WO1982002234A1

WO1982002234A1 - Reducing the friction between relatively sliding surfaces

Info

Publication number: WO1982002234A1
Application number: PCT/GB1981/000284
Authority: WO
Inventors: Aeplc; Roger Cojon
Original assignee: Ae Plc
Priority date: 1980-12-23
Filing date: 1981-12-23
Publication date: 1982-07-08
Also published as: FR2496787A1; EP0067198A1; ATE13218T1; FR2496787B1; JPS58500078A; DE3170449D1; EP0067198B1

Abstract

A method for reducing friction between relatively sliding members (1-3, 15-17) which are subject to a relative lateral force (F). One member is given a slight rotation (R) about an axis substantially perpendicular to the direction of sliding (T) and the direction of the force (F). This may be achieved by angularly offsetting the direction of motion of one of the members with respect to the direction of sliding engagement.

Description

REDUCING THE FRICTION BETWEEN RELATIVELY SLIDING SURFACES

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method and a device for improving the operating conditions of sliding mechanical joints.

BACKGROUND ART In conventional sliding mechanical joints which move e.g. in reciprocation substantially in a straight line, the axes of the bearings or the bearing surfaces are generally parallel with the axis of motion.

Conventional joints are efficient when the resultant of the received or transmitted forces is substantially parallel to the direction of relative motion.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

This situation however is extremely rare in practice. As a rule, either occasionally or permanently, the joint has to withstand considerable forces having a component perpendicular to the direction of motion.

The results may be increased wear on the parts in conτact resulting in gaps and lower geometrical accuracy of relative motion, and a coefficient of friction which results in an oppositing force which wastes power.

There is also a serious risk of seizure under heavy laterial loads.

It is an object of the present invention to obviate these disadvantages or at least delay or reduce the aforementioned harmful effects (i.e. opposing force, wear, power consumption and seizure), in the case where operation occurs in the presence of oil or, more generally, in the presence of a fluid. According to the invention, a low-amplitude secondary relative rotation or tilting is imposed on the main motion, about an axis substantially perpendicular to the direction of the main motion and to the direction of the lateral force. As a result, the surfaces may be in contact at points or lines which vary during motion, local wear can be avoided and the surfaces may not be flattened and so have a shape which may facilitate the formation of an "oil wedge" during motion. This produces a hydrodynamic force which can separate the two surfaces and prevent permanent direct contact between them.

In a preferred form of the method, the secondary rotation is such that, during the motion, it acts so as to "close" the oil wedge in the immediate vicinity of the two surfaces in contact.

This method may result in the following advantages:-

1. Improved efficiency of the materials in contact, avoiding seizure;

2. Distribution of wear over a larger area; 3. Reduction of energy consumption;

4. Positive lift during reversal of direction of motion, and

5. Lower opposing force during reversals, thus reducing the associated "impact".

The amplitude of rotation during the entire reciprocating travel is small, usually between 5 and 150 x 10^-4 radian (.0.5 and 15 thousandth of a radian). In one device for working the method, one of the relatively moving parts bears on the counteracting part by means of at least one bearing surface whose profile is a curved convex surface in the longitudinal direction (parallel to the motion in a straight line), and whose point (or line), of contact moves with the moving part. The curved surface can be present from the beginning or can be produced during initial use of the joint (running-in).

The curved surface could have any shape (actually the envelope of the positions of the outer surface of one of the moving parts on the other), however, for practical reasons, it is usually an arc of an ellipse or circle having a large radius or radii or curvature.

The secondary rotation may be brought about e.g. simply by moving the moving part out of centre by a certain amount relative to the axial geometrical position. The out-of-centre position is preferably in the plane defined by the direction of lateral forces and the main axis of motion along a straight line.

Preferably the moving part is displaced to the side of the axis opposite to the point of contact between the counteracting parts, and may result from the lateral forces acting on the moving part. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the relative motion of two components according to the invention; Figure 2 is a partial longitudinal section through a jack or actuator for working the method; for clarity in the drawing, the eccentricity and clearances have been greatly exaggerated; Figures 3 and 4 show diagrammatically the theoretical lines of contact between the piston and cylinder of Figure 2 during motion, and

Figure 5 is a section through a test device, BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT TEE INVENTION In Figure 1, a moving member 1 bounded by its convex outer surface 2 moves in a main rectilinear direction T relative to a stationary member 3 having an outer surface 4. During the rectilinear motion T, member 1 also undergoes rotation R. During the motion, points A, B, C on surface 2 of the moving member 1 move respectively and in succession to points A, B₁, C₂, spaced apart on the outer surface 4 in the direction of motion T. Consequently, an oil wedge, diagrammatically shows at 5 forms between the two members 1 and 3 and this oil wedge 5 tends to close during the motion.

If the main motion occurs in the opposite direction T' a similar oil wedge 5' tends to form and to close as a result of secondary rotation R' in the reverse direction. Thus, the effect is observed if rotation R or R' occurs in either direction.

Figure 2 shows a jack or shock-absorber device which utilises the claimed method. It comprises a cylinder 11 having an axis 12 and a bearing 13 whose axis 14 is out of centre by an amount e relative to axis of the cylinder 12. The device also comprises a piston 15 in the cylinder 11, the piston 15 being centred on a shaft 18 borne by the bearing 13. When the shaft 16 is subjected to lateral bending, the piston 15 bears against the cylinder surface 17 to one side of the axis 12 and the shaft 15 bears against the surface 18 of the bearing 13 to the opposite side of the axis 12. The eccentricity e is in the plane defined by the theoretical point of contact between the piston and cylinder and the cylinder axis 12, and is preferably displaced from the axis 12 in a direction away from the surface 18 where the shaft 16 bears on the bearing 13. The outer surface 17 of the piston 15 is, in the longitudinal direction, an arc of a circle having a radius r which is usually much greater than the diameter d of the cylinder 11. By way of example, in a cylinder 40 mm in diameter with a piston stroke 1 = ± 90 mm relative to the central position and an eccentricity e of 0.25 mm, r can vary from 5 to 20 m.

If the piston 15 is out of centre by a distance e' which is in the same direction from the axis 12 as e, then the situation will be quite acceptable providede ≠ e'.

As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the theoretical curve of contact between the piston and cylinder moves during the motion T through positions I, II and III. It is thus possible to bring about and maintain hydrodynamic conditions and thus reduce wear. Similar conditions occur at the bearing 13. EXAMPLE : Tests were carried out on a device as shown in Figure 5. The device comprised a piston 15, 40 mm in diameter and 13 mm thick in a cylinder 11 filled with oil which was free to move through apertures 21 formed in the cylinder wall and in the piston 15. The piston-rod 15 was 20 mm in idameter and was connected to a crank-connection rod system via a force pick-up 20. The piston was driven by this system in reciprocating motion having a period of one second and an amplitude of ± 60 mm. The. rod 15 extended through an 18 mm thick, guide 13. A transverse force of 500 N was applied by a calibrated spring 22, at a distance, of 300 mm from the central axis of the piston 15.

The distance of the guide from the piston in its central position was 150 mm. When the guide and piston were centred and had cylindrical bearing surfaces, the average coefficient of friction during the cycle was found to be 5% and the instantaneous coefficient during reversal was 8%.

In a device according to the invention made of the same materials, except that the guide was 0.2 mm out of centre and the guide and piston had a convexity of r = 12 m, the coefficients of friction were found to be reduced to 3 and 4% respectively.

Claims

1. A method for reducing friction between relatively sliding lubricated surfaces, whose main movement is generally rectilinear and reciprocal, and which are subject to a relative lateral force in a direction generally perpendicular to the direction of the main movement characterised in that a low-amplitude secondary relative rotation or tilting is imposed on the main motion, about an axis substantially perpendicular to the direction of the main motion and to the direction of the lateral force.

2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the secondary rotation tends to close an "oil wedge" formed between the two surfaces during motion.

3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that during one reciprocal cycle, the secondary rotation is through between 5 and 150 x 10^-4 radian.

4. A device comprising two relatively sliding lubricated surfaces whose main movement is generally rectilinear and reciprocal, and which are subject to a relative lateral force in a direction generally perpendicular to the direction of the main movement characterised in that the direction of movement of one surface is angularly offset with respect to the direction of sliding engagement in a plane defined by the direction of the lateral force and the direction of sliding engagement.

5. A device as claimed in Claim 4, characterised in that at least one of the surfaces in contact initially has a convex shape.

6. A device as claimed in Claim 4, characterised in that at least one of the surfaces in contact acquires a convex shape during the running-in of the device.

7. A device as claimed in any of Claims 4 to 6, characterised in that the said direction of offset is substantially the opposite direction to the lateral force.

8. A device comprising a lubricated cylinder having a bearing at one end and a piston mounted on a shaft, the piston being slidably located within the cylinder and the shaft being slidably located in the bearing, the shaft also being subject to a lateral force, characterised in that the bearing is offset from the axis of the cylinder in a direction opposite to that of the lateral force.

9. A device as claimed in Claim 8 characterised in that the surface of bearing is convex in the axial direction.

10. A device as claimed in Claim 8 or Claim 9. characterised in that the surface of the piston is convex in the axial direction.