation means, each such electrode having a 0 conductive core, a protective layer of titanium, and a current carrying outer layer containing ruthenium dioxide in an effective amount for preventing rapid deterioration of the electrode when used as an anode in salt water en ⁇ vironments.
  • the anode elec ⁇ trode is constructed to be relatively light-weight.
  • the anode elec ⁇ trode is constructed to be flexible, permitting the elec ⁇ trode to be helically wound around the floating means.
  • the anode elec ⁇ trode and the floatation means are constructed to be flexible, permitting the anode cable device to be wound
  • the anode cable 5 device includes a floatation means comprising a plurality of hollow floatation elements.
  • the anode electrode includes an inner current carrying core of copper provided with a protective layer of titanium and an outer layer of ruthenium dioxide.
  • the core may be formed of titanium where high electrical resistance is not a problem.
  • the outer ru ⁇ thenium dioxide layer is provided directly on the titan ⁇ ium layer.
  • the anode electrode may define a terminal por ⁇ tion of a cable adapted to be stored on a reel and paid out from a marine carrier, such as a marine craft, sled, etc., to function as a sweep cable.
  • the distal end of the anode electrode is provided with an electrically insulating cap.
  • the invention comprehends a novel dimen ⁇ sionally stable anode electrode for use in salt water en- vironments, permitting substantial current flow there ⁇ from, such as for use in generating electrical and mag ⁇ netic fields, in marine environments.
  • the anode elec ⁇ trode utilizes an outer covering containing ruthenium di ⁇ oxide on the anode electrode.
  • the method and means of the present invention are extremely simple and economical while yet providing an improved long life of the electrode.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic illustration of a marine application of a sweep cable having an anode electrode embodying the invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a fragmentary enlarged diametric section of an end portion of one embodiment of an anode electrode.
  • FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary enlarged diagramatic section of one embodiment of an anode cable device having a single anode electrode means helically wound around a floatation means.
  • FIGURE 4 is an enlarged cross section of an anode electrode contemplated by the present invention.
  • FIGURE 5 is a fragmentary enlarged diagramatic section of an alternative embodiment of an anode cable device having a plurality of electrode means helically wound around a floatation means.
  • FIGURE 6 is a cross section of a still further alternative embodiment of an anode cable device of the present invention.
  • a high amperage electri ⁇ cal current is generated in a body of salt water 10 be ⁇ tween an anode electrode 11 and a cathode electrode 12.
  • the electrodes define end portions of cable 13 and 14, respectively, extended rear- wardly from a marine craft 15 so as to define sweep cables.
  • the high current flowing be ⁇ tween the anode and cathode disposed in the water may generate an electrical field such as found to be effica- cious in bringing shrimp into sweeping engagement for im ⁇ proved harvesting.
  • the structure alternatively may be .used to gen ⁇ erate a magnetic field, such as utilized for detonating underwater mines and the like.
  • the cables may be wound on a suitable reel 16 for storage purposes and are paid out therefrom to be disposed in the opera ⁇ tive field-forming arrangement as the marine craft is moved forwardly through the water.
  • the juncture 17 between the cable 13 and the anode electrode 11 defines a sealing coupling.
  • the length of the cable 13 may be approximately 300 feet, with the length of the anode electrode being approximately 140 feet.
  • such anode electrodes have been defined by the exposed aluminum core and have required frequent replacement because of deterioration thereof in use.
  • the improved anode electrode 11 of the present invention is illustrated in greater detail in Figure 2.
  • the core of the electrode is defined by a plurality of substantially rigid bottles 18 formed of suitable synthetic resin, such as lucite or polycarbonate plastic, defining floatation chambers within the elec- trode.
  • suitable synthetic resin such as lucite or polycarbonate plastic
  • the space between respective floatation elements 18 may be filled with flexible polyurethane 19, or the like.
  • the core may be provided with a surrounding layer
  • a tubular current carrying layer 21 is provided coaxially of the water sealant layer 20, and in the il ⁇ lustrated embodiment, is formed of copper having a suffi ⁇ cient thickness to permit the high desired current flow without adverse heat effects.
  • suitable high current carrying materials may be utilized within the scope of the invention, one such alternative material comprising graphite fibers doped with arsenic pentafloride for pro ⁇ viding high tensile strength as well as high current carrying capacity.
  • a protective cladding 22 formed of titanium and serving as a base for an outer protective sheath 23 of ruthenium dioxide.
  • the core may be formed of titanium where the high electrical resistance thereof is permissible.
  • the distal end 24 of the anode electrode is preferably provided with an insulating cap 25 formed of a suitable synthetic resin.
  • the ruthenium of the protective sheath causes catalysis of the oxidation of chloride ion to chlorine without deterioration of the sheath. Resultingly, while the anode is capable of carrying currents of up to as much as 10,000 amperes or more, it has been found to be extremely dimensionally stable even under low amperage conditions so as to have a useful life limited to the mechanical life of the structure under rough mechanical treatment as occurs in such marine use, thereby effec- tively reducing the cost of the electrical and magnetic field generating operation.
  • Figure 3 illustrates one of the prefered em ⁇ bodiments of the present invention where an anode elec ⁇ trode 30 is helically wound around floatation means 29.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a cross section of electrode 30, with a conductive core 31 preferably of copper, a protec ⁇ tive layer 32 of titanium, and an outer protective sheath 33 preferably of ruthenium dioxide, but protective sheath 33 may also be of iridium oxide or a mixture of ruthenium oxide and tin oxide containing up to 20 mole percent tin. It will be understood that where a plurality of electrodes is employed, each separate electrode carries only its proportional share of the overall current to be generated.
  • the diameter of core member 31 should be at least 60 percent of the diameter of the en ⁇ tire electrode, and protective layer 32 should be sub ⁇ stantially thicker than outer protective sheath 33.
  • the electrode illustrated in cross section view 34 may have * any suitable thickness, however, the following general limits are preferred:
  • Core 31 should be from about 0.05 to about 0.5 05 inch and preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.25 inch, protective layer 32 should be from about 0.005 to about 0.020 inch and preferably from about 0.010 to about 0.015 inch, protective sheath 33 should be less than about 0.3 mil and preferably less than about 0.08 mil. 10
  • a suitable anode electrode an electrode was contructed wherein the diameter of core member 31 was approximately 0.18 inch, the thickness of the protective layer 32 was 0.012 inch and the outer pro ⁇ tective sheath 33 had a thickness of approximately 0.08 15 mil.
  • Floatation means 29 should be of a low density generally less than about 0.8 gms/cc and preferably less than about 0.5 gms/cc.
  • the overall density of the anode sweep cable device should be less than about 1.0 and pre- 0 ferably less than about 0.95 gms/cc.
  • the overall density of the anode sweep cable device is the critical density limitation. " .
  • the anode sweep cable device will have a length of about 20 feet to about 500 feet and pre- 5 ferably from about 100 feet to about 200 feet.
  • the anode sweep cable device should be capable of transmitting a high current density typically in the range from about 20 mA/cm2 to about 1 A/cm ⁇ and preferably in the range of 50 to about 150 mA/c ⁇ .2.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention in which a plurality of anode elec ⁇ trodes 30a, 30b, 30c, 30d, 30e, 30f, 30g are wound about a single floatation means 29. Each of these anode elec ⁇ trodes would correspond to the foregoing description of single anode electrode 30.
  • anode sweep cable device should be contructed employing at least five individual anode electrode members and preferably from about ten to thirty individual anode electrode members.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a, still further embodiment of an anode sweep cable device of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a cross sectional view in which anode elec ⁇ trode members 30a through 30g are helically wound around floatation means 29 and separated from each other by plurality of insulating means 34a through 34g also heli- cally wound around floatation means 29.
  • the insulating members when constructed with low density materials can provide buoyancy and thereby desirably lower the overall density of the anode sweep cable device.
  • insulating means 34a through 34g can serve to protect the individual anode electrode members from damage during winding, unwinding or towing. This is particularly true of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 6 where the insulating means has a substantially larger cross sectional diameter than the anode electrode. It was earlier noted that it is the overall density of the anode sweep cable means and not
  • the density of the floatation means which is critical.
  • the electrode of the present invention is adapted for a wide range of uses in generating electrical currents and magnetic fields in salt water environments and the like.
  • the invention com- prehends providing, on the distal end of a flexible sweep cable, a flexible anode electrode having a ruthenium di ⁇ oxide sheath. Current flows from the anode to a cathode electrode placed at a distance therefrom in the salt water environment.
  • the invention comprehends selectively retaining the sweep cable device and electrodes on a marine craft with one or both of the electrodes and cable disposed in a rolled configuration. Further, the invention comprehends selectively trailing the electrodes behind the marine craft in spaced relationship, with the cable and anode electrode being unrolled from the rolled configuration. A preselected voltage is applied between the trailing electrodes, causing a high current flow therebetween, with the im ⁇ proved construction of the electrodes effectively mini ⁇ mizing deterioration of the electrodes in such use.
  • the sweep cable device may be merely the distal end of cable 13 in Figure 1 or may extend all the way up to or even onto the marine vessel by which it is being towed.
  • each of the electrodes can be provided with a ruthenium dioxide outer layer and the electrodes used alternatively as anodes and cathodes by suitable selective switching.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electronic Switches (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)

Abstract

Une électrode allongée flexible de dimension stable (30) possède une partie intérieure (31) conductrice de courant entourée par une gaine extérieure protectrice (33) et électriquement conductrice formée de préférence de dioxide de ruthénium. Une couche de revêtement en titane (32) peut être déposée sur la partie intérieure (31) conductrice de courant pour le support de la gaine extérieure (33). L'électrode d'anode est utilisée pour produire un courant électrique, du type utilisé pour développer des champs magnétiques dans des plans d'eau salée, de préférence en tant qu'élément d'un dispositif à câble de balayage possédant un organe flottant autour duquel une ou plusieurs électrodes sont enroulées de manière hélicoïdale.
PCT/US1983/000596 1982-04-28 1983-04-25 Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des champs electriques et magnetiques dans des plans d'eau salee WO1983003849A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP50192783A JPS59500657A (ja) 1983-04-22 1983-04-25 海水環境内に電界及び磁界を発生する方法及び手段
GB08333295A GB2129830B (en) 1982-04-28 1983-04-25 Method and means for generating electrical and magnetic fields in salt water environments

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US37278582A 1982-04-28 1982-04-28
US372,785 1982-04-28
US48779183A 1983-04-22 1983-04-22
US487,791 1983-04-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1983003849A1 true WO1983003849A1 (fr) 1983-11-10

Family

ID=27005914

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1983/000596 WO1983003849A1 (fr) 1982-04-28 1983-04-25 Procede et dispositif permettant de produire des champs electriques et magnetiques dans des plans d'eau salee

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0108788A4 (fr)
AU (1) AU554496B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE3342803T1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2129830B (fr)
GR (1) GR78144B (fr)
IT (1) IT1197636B (fr)
NO (1) NO154575C (fr)
WO (1) WO1983003849A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0289692A1 (fr) * 1987-05-04 1988-11-09 ACEC, Société Anonyme Dispositif de dragage
EP0364126A1 (fr) * 1988-10-13 1990-04-18 The Marconi Company Limited Appareil de simulation de la caractéristique magnétique
US5417006A (en) * 1993-11-01 1995-05-23 Schettino; Renato F. Magnetic influence and control of living organisms
EP1013154A2 (fr) * 1996-12-30 2000-06-28 Mark Schindler Alimentation a tres haute tension destinee a une charge dans un electrolyte

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111406697A (zh) * 2020-04-08 2020-07-14 安徽沃土稻虾养殖专业合作社 一种生态稻田养殖虾水质控制系统

Citations (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2508171A (en) * 1948-08-19 1950-05-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrode construction
US2751703A (en) * 1952-03-17 1956-06-26 Atlas Werke Ag Fishnet adjustable in depth
US2863819A (en) * 1955-08-25 1958-12-09 Herman S Preiser Insoluble trailing anode for cathodic protection of ships
US2916429A (en) * 1956-06-12 1959-12-08 Konink Rotterdamsche Lloyd N V Device for the electrolytic protection of a ship's metal skin against corrosion
US2996445A (en) * 1958-01-17 1961-08-15 Eisenberg Morris Corrosion inhibiting anode structure
US3010891A (en) * 1959-04-15 1961-11-28 Engelhard Ind Inc Trailing anode for cathodic protection systems
US3012534A (en) * 1954-07-16 1961-12-12 Charles S Thomas Pressure minesweeping
US3016868A (en) * 1960-03-29 1962-01-16 Charles B Haas Magnetic minesweeping equipment
US3038849A (en) * 1958-10-07 1962-06-12 Herman S Preiser Insoluble trailing anode for cathodic protection of ships
US3104220A (en) * 1960-04-27 1963-09-17 Herman S Preiser Flexible trailing anode
US3108940A (en) * 1959-05-01 1963-10-29 Shell Oil Co Cathodic protection of ships
US3135677A (en) * 1961-02-02 1964-06-02 Thermo Craft Electric Corp Durable anode protective system
CA719096A (en) * 1965-10-05 E. Van Der Linde Harold Method and apparatus for marine transportation
US3313721A (en) * 1958-12-31 1967-04-11 Englehard Ind Inc Dish-shaped anode
US3398715A (en) * 1966-12-30 1968-08-27 Texas Instruments Inc Seismic underwater detector system
US3482034A (en) * 1967-03-07 1969-12-02 Rochester Ropes Inc Conductive tow cable
US3497443A (en) * 1966-04-16 1970-02-24 Heraeus Gmbh W C Internal anode for the cathodic rust protection of pipelines
US3516917A (en) * 1965-09-11 1970-06-23 Alexandre Maurin Cathode protection device
US3616418A (en) * 1969-12-04 1971-10-26 Engelhard Min & Chem Anode assembly for cathodic protection systems
US3674675A (en) * 1970-07-09 1972-07-04 Frank H Leaman Platinized plastic electrodes
US3761385A (en) * 1971-06-30 1973-09-25 Hooker Chemical Corp Electrode structure
US3776834A (en) * 1972-05-30 1973-12-04 Leary K O Partial replacement of ruthenium with tin in electrode coatings
US4004540A (en) * 1968-01-10 1977-01-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Galvanic detector for detecting the cutting of a command wire
US4078510A (en) * 1976-01-12 1978-03-14 Morgan Berkeley & Co. Ltd. Relating to the cathodic protection of structures
US4116153A (en) * 1977-04-04 1978-09-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Elastic electrically-conductive strain cable
US4154665A (en) * 1976-08-04 1979-05-15 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Diaphragm cell
US4184209A (en) * 1952-10-10 1980-01-15 Crist Ralph P Towed noisemaker

Family Cites Families (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2549777A (en) * 1941-12-30 1951-04-24 Edward C Craig Buoyant electrode
US2397209A (en) * 1942-02-27 1946-03-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp Mine sweeping control
GB1351741A (en) * 1970-03-25 1974-05-01 Marston Excelsior Ltd Electrodes

Patent Citations (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA719096A (en) * 1965-10-05 E. Van Der Linde Harold Method and apparatus for marine transportation
US2508171A (en) * 1948-08-19 1950-05-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrode construction
US2751703A (en) * 1952-03-17 1956-06-26 Atlas Werke Ag Fishnet adjustable in depth
US4184209A (en) * 1952-10-10 1980-01-15 Crist Ralph P Towed noisemaker
US3012534A (en) * 1954-07-16 1961-12-12 Charles S Thomas Pressure minesweeping
US2863819A (en) * 1955-08-25 1958-12-09 Herman S Preiser Insoluble trailing anode for cathodic protection of ships
US2916429A (en) * 1956-06-12 1959-12-08 Konink Rotterdamsche Lloyd N V Device for the electrolytic protection of a ship's metal skin against corrosion
US2996445A (en) * 1958-01-17 1961-08-15 Eisenberg Morris Corrosion inhibiting anode structure
US3038849A (en) * 1958-10-07 1962-06-12 Herman S Preiser Insoluble trailing anode for cathodic protection of ships
US3313721A (en) * 1958-12-31 1967-04-11 Englehard Ind Inc Dish-shaped anode
US3010891A (en) * 1959-04-15 1961-11-28 Engelhard Ind Inc Trailing anode for cathodic protection systems
US3108940A (en) * 1959-05-01 1963-10-29 Shell Oil Co Cathodic protection of ships
US3016868A (en) * 1960-03-29 1962-01-16 Charles B Haas Magnetic minesweeping equipment
US3104220A (en) * 1960-04-27 1963-09-17 Herman S Preiser Flexible trailing anode
US3135677A (en) * 1961-02-02 1964-06-02 Thermo Craft Electric Corp Durable anode protective system
US3516917A (en) * 1965-09-11 1970-06-23 Alexandre Maurin Cathode protection device
US3497443A (en) * 1966-04-16 1970-02-24 Heraeus Gmbh W C Internal anode for the cathodic rust protection of pipelines
US3398715A (en) * 1966-12-30 1968-08-27 Texas Instruments Inc Seismic underwater detector system
US3482034A (en) * 1967-03-07 1969-12-02 Rochester Ropes Inc Conductive tow cable
US4004540A (en) * 1968-01-10 1977-01-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Galvanic detector for detecting the cutting of a command wire
US3616418A (en) * 1969-12-04 1971-10-26 Engelhard Min & Chem Anode assembly for cathodic protection systems
US3674675A (en) * 1970-07-09 1972-07-04 Frank H Leaman Platinized plastic electrodes
US3761385A (en) * 1971-06-30 1973-09-25 Hooker Chemical Corp Electrode structure
US3776834A (en) * 1972-05-30 1973-12-04 Leary K O Partial replacement of ruthenium with tin in electrode coatings
US4078510A (en) * 1976-01-12 1978-03-14 Morgan Berkeley & Co. Ltd. Relating to the cathodic protection of structures
US4154665A (en) * 1976-08-04 1979-05-15 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Diaphragm cell
US4116153A (en) * 1977-04-04 1978-09-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Elastic electrically-conductive strain cable

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0289692A1 (fr) * 1987-05-04 1988-11-09 ACEC, Société Anonyme Dispositif de dragage
EP0364126A1 (fr) * 1988-10-13 1990-04-18 The Marconi Company Limited Appareil de simulation de la caractéristique magnétique
US5417006A (en) * 1993-11-01 1995-05-23 Schettino; Renato F. Magnetic influence and control of living organisms
EP1013154A2 (fr) * 1996-12-30 2000-06-28 Mark Schindler Alimentation a tres haute tension destinee a une charge dans un electrolyte
EP1013154A4 (fr) * 1996-12-30 2001-08-01 Mark Schindler Alimentation a tres haute tension destinee a une charge dans un electrolyte

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1197636B (it) 1988-12-06
EP0108788A4 (fr) 1987-03-05
AU1608883A (en) 1983-11-21
GB2129830A (en) 1984-05-23
NO154575C (no) 1986-10-29
IT8348175A0 (it) 1983-04-28
GB2129830B (en) 1986-03-12
GB8333295D0 (en) 1984-01-18
NO154575B (no) 1986-07-21
EP0108788A1 (fr) 1984-05-23
AU554496B2 (en) 1986-08-21
NO834720L (no) 1983-12-21
DE3342803T1 (de) 1984-05-03
GR78144B (fr) 1984-09-26

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