USRE42897E1 - Current mode DC/DC converter with controlled output impedance - Google Patents

Current mode DC/DC converter with controlled output impedance Download PDF

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USRE42897E1
USRE42897E1 US11/294,700 US29470005A USRE42897E US RE42897 E1 USRE42897 E1 US RE42897E1 US 29470005 A US29470005 A US 29470005A US RE42897 E USRE42897 E US RE42897E
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signal
output
current
voltage
comparator
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Charles E. Hawkes
Michael M. Walters
Robert H. Isham
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Intersil Americas LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices
    • G05F1/565—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices sensing a condition of the system or its load in addition to means responsive to deviations in the output of the system, e.g. current, voltage, power factor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0016—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters
    • H02M1/0019—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters the disturbance parameters being load current fluctuations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to DC/DC converters.
  • the current drawn by a CPU generally undergoes frequent variation and rapid changes of substantial magnitude.
  • the current a CPU draws from a power supply may change by as much as 10-75 Amps per microsecond.
  • load transients These frequently varying and rapidly changing demands for substantial amounts of current are referred to as load transients.
  • load transients These extreme load transients cause a corresponding voltage transient on voltage output of the power supply, thereby making it very difficult for a power supply to comply with tight power supply regulation specifications.
  • Many power supplies incorporate very large capacitors to reduce the effect of these large and rapid load transients, and thereby lessen the resultant corresponding voltage transients on the output voltage of the power supply to an acceptable level.
  • the use of large capacitors adds significantly to the cost, size and weight of the power supply.
  • the duty cycle of the DC/DC converter is modulated by a negative-feedback voltage loop to maintain the desired output voltage.
  • the feedback voltage loop has a DC voltage gain which determines the amount of “droop” in the output impedance of the power supply.
  • the DC voltage gain of the feedback loop is, therefore, designed to be relatively low in order to achieve a relatively small amount of droop and thereby maintain a substantial degree of voltage regulation to comply with the tight tolerances placed upon the operating voltage supplied to the CPU.
  • the low DC gain in the feedback loop results in any variations or offsets in the voltages within the DC/DC converter being reflected in a corresponding error in the output voltage of the converter.
  • the only known solution to this problem is to design precise circuitry using components having tight tolerances in order to achieve low-offset voltages and/or precise internal voltages within the DC/DC converter. The inclusion of such precise circuitry adds substantially to the cost and complexity of the converter.
  • the present invention provides a DC/DC converter having a controlled output impedance and which provides for a controlled droop in the output voltage in response to load transients.
  • the invention comprises, in one form thereof, a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load.
  • the DC/DC converter includes an error amplifier with a reference input and a summing input.
  • the reference input is electrically connected to a reference voltage.
  • the summing input is electrically connected to the output voltage and the output current.
  • the summing input is configured for adding together the output voltage and the output current.
  • the error amplifier issues an error signal and adjusts the error signal dependent at least in part upon the output voltage and the output current.
  • a comparator receives the error signal.
  • the comparator has a ramp input electrically connected to a voltage ramp signal. The comparator issues an output signal that is based at least in part upon said error input.
  • a power switch has an on condition and an off condition, and supplies dc current to the load when in the on condition.
  • the power switch has a control input electrically connected to the comparator output signal.
  • the power switch is responsive to the control input to change between the on condition and the off condition to thereby adjust the output current of the DC/DC converter.
  • An advantage of the present invention is that droop in the output voltage of the converter in response to a load transient is controlled and reduced.
  • Another advantage of the present invention is that the need for a plurality of large capacitors to maintain regulation of the output voltage in a high-load transient environment is eliminated, and therefore the present invention is less expensive to manufacture, is of a lighter weight and smaller in size than conventional DC/DC converters.
  • a further advantage of the present invention is that it is essentially immune to errors in internal reference and offset voltages.
  • FIG. 1A includes a pair of graphs illustrating how conventional converters droop when a load is applied and then removed.
  • FIG. 1B includes a pair of graphs that show how the present invention improves droop when a load is applied and then removed;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of a conventional converter
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic of one embodiment of a current mode DC/DC converter with controlled output impedance of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B show examples of the summing circuit of FIG. 3 ;
  • V TARGET1 The targeted no-load output voltage of the converter is V TARGET1 .
  • V 1A The actual no-load output voltage of the converter is V 1A .
  • V TARGET1 is intentionally set equal to V 1A .
  • a load current transient occurs at time T 1A , which results in a contemporaneous and corresponding droop in the converter output voltage to a level below V TARGET1 .
  • T 1A As the demand for load current reduces at time T 1A +1, a contemporaneous and corresponding spike in the converter output voltage to a level above V TARGET1 is observed.
  • FIG. 1B the effect of the same load current transient as shown in FIG. 1A is illustrated on a converter having a targeted no-load output voltage of V TARGET2 .
  • the actual no-load output voltage of the converter V 1B is intentionally set to be a predetermined amount greater than V TARGET2 .
  • V TARGET2 By intentionally setting V 1B a predetermined amount greater than V TARGET2 , the load transient at time T 1B results in a smaller-magnitude droop in the converter output voltage. More particularly, the droop in output voltage in FIG. 1B is only one-half the magnitude of the droop in converter output voltage observed in FIG. 1A .
  • a designer can reduce by one-half the amount of droop in the output voltage of the converter by setting the actual no-load output voltage of the converter to be a predetermined amount greater than the targeted no-load output voltage.
  • the amount of converter output capacitance can be dramatically reduced while maintaining a given amount of droop in the converter output voltage in response to the same given load transient by setting the actual no-load output voltage of the converter to be a predetermined amount greater than the targeted no-load voltage.
  • a constant-frequency signal CLK sets SR-Latch 12 and turns on power switch 14 once per every cycle of the constant-frequency signal CLK.
  • Power switch 14 remains on for a fraction of the cycle of the CLK signal (known as the “Duty Cycle”) as determined by the output of comparator 16 .
  • diode 18 conducts current flowing through inductor 20 to load 22 .
  • diode 18 is replaced by a second power switch (not shown), which is controlled in a complementary fashion to power switch 14 .
  • Such a configuration is known as Synchronous Rectification.
  • the duty cycle of DC/DC converter 10 is modulated by a negative-feedback voltage loop to maintain the desired output voltage V OUT across load 22 .
  • output voltage regulation is achieved in an indirect fashion by controlling a sensed current.
  • the current through power switch 14 is sensed, and therefore controlled, by current sensor 24 , and signal V ISENSE , which is proportional to the current sensed by current sensor 24 , is issued.
  • V ISENSE which is proportional to the current sensed by current sensor 24
  • output voltage V OUT is sensed and divided down by the voltage divider formed by R 1 and R 2 to produce the voltage V FB at node 26 .
  • Error Amp 28 amplifies the difference between V FB and the voltage reference V REF at node 30 and produces the error voltage V ERROR at node 32 .
  • error amp 28 adjusts the V ERROR voltage at node 30 as needed to achieve a power switch 14 duty cycle that forces V FB at node 26 to be equal to V REF .
  • Subtraction circuit 35 subtracts V ISENSE from V ERROR .
  • V ERROR the current sensed by current sensor 24 is subtracted from V ERROR in the form of V ISENSE .
  • error amp 28 also adjusts V ERROR at node 32 in accordance with V ISENSE to produce the needed duty cycle. This results in an effective control, or programming, of the current sensed by current sensor 24 .
  • the V ERROR signal at node 32 can be proportional to the intra-cycle peaks of the sensed current (known as Peak Current Control) or the V ERROR signal may be proportional to the average value of the sensed current (known as Average Current Control).
  • C COMP and R 1 To implement either Peak Current or Average Current Control, it is necessary to add frequency compensation to the voltage feedback loop to achieve stability. Frequency compensation is accomplished by C COMP and R 1 . C COMP and R 1 add a high-frequency pole into the feedback loop that cancels a zero that is due to the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor C L . Depending on the details of the circuit values, this compensating pole is sometimes not needed.
  • the feedback resistor R FB is adjusted to control the DC gain of error amplifier 28 , and thereby provide the desired amount of droop in the output voltage V OUT of converter 10 .
  • V ISENSE represents the current sensed by current sensor 24 and which is proportional to load current I OUT
  • a reduction in DC gain will cause the output voltage V OUT to vary with the load current I OUT .
  • the voltage V ISENSE may vary by 2V as the load current I OUT varies from 0 to 10 Amps. If the ratio of R FB to R 1 , is equal to 10 (ten), the voltage V OUT will decrease by 0.1V as the load current is increased from 0 to 10 Amps (hence, “Droop”).
  • the fundamental problem with the method of converter in achieving and controlling droop resides in the low DC gain of the voltage feedback loop. This low gain is used to provide the drooping characteristic, but it also has an undesirable side-effect. As a result of this low DC gain, any variations in the V RAMP signal or DC offsets in current sensor 24 or comparator 16 will be reflected in a corresponding error in the voltage V OUT . For example, if the average value of the voltage V RAMP has tolerance of ⁇ 200 mV, and the ratio of R FB to R 1 is equal to 20, an additional error term of ⁇ 10 mV on the voltage V OUT will result.
  • the only known solution to this problem is to design precise circuitry in order to achieve low-offset voltages and/or a precise V RAMP voltage. The inclusion of such precise circuitry adds substantially to the cost and complexity of a DC/DC converter.
  • DC/DC converter 10 includes SR latch 112 having a constant-frequency signal CLK which sets latch 112 which, in turn, turns on power switch 114 .
  • Power switch 114 although shown schematically as a conventional switch, is a transistor-based switch having one or more power transistors configured to source current in response to an input signal, which is the output of latch 112 .
  • Switch 114 remains in the on state for a fraction of the period of the CLK signal, which is known as the duty cycle, as determined by comparator 116 .
  • the current flowing through load 122 is sensed by current sensor 124 , which issues signal V ISENSE .
  • the duty cycle of power switch 114 is modulated by a negative voltage feedback loop.
  • Voltage V FB at node 126 is input to error amplifier 128 .
  • Summing circuit 129 sums voltages V ISENSE and V OUT . This summed voltage is then divided by a voltage divider formed by R1 and R2, thereby creating voltage V FB at node 126 .
  • V ISENSE is a component of V FB .
  • Error amplifier 128 compares V FB with V REF , thereby creating V ERROR .
  • Comparator 116 compares V ERROR with V RAMP . The output of comparator 116 periodically resets latch 112 to thereby determine the duty cycle of power switch 114 .
  • Error amplifier 128 includes, in its negative voltage feedback path R COMP and C COMP , which provide for the frequency compensation of V FB .
  • the gain of error amplifier 128 is determined by the ratio of R COMP to R 1 .
  • DC/DC converter 100 The most fundamental feature of DC/DC converter 100 is that current sensor 124 is electrically connected to the output voltage feedback loop. More particularly, V ISENESE is divided by the voltage divider formed by R 1 and R 2 , and this divided portion forms part of V FB . However, it is to be understood that the current through inductor 120 or the current through diode 118 can be sensed and similarly connected to the output voltage feedback loop, rather than the current through power switch 114 . V ISENESE is connected to the voltage feedback loop without first being frequency compensated by error amplifier 128 , as in conventional DC/DC converter 10 of FIG. 2 .
  • the principle advantage of not performing frequency compensation upon signal V ISENESE prior to the connection thereof with the output voltage feedback signal is that the gain of error amp 128 is thereby permitted to be arbitrarily high at DC (note the absence of RF), thus providing DC/DC converter 100 excellent output voltage accuracy that is essentially immune to variations in the V RAMP voltage and offset voltages, etc.
  • DC/DC converter 100 creates the desired drooping output voltage characteristic
  • V ISENSE 0
  • V OUT of converter 100 the output voltage V OUT of converter 100 , under this no-load condition, is given by Vref (R 1 +R 2 )/R 2 .
  • R 1 and R 2 are intentionally chosen so that the no-load output voltage of converter 100 is a predetermined amount greater than the desired target voltage.
  • V ISENSE I MAX
  • V ISENSE V ISENSE, MAX
  • V OUT [V REF (R 1 +R 2 )/R 2 ] ⁇ V ISENSE,MAX .
  • the high DC gain and averaging characteristic of the frequency compensation provide excellent response to the average value of the sensed current. Because of the current-mode control, the two poles associated with the LC filter formed by inductor 120 and load capacitor 121 are split, with one pole moving to a relatively high frequency and the other pole moving to a relatively low frequency. The zero is placed before the crossover of the frequency compensation loop, which effectively cancels the effect of the low-frequency pole associated with the LC filter formed by inductor 120 and load capacitor 121 .
  • the high frequency gain of error amp 128 is determined by the ratio R COMP /R 1 . This ratio is adjusted to provide suitable high frequency current gain (and the associated pole-splitting of the LC filter poles).
  • the high-frequency pole associated with the LC filter formed by inductor 120 and load capacitor 121 is used to compensate for the zero associated with the ESR of load capacitor 121 . In this manner, a response that is essentially a single-pole response having excellent phase margin is achieved.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B two practical circuits are illustrated for the summing of V OUT and V ISENSE .
  • error amplifier 128 is configured as a summing amplifier to sum voltages V OUT and V ISENSE .
  • R 3 has been added between current sensor 124 and node 126 . Note that, in the configuration of FIG. 4A , it is necessary to divide the voltage V REF by a factor of two to obtain the correct output voltage V ERROR .
  • the sensed current signal is summed into the V FB node 126 as a current. This is a particularly useful approach, because it allows the voltage V REF to be used directly, rather than being divided by two, and also allows the magnitude of the droop to be easily adjusted by varying the value of R 1 .

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Abstract

A DC/DC converter has an output voltage and sources an output current to a load. The DC/DC converter includes an error amplifier with a reference input and a summing input. The reference input is electrically connected to a reference voltage. The summing input is electrically connected to the output voltage and the output current. The summing input is configured for adding together the output voltage and the output current. The error amplifier issues an error signal and adjusts the error signal dependent at least in part upon the output voltage and the output current. A comparator receives the error signal. The comparator has a ramp input electrically connected to a voltage ramp signal. The comparator issues an output signal that is based at least in part upon said error input. A power switch has an on condition and an off condition, and supplies dc current to the load when in the on condition. The power switch has a control input electrically connected to the comparator output signal. The power switch is responsive to the control input to change between the on condition and the off condition to thereby adjust the output current of the DC/DC converter.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Notice: More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,120. The reissue applications are reissue application Ser. No. 10/045,169 (the grandparent reissue); reissue application Ser. No. 10/375,914 (the parent, continuation reissue); and reissue application Ser. No. (11/294,700) (the present, continuation reissue application). All three reissue applications are reissues of the same U.S. Pat. No. 6,181,120.
This continuation reissue application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/151,971, filed Sep. 1, 1999.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to DC/DC converters.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As the complexity and clock speed of CPUs continue to rise, greater demands are placed on the power supplies (DC/DC converters) that supply the operating voltage to the CPUs. Typically, the operating voltage of CPUs is specified with a relatively tight tolerance to ensure proper operation of the CPU. The tight tolerances on CPU operating voltages are being further narrowed as CPU clock and CPU bus speeds increase, and CPU operating voltages decrease. The decrease in permissible tolerances on CPU operating voltages has resulted in a corresponding increase in the regulation specifications of power supplies that supply operating voltages to CPUs.
The current drawn by a CPU generally undergoes frequent variation and rapid changes of substantial magnitude. For example, the current a CPU draws from a power supply may change by as much as 10-75 Amps per microsecond. These frequently varying and rapidly changing demands for substantial amounts of current are referred to as load transients. These extreme load transients cause a corresponding voltage transient on voltage output of the power supply, thereby making it very difficult for a power supply to comply with tight power supply regulation specifications. Many power supplies incorporate very large capacitors to reduce the effect of these large and rapid load transients, and thereby lessen the resultant corresponding voltage transients on the output voltage of the power supply to an acceptable level. However, the use of large capacitors adds significantly to the cost, size and weight of the power supply.
In order to reduce the number and size of capacitors needed to lessen the effect of a given load transient on power supply output voltage, a technique known as “droop” is employed. Normally, power supplies are designed to have an output voltage that is essentially independent of the load current. However, in applications where a power supply will be required to comply with tight regulation specifications in a high-load-transient environment, there is an advantage in carefully controlling and/or adjusting the output impedance of the power supply to thereby cause the power supply output voltage to decrease by a predetermined amount in response to an increase in current demanded by or being supplied to the load.
In conventional current-mode DC/DC converters, the duty cycle of the DC/DC converter is modulated by a negative-feedback voltage loop to maintain the desired output voltage. The feedback voltage loop has a DC voltage gain which determines the amount of “droop” in the output impedance of the power supply. The DC voltage gain of the feedback loop is, therefore, designed to be relatively low in order to achieve a relatively small amount of droop and thereby maintain a substantial degree of voltage regulation to comply with the tight tolerances placed upon the operating voltage supplied to the CPU.
The low DC gain in the feedback loop, however, results in any variations or offsets in the voltages within the DC/DC converter being reflected in a corresponding error in the output voltage of the converter. The only known solution to this problem is to design precise circuitry using components having tight tolerances in order to achieve low-offset voltages and/or precise internal voltages within the DC/DC converter. The inclusion of such precise circuitry adds substantially to the cost and complexity of the converter.
Therefore, what is needed in the art is a converter that maintains voltage regulation in a high-load-transient environment.
Furthermore, what is needed in the art is a converter which does not depend upon large capacitors to maintain voltage regulation in a high-load transient environment, and is therefore less expensive to build, smaller in size and lighter in weight.
Moreover, what is needed in the art is a converter which achieves voltage regulation in a high-load transient environment without the use of precision circuitry, and is therefore less complex and less expensive to build.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a DC/DC converter having a controlled output impedance and which provides for a controlled droop in the output voltage in response to load transients.
The invention comprises, in one form thereof, a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load. The DC/DC converter includes an error amplifier with a reference input and a summing input. The reference input is electrically connected to a reference voltage. The summing input is electrically connected to the output voltage and the output current. The summing input is configured for adding together the output voltage and the output current. The error amplifier issues an error signal and adjusts the error signal dependent at least in part upon the output voltage and the output current. A comparator receives the error signal. The comparator has a ramp input electrically connected to a voltage ramp signal. The comparator issues an output signal that is based at least in part upon said error input. A power switch has an on condition and an off condition, and supplies dc current to the load when in the on condition. The power switch has a control input electrically connected to the comparator output signal. The power switch is responsive to the control input to change between the on condition and the off condition to thereby adjust the output current of the DC/DC converter.
An advantage of the present invention is that droop in the output voltage of the converter in response to a load transient is controlled and reduced.
Another advantage of the present invention is that the need for a plurality of large capacitors to maintain regulation of the output voltage in a high-load transient environment is eliminated, and therefore the present invention is less expensive to manufacture, is of a lighter weight and smaller in size than conventional DC/DC converters.
A further advantage of the present invention is that it is essentially immune to errors in internal reference and offset voltages.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become apparent and be better understood by reference to the following description of one embodiment of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1A includes a pair of graphs illustrating how conventional converters droop when a load is applied and then removed.
FIG. 1B includes a pair of graphs that show how the present invention improves droop when a load is applied and then removed;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of a conventional converter;
FIG. 3 is a schematic of one embodiment of a current mode DC/DC converter with controlled output impedance of the present invention; and
FIGS. 4A and 4B show examples of the summing circuit of FIG. 3;
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplification set out herein illustrates one preferred embodiment of the invention, in one form, and such exemplification is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1A, the effect of a load transient upon the output voltage of a conventional converter is illustrated. The targeted no-load output voltage of the converter is VTARGET1. The actual no-load output voltage of the converter is V1A. In the case of FIG. 1A, VTARGET1 is intentionally set equal to V1A. A load current transient occurs at time T1A, which results in a contemporaneous and corresponding droop in the converter output voltage to a level below VTARGET1. As the demand for load current reduces at time T1A+1, a contemporaneous and corresponding spike in the converter output voltage to a level above VTARGET1 is observed.
Referring now to FIG. 1B, the effect of the same load current transient as shown in FIG. 1A is illustrated on a converter having a targeted no-load output voltage of VTARGET2. However, in the case of FIG. 1B, the actual no-load output voltage of the converter V1B is intentionally set to be a predetermined amount greater than VTARGET2. By intentionally setting V1B a predetermined amount greater than VTARGET2, the load transient at time T1B results in a smaller-magnitude droop in the converter output voltage. More particularly, the droop in output voltage in FIG. 1B is only one-half the magnitude of the droop in converter output voltage observed in FIG. 1A. Thus, for a given load transient and a fixed amount of converter output capacitance, a designer can reduce by one-half the amount of droop in the output voltage of the converter by setting the actual no-load output voltage of the converter to be a predetermined amount greater than the targeted no-load output voltage. Alternatively, the amount of converter output capacitance can be dramatically reduced while maintaining a given amount of droop in the converter output voltage in response to the same given load transient by setting the actual no-load output voltage of the converter to be a predetermined amount greater than the targeted no-load voltage.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the operation of conventional current-mode DC/DC converter 10 is described. A constant-frequency signal CLK sets SR-Latch 12 and turns on power switch 14 once per every cycle of the constant-frequency signal CLK. Power switch 14 remains on for a fraction of the cycle of the CLK signal (known as the “Duty Cycle”) as determined by the output of comparator 16. During the “off-time” of power switch 14, diode 18 conducts current flowing through inductor 20 to load 22. In an alternate configuration, diode 18 is replaced by a second power switch (not shown), which is controlled in a complementary fashion to power switch 14. Such a configuration is known as Synchronous Rectification.
As will be described in more detail hereinafter, the duty cycle of DC/DC converter 10 is modulated by a negative-feedback voltage loop to maintain the desired output voltage VOUT across load 22. In a current-mode converter (as in FIG. 2), output voltage regulation is achieved in an indirect fashion by controlling a sensed current. The current through power switch 14 is sensed, and therefore controlled, by current sensor 24, and signal VISENSE, which is proportional to the current sensed by current sensor 24, is issued. However, it is to be understood that either the current through inductor 20 or the current through diode 18 can be sensed instead.
To achieve output voltage regulation, output voltage VOUT is sensed and divided down by the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2 to produce the voltage VFB at node 26. Error Amp 28 amplifies the difference between VFB and the voltage reference VREF at node 30 and produces the error voltage VERROR at node 32. Thus, error amp 28 adjusts the VERROR voltage at node 30 as needed to achieve a power switch 14 duty cycle that forces VFB at node 26 to be equal to VREF. Subtraction circuit 35 subtracts VISENSE from VERROR. Because the current sensed by current sensor 24 is subtracted from VERROR in the form of VISENSE, error amp 28 also adjusts VERROR at node 32 in accordance with VISENSE to produce the needed duty cycle. This results in an effective control, or programming, of the current sensed by current sensor 24. Depending on the gain of the signal conditioning block 36, the VERROR signal at node 32 can be proportional to the intra-cycle peaks of the sensed current (known as Peak Current Control) or the VERROR signal may be proportional to the average value of the sensed current (known as Average Current Control).
To implement either Peak Current or Average Current Control, it is necessary to add frequency compensation to the voltage feedback loop to achieve stability. Frequency compensation is accomplished by CCOMP and R1. CCOMP and R1 add a high-frequency pole into the feedback loop that cancels a zero that is due to the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor CL. Depending on the details of the circuit values, this compensating pole is sometimes not needed. The feedback resistor RFB is adjusted to control the DC gain of error amplifier 28, and thereby provide the desired amount of droop in the output voltage VOUT of converter 10. Since the voltage VERROR at node 32 is proportional to VISENSE, which represents the current sensed by current sensor 24 and which is proportional to load current IOUT, a reduction in DC gain will cause the output voltage VOUT to vary with the load current IOUT. In this manner, a controlled droop in the output impedance of converter 10 is achieved. For example, the voltage VISENSE may vary by 2V as the load current IOUT varies from 0 to 10 Amps. If the ratio of RFB to R1, is equal to 10 (ten), the voltage VOUT will decrease by 0.1V as the load current is increased from 0 to 10 Amps (hence, “Droop”).
The fundamental problem with the method of converter in achieving and controlling droop resides in the low DC gain of the voltage feedback loop. This low gain is used to provide the drooping characteristic, but it also has an undesirable side-effect. As a result of this low DC gain, any variations in the VRAMP signal or DC offsets in current sensor 24 or comparator 16 will be reflected in a corresponding error in the voltage VOUT. For example, if the average value of the voltage VRAMP has tolerance of ±200 mV, and the ratio of RFB to R1 is equal to 20, an additional error term of ±10 mV on the voltage VOUT will result. The only known solution to this problem is to design precise circuitry in order to achieve low-offset voltages and/or a precise VRAMP voltage. The inclusion of such precise circuitry adds substantially to the cost and complexity of a DC/DC converter.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated one embodiment of an improved current-mode DC/DC converter 100 of the present invention. DC/DC converter 10 includes SR latch 112 having a constant-frequency signal CLK which sets latch 112 which, in turn, turns on power switch 114. Power switch 114, although shown schematically as a conventional switch, is a transistor-based switch having one or more power transistors configured to source current in response to an input signal, which is the output of latch 112. Switch 114 remains in the on state for a fraction of the period of the CLK signal, which is known as the duty cycle, as determined by comparator 116. The current flowing through load 122 is sensed by current sensor 124, which issues signal VISENSE. The duty cycle of power switch 114 is modulated by a negative voltage feedback loop. Voltage VFB at node 126 is input to error amplifier 128. Summing circuit 129 sums voltages VISENSE and VOUT. This summed voltage is then divided by a voltage divider formed by R1 and R2, thereby creating voltage VFB at node 126. Thus, VISENSE is a component of VFB. Error amplifier 128 compares VFB with VREF, thereby creating VERROR. Comparator 116 compares VERROR with VRAMP. The output of comparator 116 periodically resets latch 112 to thereby determine the duty cycle of power switch 114. Error amplifier 128 includes, in its negative voltage feedback path RCOMP and CCOMP, which provide for the frequency compensation of VFB. The gain of error amplifier 128 is determined by the ratio of RCOMP to R1.
The most fundamental feature of DC/DC converter 100 is that current sensor 124 is electrically connected to the output voltage feedback loop. More particularly, VISENESE is divided by the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2, and this divided portion forms part of VFB. However, it is to be understood that the current through inductor 120 or the current through diode 118 can be sensed and similarly connected to the output voltage feedback loop, rather than the current through power switch 114. VISENESE is connected to the voltage feedback loop without first being frequency compensated by error amplifier 128, as in conventional DC/DC converter 10 of FIG. 2. The principle advantage of not performing frequency compensation upon signal VISENESE prior to the connection thereof with the output voltage feedback signal is that the gain of error amp 128 is thereby permitted to be arbitrarily high at DC (note the absence of RF), thus providing DC/DC converter 100 excellent output voltage accuracy that is essentially immune to variations in the VRAMP voltage and offset voltages, etc.
To understand how DC/DC converter 100 creates the desired drooping output voltage characteristic, first consider the operation of DC/DC converter 100 under a no-load condition with IOUT=0. In this case, VISENSE=0, and the output voltage VOUT of converter 100, under this no-load condition, is given by Vref (R1+R2)/R2. Note that R1 and R2 here are intentionally chosen so that the no-load output voltage of converter 100 is a predetermined amount greater than the desired target voltage. At full load, when IOUT=IMAX, VISENSE will equal VISENSE, MAX, and thus we have VOUT=[VREF(R1+R2)/R2]−VISENSE,MAX. Thus, as the current through load 122 increases from zero to full load current, output voltage VOUT decreases, or droops, by VISENSE,MAX Volts.
Note especially that the same frequency compensation provided by RCOMP and CCOMP is applied to both the VFB voltage signal and the VISENSE current signal. In this way, average current mode control is implemented without the need for a separate signal conditioning block (Gc(s) in FIG. 2). This is another advantage of DC/DC converter 100. Average current mode control and accurate droop are achieved using a single amplifier. The frequency compensation in DC/DC converter 10 introduces a pole at very low frequency, which is set by the characteristics of error amp 128, and a zero which is set by RCOMP and CCOMP. For the voltage feedback loop, a high DC gain is provided, which makes the output voltage of DC/DC converter 100 essentially immune from errors in VRAMP and offset voltage errors. Likewise, in regards to current, the high DC gain and averaging characteristic of the frequency compensation provide excellent response to the average value of the sensed current. Because of the current-mode control, the two poles associated with the LC filter formed by inductor 120 and load capacitor 121 are split, with one pole moving to a relatively high frequency and the other pole moving to a relatively low frequency. The zero is placed before the crossover of the frequency compensation loop, which effectively cancels the effect of the low-frequency pole associated with the LC filter formed by inductor 120 and load capacitor 121. The high frequency gain of error amp 128 is determined by the ratio RCOMP/R1. This ratio is adjusted to provide suitable high frequency current gain (and the associated pole-splitting of the LC filter poles). The high-frequency pole associated with the LC filter formed by inductor 120 and load capacitor 121 is used to compensate for the zero associated with the ESR of load capacitor 121. In this manner, a response that is essentially a single-pole response having excellent phase margin is achieved.
Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, two practical circuits are illustrated for the summing of VOUT and VISENSE. In FIG. 4A, error amplifier 128 is configured as a summing amplifier to sum voltages VOUT and VISENSE. R3 has been added between current sensor 124 and node 126. Note that, in the configuration of FIG. 4A, it is necessary to divide the voltage VREF by a factor of two to obtain the correct output voltage VERROR. In FIG. 4B, the sensed current signal is summed into the VFB node 126 as a current. This is a particularly useful approach, because it allows the voltage VREF to be used directly, rather than being divided by two, and also allows the magnitude of the droop to be easily adjusted by varying the value of R1.
While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the present invention using the general principles disclosed herein. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.

Claims (22)

1. A DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load, said DC/DC converter comprising:
an error amplifier having a reference input and a summing input, said reference input being electrically connected to a reference voltage, said summing input being electrically connected to each of the output voltage and the output current of said DC/DC converter, said summing input configured for adding together the output voltage and the output current, said error amplifier issuing an error signal and being configured for adjusting said error signal dependent at least in part upon the output voltage and the output current;
a comparator receiving said error signal, said comparator having a ramp input electrically connected to a voltage ramp signal, said comparator having a comparator output signal, said comparator output signal based at least in part upon said error input; and
a power switch having an on condition and an off condition, said power supply configured for supplying dc current to the load when in said on condition, said power switch having a control input electrically connected to said comparator output signal, said power switch being responsive to said comparator output signal to change between said on condition and said off condition to thereby adjust the output current of said DC/DC converter.
2. The DC/DC converter of claim 1, wherein said power switch comprises at least one power transistor configured for supplying the output current to the load.
3. The DC/DC converter of claim 1, further comprising:
an inductor electrically connected between a first circuit node and the load, said first circuit node being disposed intermediate said power switch and the load, said inductor carrying the output current to the load;
a diode electrically connected between said first circuit node and ground, said diode being configured for carrying return load current, said return load current flowing from the load when said power switch is in said off condition; and
a current sensor having a current input, a current output, and a sensing output, the output current flowing into said current input and out of said current output, said current output being electrically connected to said first circuit node, said current sensor being configured for sensing at least one of said load current and said return load current and for issuing a sensor output signal representative of the output current, said sensor output signal being electrically coupled to said summing input of said error amplifier.
4. The DC/DC converter of claim 3, further comprising a voltage divider, said voltage divider having a divider input and a divider output, said divider input being electrically connected to the output voltage and to said sensing output of said current sensor, said divider output being electrically connected to said summing input of said error amplifier.
5. The converter of claim 1, further comprising a summing circuit including a voltage divider having a first resistor electrically connected between said summing input of said error amplifier and the output voltage, a second resistor electrically connected between said summing input and said sensing output of said current sensor, and a third resistor electrically connected between said summing input and ground.
6. The converter of claim 1 further comprising a summing circuit, said summing circuit including a voltage divider having an output voltage resistor electrically connected between said summing input of said error amplifier and the output voltage, a voltage to current converter for converting a voltage signal representative of the output current to a current signal, said voltage to current converter being electrically coupled to said summing input, and a second resistor connected between said summing input and ground.
7. A method of providing droop in the output voltage of a DC/DC converter having an output current, said method comprising the steps of:
sensing the output current to thereby determine an output current signal representative of the output current;
further sensing the output voltage to thereby determine an output voltage signal representative of the output voltage;
summing said output current signal and said output voltage signal to thereby determine a voltage feedback signal;
comparing said voltage feedback signal with a reference voltage to thereby determine an error signal;
further comparing said error signal to a ramp voltage signal to thereby determine a current control signal; and
controlling the output voltage based at least in part upon said current control signal.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said sensing step comprises sensing the output current with a current sensor, said current sensor issuing said output current signal.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein said summing step comprises a summing circuit configured for adding together said output current signal and said output voltage signal.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein said comparing step comprises an error amplifier having a summing input, each of said output current signal and said output voltage signal being electrically connected to said summing input, said error amplifier having a reference input electrically connected to a reference voltage supply, said error amplifier issuing an error signal representative of a difference between the sum of said output current signal and said output voltage signal and the reference voltage.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein said further comparing step comprises a comparator having a first input electrically connected to said error signal and a second input connected to a voltage ramp signal, said comparator comparing said error signal to said voltage ramp signal and issuing said current control signal.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein said controlling step comprises electrically connecting said current control signal to at least one power transistor, said power transistor configured for adjustably sourcing the output current in response to said current control signal.
13. A controller for a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load, the controller comprising:
at least one first node adapted to receive a signal representative of the output current;
at least one second node adapted to receive a signal representative of the output voltage;
an error amplifier, responsive to the signal representative of the output current from the at least one first node and the signal representative of the output voltage from the at least one second node, and adapted to issue an error signal dependent at least in part upon the signal representative of the output voltage, the signal representative of the output current and a first reference signal; and
a comparator, responsive to the error amplifier, the comparator adapted to issue a comparator output signal, the comparator output signal based at least in part upon the error signal and a second reference signal.
14. The controller of claim 13, wherein the second reference signal comprises a ramp signal.
15. The controller of claim 13, further including a summer circuit coupled to one input of the error amplifier to combine at least two of the signal representative of the output voltage, the signal representative of the output current and the first reference signal.
16. A controller for a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load, the controller comprising:
an error amplifier adapted to issue an error signal dependent at least in part upon a signal representative of the output voltage, a signal representative of the output current and a first reference signal;
a comparator, responsive to the error signal from the error amplifier, the comparator adapted to issue a comparator signal, the comparator signal based at least in part upon the error signal and a second reference signal; and
a summer circuit coupled to one input of the error amplifier to combine at least two of the signal representative of the output voltage, the signal representative of the output current and the first reference signal.
17. A controller for a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load, the controller comprising:
at least one first node adapted to receive a signal representative of the output current;
at least one second node adapted to receive a signal representative of the output voltage;
an error amplifier, coupled to the at least one first node and the at least one second node, and adapted to issue an error output dependent at least in part upon the signal representative of the output voltage, the signal representative of the output current and a first reference; and
a comparator, coupled to the error amplifier, the comparator adapted to issue a comparator output, the comparator output based at least in part upon the error output and a second reference.
18. The controller of claim 17, wherein the second reference comprises a ramp signal.
19. The controller of claim 17, further including a summer circuit coupled to one input of the error amplifier to combine at least two of the signal representative of the output voltage, the signal representative of the output current and the first reference.
20. A controller for a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load, the controller comprising:
at least one first node adapted to receive a signal representative of the output current;
at least one second node adapted to receive a signal representative of the output voltage;
an error amplifier, responsive to the signal representative of the output current from the at least one first node and the signal representative of the output voltage from the at least one second node, and adapted to issue an error signal dependent at least in part upon the signal representative of the output voltage, the signal representative of the output current and a first reference;
a comparator, responsive to the error amplifier, the comparator adapted to issue a comparator output signal, the comparator output signal based at least in part upon the error signal and a second reference; and
an output circuit, responsive to the comparator output signal, and adapted to provide a control signal based at least in part upon the comparator output signal that controls the DC/DC converter.
21. A controller for a DC/DC converter having an output voltage and sourcing an output current to a load, the controller comprising:
an error amplifier adapted to issue an error signal dependent at least in part upon a signal representative of the output voltage, a signal representative of the output current and a first reference;
a comparator, responsive to the error signal from the error amplifier, the comparator adapted to issue a comparator signal, the comparator signal based at least in part upon the error signal and a second reference; and
an output circuit, responsive to the output signal from the comparator, and adapted to provide a control signal based at least in part upon the comparator signal, wherein the control signal controls the DC/DC converter.
22. The circuit of claim 17, wherein the error amplifier has a high bandwidth.
US11/294,700 1999-09-01 2005-12-05 Current mode DC/DC converter with controlled output impedance Expired - Lifetime USRE42897E1 (en)

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US20120098515A1 (en) * 2009-05-27 2012-04-26 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Dc-dc converter
US8531167B2 (en) * 2009-05-27 2013-09-10 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Circuit

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