USRE31454E - Monitoring and stimulation electrode - Google Patents
Monitoring and stimulation electrode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE31454E USRE31454E US06/206,160 US20616080A USRE31454E US RE31454 E USRE31454 E US RE31454E US 20616080 A US20616080 A US 20616080A US RE31454 E USRE31454 E US RE31454E
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
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- electrode
- skin
- patient
- parts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0 abstract description title 10
- 239000000758 substrates Substances 0 abstract claims description 73
- 239000000463 materials Substances 0 abstract claims description 31
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0 abstract claims description 21
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0 abstract claims description 21
- 229920001282 polysaccharides Polymers 0 abstract claims description 21
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0 abstract claims description 16
- 230000001070 adhesive Effects 0 abstract claims description 14
- 235000015125 Sterculia urens Nutrition 0 claims description 28
- 240000001058 Sterculia urens Species 0 claims description 28
- 239000000203 mixtures Substances 0 abstract description 27
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0 claims description 21
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0 claims description 21
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0 claims description 16
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound 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- 229920002379 silicone rubbers Polymers 0 claims description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol Chemical compound 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CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0 claims description 5
- 239000001091 propylene glycol Substances 0 claims description 5
- 239000002245 particles Substances 0 claims description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0 claims description 4
- 229920003023 plastics Polymers 0 claims description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0 claims description 4
- 229910001390 sodium chloride Inorganic materials 0 claims description 4
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cacl2 Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0 claims description 3
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0 claims description 3
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0 claims description 3
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0 claims description 3
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0 claims description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0 claims description 3
- 230000001976 improved Effects 0 abstract description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0 claims description 3
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0 claims description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0 claims description 3
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0 claims description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0 claims description 2
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0 claims description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0 claims description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0 claims description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymers Polymers 0 claims description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0 abstract description 2
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0 claims description 2
- 229940099112 cornstarch Drugs 0 claims description 2
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- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl urethane Chemical compound 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[H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0 description 1
- 230000021037 unidirectional conjugation Effects 0 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
- A61N1/0472—Structure-related aspects
- A61N1/0492—Patch electrodes
- A61N1/0496—Patch electrodes characterised by using specific chemical compositions, e.g. hydrogel compositions, adhesives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/04—Measuring bioelectric signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/0402—Electrocardiography, i.e. ECG
- A61B5/0408—Electrodes specially adapted therefor
- A61B5/04087—Electrodes specially adapted therefor using conductive adhesive means
Abstract
Description
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 785,225 filed Apr. 6, 1977 entitled "Monitoring and Stimulation Electrode" (now abandoned) which was a continuation of U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 635,008 filed Nov. 25, 1975 entitled "Monitoring and Stimulation Electrode" (now abandoned).
Medical electrodes have in the past taken many shapes and forms. Principally, they have been shaped according to the use for which they are intended. Electrodes used in monitoring apparatus, such as EKG and EEG machines, commonly have small round contact surfaces. While electrodes used in such stimulation apparatus as pain control tend to be larger and have most often rectangularly or other conveniently shaped contact surfaces. Whether intended for monitoring or stimulation use, a design objective for each electrode group has been, and continues to be, good electrical signal transmission between a patient'skin surface and the electrical wiring connected to a particular piece of apparatus. Not only is efficient signal transmission across the epidurumconductor interface desirable, but so is effective signal transmission which is free of current concentration points or "hot spots."
Prior art electrodes offer combination structures including a metallic or otherwise conductive support member to which an electrical wire from an associated apparatus may be attached. Some electrodes teach the incorporation of an electrode paste or gel applied directly to the conductive support member to enhance conductivity across the skin-electrode interface.
Other electrodes teach the additional incorporation of an open cellular skin interface pad secured to a conductive support member. This pad as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,252, is very often a sponge material and functions to hold or contain an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution enhances conductivity across the skin-pad interface. Alternately, this interface pad can be saturated with electrode pastes or gels which will not turn or evaporate as readily as electrolyte solutions.
None of these prior art electrodes offer a structure which will maintain constant, efficient and effective electrical transmission for long periods of time without the need for additional electrode paste, gel or solution. Moreover, with these electrodes there is a tendency for the electrolyte film to separate and/or to flow to a non-uniform thickness. Under these conditions, sections of the conductive support member could be exposed to the skin. Local hot spots will result which can cause discomfort to the patient if not causing burns to the patient's skin.
These prior art electrodes must be secured to the surface of a patient's skin with medical tape or other securing mediums. Very often an electrode secured in this manner will pull away from skin creating a partial or total interruption in signal transmission.
More recent improvements in the electrode art include composite electrodes using electroconductive tape as the skin interfacing medium. This tape has a film of pressure sensitive adhesive for engaging the skin surface. In these electrodes, the adhesive has been doped with a quantity of electrically conductive particles such as carbon powder as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,906 in order to provide an electrical path to the skin. This doping can create non-uniform electrical transmission through the adhesive. Moreover, in the presence of large quantities of skin moisture, these adhesives lose their ability to adhere to the skin surface, thus pulling away and drastically changing the electrical characteristics of the electrode.
An objective of this invention, therefore, is to provide a composite electrode with a skin-interface substrate which will perform a similar function to, and therefore eliminate the need for an electrolyte solution, electrode paste or electrode gel.
Another objective of this invention is to provide this electrode with a skin-interface substrate having adhesive properties which will enable the electrode to adhere to the skin without the use of tape or other securing means and which will not lose adhesiveness in the presence of large quantities of skin moisture.
Another objective is to provide this electrode wherein the adhesive skin-interface substrate is electrically conductive this conductivity being uniform throughout the substrate.
A further objective is to provide this electrode with a skin-interface substrate which will maintain a uniform thickness and will not separate to expose sections of a conductive support member to the skin.
An even further objective is to provide such an electrode including such a skin-interface substrate where this substrate will not break down under long periods of use.
The objectives of this invention are accomplished in a medical electrode which may include a conductive support and electrical current distribution member. Preferably, this member may be a sheet or layer of metallic or other conductive material having mounted thereon or secured thereto a fastener or other suitable object for securing positive electrical contact between said conductive support member and cables connecting to external electrical equipment. Abutting one side of said support member, and in electrical contact therewith, may be an electrically conductive skin-interface substrate. This substrate may be principally a colloidal dispersion of a naturally-occurring, organic, hydrophilic polysaccharide such as karaya and other compounds. Included amongst these compounds may be sodium-based salts and glycerol.
The novel features of this invention as well as the invention itself, both as to its organization and method of operation, will best be understood from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like characters refer to like parts, and in which:
FIG. 1a shows a perspective view of a stimulation electrode;
FIG. 1b shows an elevation view of the electrode of FIG. 1a;
FIG. 2a shows a perspective view of a monitoring electrode;
FIG. 2b shows an elevation view of an electrode of FIG. 2a.
Medical electrodes are intended for usage as efficient and effective signal transmission mediums between a patient's skin and an electro-medical apparatus. Primary to their operation is a uniform conductivity through the electrode itself and a uniform conductivity across the electrode-skin interface. Uniform conductivity through an electrode is most often interrupted by a non-uniformity in electrode material, while uniform conductivity across the electrode-skin interface is most often interrupted by a separation of some or all of the electrode interfacing material in contact with a patient's skin.
The electrode at hand is intended to have adhesive properties for maintaining contact with the skin as well as possessing a certain amount of elasticity for movement with the skin in addition to a uniform configuration for contact with the skin and the passage of uniform current densities to the skin. This electrode is intended to be easily handled and to have a long, realistic operating life while being non-irritating to the patient.
A stimulation electrode configuration 11 is shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b. Included in this configuration 11 is a conductive support and electrical current distibution member 13 which is cut, stamped or otherwise shaped out of a piece of metallic foil. The shape to which this conductive support member 13 is formed will depend upon the particular application in which it is used. Most commonly, as shown in the FIGS. 1a and 1b, this member 13 is rectangular in shape. The conductive support member 13 shown herein is of aluminum foil 6 mils thick. This foil thickness provides a pliable conductive support member 13 which can easily be pressed to conform to the skin surface of a patient while maintaining sufficient strength to perform the support function. Alternatively, this conductive support and current distribution member 13 may be made of wire mesh, conductive cloth or conductive polymer material. When an alternate material is used for this member 13, an appropriate strength and thickness is to be chosen to yield a pliable yet sufficiently strong member 13.
Secured to the outer surface of the support and distribution member 13 is an electrically conductive swaged snap fastener 15. This fastener 15 is utilized as the electrical connector coupling by which electrical wires may be attached to said distribution member 13. The fastener 15 is riveted or otherwise mechanically and electrically attached to said support and distribution member extending perpendicularly from the outer surface of said support and distribution member 13.
Abutting the inner surface of said support and distribution member 13 is an electrically conductive skininterface substrate 17. This substrate 17 is a layer of material which will be described below.
The substrate 17 is a rectangular sheet of material of uniform thickness of from 1/16 to 1/4 inch which is cut to shape so as to extend beyond each edge of the support and distribution member 13 a distance of about 1/8 inch when the support and distribution member 13 has been centered upon the substrate 17. This will assure that no part of the support member 13 will contact the skin. As will be discussed below, this substrate 17 has adhesive properties, thus, when brought into contact with the support and distribution member 13, intimate contact is maintained with that member 13.
In operation, the electrode 11 is applied with the substrate 17 in direct contact with the skin. The adhesive properties of the substrate 17 eliminate the need for tape or other securing measures to hold the electrode 11 in continuous contact with the skin. As described above, the fastener 15 receives electrical signals from an external apparatus. These signals are conducted into the support member 13 which in turn directly conducts them into the uniform substrate 17. In this manner, current densities are uniformly distributed over the area of the substrate 17 in contact with the support and distribution member 13 and in turn, uniformly transmitted to the skin surface in contact with the substrate 17.
A monitoring electrode configuration 19 is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b. In this configuration 19 as in the stimulation electrode configuration 11, a sheet of aluminum foil or equivalent material forms a conductive support member 21. The size, shape and thickness of this support member 21 may be varied; most commonly, it may be round, of about 1-11/2 inches in diameter and about 1-10 mils thick.
A swaged snap fastener 23 is riveted to the center of aluminum foil support member 21. Abutting the side of the support member 21 opposite the fastener 23 is a uniform sheet of conductive substrate 25. This substrate 25 is centered on the support member 21 being about 1/16 to 1/4 inch thick and of a size to extend about 1/8 inch beyond the edge of the support member 21. The substrate 25 can have identical physical, chemical and electrical properties as the substrate 17 used in the stimulation electrode 11.
In operation, electrical signals present in a patient's body are transmitted across the skin-substrate interface and into the substrate 25 where they are conducted to the support member 21, the fastener 23 and its associated wiring to the monitoring apparatus, respectively.
Primary to the unique structure of the electrodes 11, 19 for eliminating signal artifact, a disruption of the signal profile, is the ability of the substrate 17, 25 to adhere to the skin surface when there is motion between the electrode and the skin. The hydrophilic adhesive properties of the electrode enhance the interface transmission of signals. Motion of the electrode does not produce a feedback artifact as there occurs with the use of pastes and gels. The structure and composition of the substrate 17, 25 material enables it to possess physical, chemical and electrical properties which reduce or eliminate feedback artifact under motion by the electrode.
The substrate 17, 25 is a colloidal dispersion of a natural organic hydrophilic polysaccharide and salts in an alcohol as the continuous phase.
In its principal embodiment, the substrate 17, 25 is a sheet of karaya gum composition as sold commercially by Hollister, Inc., of Chicago, Ill. A patent assigned to Hollister covering this composition is U.S. Pat. No. 3,640,741. The composition is available in prepared sheet form and alternately, as a powder which must be mixed and cured. The composition contains karaya, glycerin, propylene glycol and other additives in the following proportions:
______________________________________ Nominal Amounts Range of of Ingredients Ingredients______________________________________Karaya 40 gm 30 to 60 gmGlycerin 57 gm 30 to 90 gmPropylene Glycol 3 cc 1 to 10 gmSodium Chloride .07 gm .01 to 1.5 gmWater 3 cc 1 to 10 gmCalcium Chloride .06 gm .01 to 1.5 gm______________________________________
This table shows that the hydrophilic polysaccharide (karaya) may be present in an amount of 21% to 65% and alternatively between 36% and 65% by weight. The hydric alcohol (glycerin) may be present in an amount of between 33% and 74% or between 33% and 52% by weight. The water may be present in an amount of at least about 0.6%, for example, 0.6% to 6.0% by weight. The electrolytic salt (sodium chloride) is shown to be at least about 0.006%, preferably, at least 0.016% (i.e., 0.006% to 0.9%). Propylene glycol is shown between 0.6% and 6.0%. The calcium chloride is shown to be present in an amount of 0.006% to 0.9% by weight.
The product is poured into sheets and heated under pressure to 175° F. for a length of time to form sheets of the substrate material.
The karaya composition is hydrophilic. When one of the substrates 17, 25, comprising this composition is applied to the skin, body moisture as well as body salts and heat are absorbed by this composition increasing its tackiness and causing the surface of the material to soften and to tend to go into solution. As a result, the substrate will flow into pores and other irregularities in the skin, creating a mechanical-interlock bond with the skin in addition to the already present adhesive bond. The bonding and elastic properties of the electrode are enhanced as it "ages" in contact with the skin.
The flow condition eliminates air spaces between the skin and the substrate-composition to greatly reduce the impedance across the interface which in turn greatly reduces the electrically generated heat normally created at this interface. While the surface portion of the substrate-composition will flow, the greater portion of its mass will remain intact. Thus, the material resists separation or the development of irregular thicknesses. As a result, two heat and/or burn producing conditions, i.e., a high resistance across the interface due to an air layer creating high temperatures over the entire interface, and a physical contact of the conductive support member 13, 21 directly with the skin creating a shunt of current to a small area thus generating extreme temperatures in that area, are avoided. The electrical transmission properties of the karaya gum electrode are enhanced as it "ages" in contact with the skin.
A secondary electrical effect is also improved as the electrode "ages." Present during the operation of all electrodes is a battery effect created at the skin interface due to the capacitance across this interface. This battery effect causes some current to circle backward toward its source of flow to create eddy currents. This causes a "tingling sensation" in the skin. With this electrode, as water and body salts are absorbed into the electrode substrate, the interface area becomes more ionically, i.e., electrically, homogeneous thus reducing the battery effect and the resulting "tingling sensation" causing eddy currents.
The above described karaya composition offers an electrode substrate with favorable properties having a limited life. After continuous use for 2 or 3 days, this karaya composition will break down or dissolve and run or separate much like the electrode pastes and gels it was intended to be an improvement over. The working life of this karaya composition can be extended by reducing body heat at the electrode.
An alternate embodiment offers an alternate karaya formulation which offers improved physical properties as well as a longer working life. Similar electrical characteristics are maintained with this alternate karaya formulation.
The alternate karaya formulation includes karaya powder in a glycerin suspension as well as particles of silicone rubber in the suspension. This alternate formulation provides an alternate composition containing a glycerin solution, powdered natural karaya gum within the working range of ingredients described above as well as the additional additive, Silastic*, according to the following proportions by weight: glycerin solution-82 grams; karaya powder-100 grams; Silastic*,-7 grams. Silastic* is a commercially available silicone rubber from Dow Corning. The glycerin solution contains sodium chloride, propylene glycol and glycerol according to the following proportions: sodium chloride-9 grams; propylene glycol-18 cc; glycerol-1000 cc.
To prepare this alternate compound, the solution and powders are mixed at room temperature and/or heated to 75° C. to cause the mixture to solidify into a pliable or plastic mass. This plastic mass is then rolled into sheets of desired size and thickness and allowed to cool or alternately poured into molds and then placed under pressure and heat until excess moisture is driven off and then cooled. The amount of heat applied to the mixture will depend upon the batch size being cured. Care should be taken to obtain a product mass which resists flow. This can be done by maintaining heat for longer periods of time.
The silicone rubber additive reduces the flow characteristics and increases the tensile strength of the colloidal dispersion as well as increasing its melting point or resistance to flow under heat, as compared to the original karaya compound without silicone rubber.
The alternate karaya compound embodiment may be directly used in place of the original karaya compound. It has similar electrical impedance properties as well as a number of similar chemical and physical properties. More specifically, an electrode combination comprising a sheet of this alternate karaya compound as the skin-interface substrate will adhere to the skin, and ply as the skin moves similarly to the original karaya compound. It has less impedance to electrical signals but has slightly less affinity for the moisture and salts from the skin. As moisture is absorbed, however, it will dissolve and flow into skin irregularities. This alternate compound will not dissolve as readily in the presence of water nor will it flow or break down as readily with the application of heat as the original karaya compound. Thus, this silicone enhanced compound has held up from one to two days longer than the original karaya formulation under similar operating conditions.
Other materials may be added to form an alternate karaya compound in place of the silicone rubber. These other substitute compounds will also enhance the mechanical properties of the original substrate compound by cross-linking karaya molecules, but to varying degrees. These cross-linking materials must form homogenous dispersion and have free radicals to react with karaya molecules. As an example, such materials may include gelatin, corn starch, cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, urethane, epoxy resins, certain polyesters and calcium salts.
Karaya gum being a natural organic polysaccharide will support microbe growth. It is important to add an antimicrobial to each compound to inhibit bacteria growth. Equally important, the substrate compound should be nonreactive with the patient's skin. Efforts should be directed to maintain a proper pH and to add only hypo-allergenic compounds to the mixture. The compound can be subjected to a heavy dosage of gamma radiation.
Additional variations may also be made in the electrode. An open cell sponge or similar material may be impregnated with the karaya compound. This sponge could be used to act as a support structure for shaping the karaya compound sheet for a particular use.
For other applications, the electrical fastener 15 and the method of making an electrical connection to the electrode could be changed. Instead of the fastener 15, a wire could be attached to the support member 13 in a "pig-tail" arrangement for mating an electrical cable away from the electrode structure itself. This pig-tail connection to the electrode would permit connecting the electrode without the possibility of disturbing its position on the skin.
Since many changes and many embodiments could be made to the above-described invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description be interpreted as illustrative and not in the imiting sense.
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US63500875A true | 1975-11-25 | 1975-11-25 | |
US78522577A true | 1977-04-06 | 1977-04-06 | |
US05/849,405 US4125110A (en) | 1975-11-25 | 1977-11-07 | Monitoring and stimulation electrode |
US06/206,160 USRE31454E (en) | 1975-11-25 | 1980-11-12 | Monitoring and stimulation electrode |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/206,160 USRE31454E (en) | 1975-11-25 | 1980-11-12 | Monitoring and stimulation electrode |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date | |
---|---|---|---|---|
US78522577A Continuation | 1977-04-06 | 1977-04-06 | ||
US05/849,405 Reissue US4125110A (en) | 1975-11-25 | 1977-11-07 | Monitoring and stimulation electrode |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
USRE31454E true USRE31454E (en) | 1983-12-06 |
Family
ID=34229405
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US06/206,160 Expired - Lifetime USRE31454E (en) | 1975-11-25 | 1980-11-12 | Monitoring and stimulation electrode |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | USRE31454E (en) |
Cited By (15)
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US5058589A (en) * | 1985-03-20 | 1991-10-22 | Arbo Medizin-Technologie Gmbh | Electrode for measuring body currents |
US5137032A (en) * | 1987-08-10 | 1992-08-11 | Harmon James V | Natural feeling flexible contraceptive device |
US5333621A (en) * | 1993-05-28 | 1994-08-02 | Eric Denzer | Condom with transdermal vasodilator |
US5362420A (en) * | 1991-11-15 | 1994-11-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Low impedance pressure sensitive adhesive composition and biomedical electrodes using same |
US5407368A (en) * | 1992-12-15 | 1995-04-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electrode connector |
US5454739A (en) * | 1992-12-15 | 1995-10-03 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electrode connector |
US5506059A (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1996-04-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Metallic films and articles using same |
US5566672A (en) * | 1994-01-03 | 1996-10-22 | Labeltape Meditect, Inc. | Biomedical electrode |
US5650060A (en) * | 1994-01-28 | 1997-07-22 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Ionically conductive agent, system for cathodic protection of galvanically active metals, and method and apparatus for using same |
US5660177A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1997-08-26 | Biofield Corp. | D.C. biopotential sensing electrode assemblies for apparatus for disease, injury and bodily condition screening or sensing |
US5800685A (en) * | 1996-10-28 | 1998-09-01 | Cardiotronics Systems, Inc. | Electrically conductive adhesive hydrogels |
US5823957A (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1998-10-20 | Biofield Corp | D.C. biopotential sensing electrode and electroconductive medium for use therein |
US5904712A (en) * | 1997-06-12 | 1999-05-18 | Axelgaard Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Current-controlling electrode |
US6800278B1 (en) | 1996-10-28 | 2004-10-05 | Ballard Medical Products, Inc. | Inherently antimicrobial quaternary amine hydrogel wound dressings |
US20110118806A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2011-05-19 | Alvaro Pascual-Leone | Device For Treating Human Vision Using Combined Optical And Electrical Stimulation |
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US5058589A (en) * | 1985-03-20 | 1991-10-22 | Arbo Medizin-Technologie Gmbh | Electrode for measuring body currents |
US5137032A (en) * | 1987-08-10 | 1992-08-11 | Harmon James V | Natural feeling flexible contraceptive device |
US5660177A (en) * | 1991-11-04 | 1997-08-26 | Biofield Corp. | D.C. biopotential sensing electrode assemblies for apparatus for disease, injury and bodily condition screening or sensing |
US5362420A (en) * | 1991-11-15 | 1994-11-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Low impedance pressure sensitive adhesive composition and biomedical electrodes using same |
US5407368A (en) * | 1992-12-15 | 1995-04-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electrode connector |
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US5650060A (en) * | 1994-01-28 | 1997-07-22 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Ionically conductive agent, system for cathodic protection of galvanically active metals, and method and apparatus for using same |
US5823957A (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1998-10-20 | Biofield Corp | D.C. biopotential sensing electrode and electroconductive medium for use therein |
US5800685A (en) * | 1996-10-28 | 1998-09-01 | Cardiotronics Systems, Inc. | Electrically conductive adhesive hydrogels |
US6800278B1 (en) | 1996-10-28 | 2004-10-05 | Ballard Medical Products, Inc. | Inherently antimicrobial quaternary amine hydrogel wound dressings |
US5904712A (en) * | 1997-06-12 | 1999-05-18 | Axelgaard Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Current-controlling electrode |
US20110118806A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2011-05-19 | Alvaro Pascual-Leone | Device For Treating Human Vision Using Combined Optical And Electrical Stimulation |
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