USH361H - Metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material (tungsten, columbium, lead and copper) - Google Patents
Metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material (tungsten, columbium, lead and copper) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USH361H USH361H US07/029,127 US2912787A USH361H US H361 H USH361 H US H361H US 2912787 A US2912787 A US 2912787A US H361 H USH361 H US H361H
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- samples
- rough
- polishing
- stage
- sample
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/32—Polishing; Etching
Definitions
- the standard metallographic preparation procedure for hard materials or soft materials does not produce satisfactory results for a composite material comprised of hard or refractory materials and soft materials.
- the standard polishing procedure when performed on a composite material using 0.3 micron alumina and 0.05 micron alumina on a microcloth on a polishing wheel rounded the refractory constituents and left them in relief, and the soft constituents were not scratch free. Thus, for microscopic examination and evaluation, a flat, scratch-free representative sample is required.
- An object of this invention is to provide a metallographic preparation procedure for obtaining a flat and scratch free surface of a representative sample of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material.
- a further object of this invention is to provide a metallographic preparation procedure for obtaining a flat and scratch free surface of a representative sample of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material comprised of a composite of the refractory metals tungsten and columbium and the soft metals lead and copper.
- the metallographic preparation technique comprises the use of four stages, and multiple steps of each stage, consisting of rough grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing, and final polishing to prepare a flat and scratch free surface of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy parent material for microscopic examination and evaluation.
- Representative samples for metallographic preparation are provided from pressed and sintered powder metallurgy composites having the composition shown in Table I.
- the representative samples of Table I contain hard and soft constituents.
- the hard constituents are refractory metals of tungsten and columbium, and the soft constituents are soft metals of copper and lead. All samples were selected and cut from parent material and encapsulated in epoxy resin prior to polishing, Stage A. The encapsulation enabled the sample to be held during grinding and polishing for the metallographic preparation technique disclosed by the additional Stages B-E and steps outlined below.
- the four additional stage procedures B-E are:
- Stage B rough grinding, is accomplished on a belt surfacer using a 120 grit silicon carbide belt with water and a soluble oil as a lubricant.
- Stage C fine grinding, is accomplished in four steps using from 240 grit silicon carbide in step 1 to 320 grit to 400 grit and 600 grit in steps 2,3, and 4 respectively using water lubricant.
- Stage D rough polishing employees a three step procedure which uses 7 micron, 3 micron, and 1 micron diamond bort paste respectively with cleaning between steps with liquid detergent and running water.
- Stage E final polishing, is accomplished by a two step procedure using on a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.3 micron alumina powder.
- Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water, and after final polishing step using 0.05 micron alumina powder and liquid detergent, sample is washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with alcohol and dried by hot air from heat gun. The sample is ready for microscopic examination.
- the metallographic preparation procedure for pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material samples comprises completing the four stage and multiple steps procedure defined below.
- Example I The powder metallurgy material and composition by weight for prepared samples for polishing are shown under Example I below.
- the parent materials contain hard and soft constituents.
- the hard constituents are refractory metals (tungsten and columbium), and the soft constituents are copper and lead.
- the samples are selected, cut from the parent material, and encapsulated in epoxy resin prior to polishing, Stage A.
- the metallographic preparation technique is divided into four (4) additional stages B-E as follows:
- Samples are rough ground on a belt surfacer using a 120 grit silicon carbide belt with water and a soluble oil as a lubricant.
- the purpose of this stage is to remove most of the disturbed metal resulting from the cutting operation, and to obtain a flat surface prior to the fine grinding stage. Samples are cleaned in running water after rough grinding.
- Fine grinding is accomplished in four steps with a pregrinder and lubricants as described:
- This stage is to obtain the best possible surface that is scratch-free, flat and relatively free of disturbed metal. Samples are cleaned after each grinding step with running water before proceeding to the next finer grit.
- the polishing operation is accomplished by lapping the face of the sample on a flat wheel which is cloth-covered and impregnated with the proper polishing media.
- the wheels are lubricated with a compatible fluid.
- Step 1 Rough polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with seven (7) micron diamond bort paste. Lapping oil is used as a lubricant. Medium to heavy pressure is applied for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of approximately 350-400 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
- Step 2 Polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with three (3) micron diamond bort paste. Lapping oil is again used as a lubricant. Medium to heavy pressure is applied for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of 350-400 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
- Step 3 Polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with one micron diamond bort paste. Lapping oil is again used as a lubricant. Medium pressure is applied for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of 350-400 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
- Step 1 Polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.3 micron alumina powder and a laboratory liquid detergent. Medium pressure is applied for approximately 15 seconds at a wheel speed of 600-700 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
- Step 2 The last step in the final polishing stage is accomplished by using a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.05 micron alumina powder and a liquid detergent. Light to medium pressure is applied for approximately 15-20 seconds at a wheel speed of 600-700 RPM. The sample is washed in warm running water, rinsed with alcohol and dried by hot air from a heat gun. The sample is ready for microscopic examination.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A metallographic preparation technique employs a grinding and polishing inour stages, and with multiple steps of each stage, to produce a flat, scratch-free representative sample of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material comprised of tungsten, lead, copper, and columbium.
The constituents, both hard and soft and in a predetermined weight percent range, are the hard constituents of tungsten and columbium and the soft constituents of lead and copper are finished to yield a sample suitable for microscopic and photomicrograph evaluations since the flatness of the sample and scratch-free surface permits viewing of the shape and size of the individual constituents. The standard prior art metallographic preparation procedure did not produce acceptable results because of the polishing procedure which rounded the refractory constituents and left them in relief. The soft constituents were not scratch free.
Description
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalties thereon.
The standard metallographic preparation procedure for hard materials or soft materials does not produce satisfactory results for a composite material comprised of hard or refractory materials and soft materials. The standard polishing procedure when performed on a composite material using 0.3 micron alumina and 0.05 micron alumina on a microcloth on a polishing wheel rounded the refractory constituents and left them in relief, and the soft constituents were not scratch free. Thus, for microscopic examination and evaluation, a flat, scratch-free representative sample is required.
An object of this invention is to provide a metallographic preparation procedure for obtaining a flat and scratch free surface of a representative sample of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material.
A further object of this invention is to provide a metallographic preparation procedure for obtaining a flat and scratch free surface of a representative sample of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material comprised of a composite of the refractory metals tungsten and columbium and the soft metals lead and copper.
The metallographic preparation technique comprises the use of four stages, and multiple steps of each stage, consisting of rough grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing, and final polishing to prepare a flat and scratch free surface of a pressed and sintered powder metallurgy parent material for microscopic examination and evaluation.
Representative samples for metallographic preparation are provided from pressed and sintered powder metallurgy composites having the composition shown in Table I.
TABLE I
______________________________________
Powder Metallurgy Material and -Composition by Weight Percent
Part Tungsten Lead Copper
Columbium
______________________________________
A 62.8 11.6 25.6 0
B 84 6 10 0
C 42.8 20.6 36.6 0
D 15 0 85 0
E 70 8 12 10
F 48 8 29 15
G 57 0 33 10
______________________________________
The representative samples of Table I contain hard and soft constituents. The hard constituents are refractory metals of tungsten and columbium, and the soft constituents are soft metals of copper and lead. All samples were selected and cut from parent material and encapsulated in epoxy resin prior to polishing, Stage A. The encapsulation enabled the sample to be held during grinding and polishing for the metallographic preparation technique disclosed by the additional Stages B-E and steps outlined below.
The four additional stage procedures B-E are:
Stage B, rough grinding, is accomplished on a belt surfacer using a 120 grit silicon carbide belt with water and a soluble oil as a lubricant.
Stage C, fine grinding, is accomplished in four steps using from 240 grit silicon carbide in step 1 to 320 grit to 400 grit and 600 grit in steps 2,3, and 4 respectively using water lubricant.
Stage D, rough polishing employees a three step procedure which uses 7 micron, 3 micron, and 1 micron diamond bort paste respectively with cleaning between steps with liquid detergent and running water.
Stage E, final polishing, is accomplished by a two step procedure using on a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.3 micron alumina powder. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water, and after final polishing step using 0.05 micron alumina powder and liquid detergent, sample is washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with alcohol and dried by hot air from heat gun. The sample is ready for microscopic examination.
The metallographic preparation procedure for pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material samples comprises completing the four stage and multiple steps procedure defined below.
The powder metallurgy material and composition by weight for prepared samples for polishing are shown under Example I below.
______________________________________
Part Tungsten Lead Copper
Columbium
______________________________________
A 62.8 11.6 25.6 0
B 84 6 10 0
C 42.8 20.6 36.6 0
D 15 0 85 0
E 70 8 12 10
F 48 8 29 15
G 57 0 33 10
______________________________________
The parent materials contain hard and soft constituents. The hard constituents are refractory metals (tungsten and columbium), and the soft constituents are copper and lead.
The samples are selected, cut from the parent material, and encapsulated in epoxy resin prior to polishing, Stage A.
The metallographic preparation technique is divided into four (4) additional stages B-E as follows:
B. Rough Grinding
C. Fine Grinding
D. Rough Polishing
E. Final Polishing
Stage B--Rough Grinding.
Samples are rough ground on a belt surfacer using a 120 grit silicon carbide belt with water and a soluble oil as a lubricant. The purpose of this stage is to remove most of the disturbed metal resulting from the cutting operation, and to obtain a flat surface prior to the fine grinding stage. Samples are cleaned in running water after rough grinding.
Stage C--Fine Grinding.
Fine grinding is accomplished in four steps with a pregrinder and lubricants as described:
______________________________________
Grit Paper Lubricant
______________________________________
Step 1 - 240 grit silicon carbide
Water
Step 2 - 320 grit silicon carbide
Water
Step 3 - 400 grit silicon carbide
Water
Step 4 - 600 grit silicon carbide
Water
______________________________________
The purpose of this stage is to obtain the best possible surface that is scratch-free, flat and relatively free of disturbed metal. Samples are cleaned after each grinding step with running water before proceeding to the next finer grit.
The polishing operation is accomplished by lapping the face of the sample on a flat wheel which is cloth-covered and impregnated with the proper polishing media. The wheels are lubricated with a compatible fluid.
Stage D--Rough Polishing.
Step 1. Rough polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with seven (7) micron diamond bort paste. Lapping oil is used as a lubricant. Medium to heavy pressure is applied for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of approximately 350-400 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
Step 2. Polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with three (3) micron diamond bort paste. Lapping oil is again used as a lubricant. Medium to heavy pressure is applied for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of 350-400 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
Step 3. Polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with one micron diamond bort paste. Lapping oil is again used as a lubricant. Medium pressure is applied for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of 350-400 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
Stage E--Final Polishing.
Step 1. Polishing is accomplished on a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.3 micron alumina powder and a laboratory liquid detergent. Medium pressure is applied for approximately 15 seconds at a wheel speed of 600-700 RPM. Sample is cleaned with liquid detergent and running water.
Step 2. The last step in the final polishing stage is accomplished by using a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.05 micron alumina powder and a liquid detergent. Light to medium pressure is applied for approximately 15-20 seconds at a wheel speed of 600-700 RPM. The sample is washed in warm running water, rinsed with alcohol and dried by hot air from a heat gun. The sample is ready for microscopic examination.
A microscopic examination and evaluation of the samples polished by the above procedure steps revealed the flatness and the shape and size of individual constituents. It is concluded from reviewing the photomicrograph at 200× magnification in the as-polished condition that the metallographic preparation procedure of this invention has overcome the problems observed for samples polished by the prior art procedure which routinely resulted in variations between hard and soft material surfaces of causing rounding for the refractory constituents and leaving the surfaces in a relief state having inequalities of surface elevations and producing a non-scratch free surface for the soft constituents.
Claims (2)
1. A method for metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powdered metallurgy parent material containing both hard and soft metals in a predetermined amount, said hard metals selected from the refractory metals consisting of tungsten and columbium and said soft metals selected from the soft metals consisting of copper and lead, said method comprising completing the preparation techniques set forth under stages A through E and completing processing steps defined thereunder as follows:
Stage A: providing suitable metallographic samples for microscopic examination and evaluation which comprises:
(i) providing samples cut from said parent material; and,
(ii) encapsulating said samples in epoxy resin which enables said samples to be held during grinding and polishing procedures;
Stage B: completing rough grinding said samples which comprises:
(i) grinding said samples on a belt surfacer using a 120 grit silicon carbide belt with water and soluble oil as a lubricant to obtain a flat surface prior to fine grinding stage; and,
(ii) cleaning said rough ground sample in running water;
Stage C completing fine grinding of said rough ground sample which comprises:
(i) fine grinding said rough ground sample using 240 grit silicon carbide paper and water lubricant so as to obtain the best possible surface that is scratch-free, flat and relatively free of disturbed metal; and,
(ii) cleaning said fine ground sample with running water;
(iii) continue said fine grinding using 320 grit silicon carbide paper and water lubricant so as to obtain the best possible surface that is scratch-free, flat and relatively free of disturbed metal; and,
(iv) cleaning said continued fine ground sample with running water;
(v) continue said fine grinding using 400 grit silicon carbide paper and water lubricant so as to obtain the best possible surface that is scratch-free, flat and relatively free of disturbed metal; and,
(vi) cleaning said continued fine ground sample with running water;
(vii) continue and completing said fine grinding using 600 grit silicon carbide paper and water lubricant so as to obtain the best possible surface that is scratch-free, flat and relatively free of disturbed metal; and,
(viii) cleaning said continued and completed fine ground sample with running water;
Stage D: completing rough polishing said fine ground samples which comprises:
(i) rough polishing said fine ground sample with a flat bronze polishing wheel covered with a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with seven micron diamond bort paste while employing laping oil as a lubricant and applying medium to heavy pressure for approximately 30 seconds at a wheel speed of 350-400 RPM; and,
(ii) cleaning said rough polished sample with liquid detergent and running water;
(iii) continue said rough polishing of said rough polished samples as defined under said stage D(i) while employing a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with three micron diamond bort paste instead of said woven nylon polishing cloth charged with seven micron diamond bort paste; and,
(iv) repeating said cleaning of said rough polished samples as defined under said stage D(ii);
(v) continue and completing said rough polishing of said rough polished samples as defined under said stage D(iii) while applying medium pressure and while employing a woven nylon polishing cloth charged with one micron diamond bort paste instead of said woven nylon polishing cloth charged with seven micron diamond bort paste; and,
(vi) repeating said cleaning of said rough polished samples as defined under said stage D(ii);
Stage E: completing final polishing said rough polished samples which comprises:
(i) polishing said rough polished samples with a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.3 micron alumina powder while employing a liquid detergent as a lubricant and while applying medium pressure for approximately 15 seconds at a wheel speed of 600-700 RPM; and
(ii) cleaning said final polished sample with liquid detergent and running water;
(iii) continue said final polishing said final polished and cleaned sample with a flat bronze wheel covered with a microcloth impregnated with a water slurry of 0.05 micron alumina powder while employing a liquid detergent as a lubricant and while applying medium pressure for approximately 15-20 seconds at a wheel speed of 600-700 RPM; and,
(iv) washing said final polished sampIe in warm running water, rinsing with alcohol, and drying by hot air from a heat gun to complete said metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powdered metallurgy samples for microscopic examination.
2. The method defined by claim 1 wherein said predetermined amount of hard metal tungsten varies from about 15 to about 84 weight percent; said predetermined amount of hard metal columbium varies from 0 to about 15 weight percent; said predetermined amount of soft metal lead varies from about 0 to about 20.6 weight percent; and said predetermined amount of soft metal copper varies from about 10 to about 85 weight percent.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/029,127 USH361H (en) | 1987-03-23 | 1987-03-23 | Metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material (tungsten, columbium, lead and copper) |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/029,127 USH361H (en) | 1987-03-23 | 1987-03-23 | Metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material (tungsten, columbium, lead and copper) |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| USH361H true USH361H (en) | 1987-11-03 |
Family
ID=21847382
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/029,127 Abandoned USH361H (en) | 1987-03-23 | 1987-03-23 | Metallographic preparation of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy material (tungsten, columbium, lead and copper) |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | USH361H (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5228177A (en) * | 1990-03-03 | 1993-07-20 | Herzog Maschinenfabrik Gmbh & Co. | Sample preparation system for iron and steel samples |
| US20040048552A1 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2004-03-11 | Kisboell Klaus | Multi-zone grinding and/or polishing sheet |
| CN103940747A (en) * | 2014-05-12 | 2014-07-23 | 西北有色金属研究院 | Method for observing TA7 titanium alloy metallographic structure |
| CN108535080A (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2018-09-14 | 华电国际电力股份有限公司技术服务中心 | A kind of metallurgical polishing method for making sample |
| CN111189684A (en) * | 2020-01-14 | 2020-05-22 | 中国能源建设集团北京电力建设有限公司 | On-site metallographic examination method |
-
1987
- 1987-03-23 US US07/029,127 patent/USH361H/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| AB Metal Digest (Buehler Ltd) 1973. |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5228177A (en) * | 1990-03-03 | 1993-07-20 | Herzog Maschinenfabrik Gmbh & Co. | Sample preparation system for iron and steel samples |
| US20040048552A1 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2004-03-11 | Kisboell Klaus | Multi-zone grinding and/or polishing sheet |
| US7004823B2 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2006-02-28 | Struers A/S | Multi-zone grinding and/or polishing sheet |
| CN103940747A (en) * | 2014-05-12 | 2014-07-23 | 西北有色金属研究院 | Method for observing TA7 titanium alloy metallographic structure |
| CN108535080A (en) * | 2018-03-27 | 2018-09-14 | 华电国际电力股份有限公司技术服务中心 | A kind of metallurgical polishing method for making sample |
| CN111189684A (en) * | 2020-01-14 | 2020-05-22 | 中国能源建设集团北京电力建设有限公司 | On-site metallographic examination method |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AS REPRESENTED BY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GOODWIN, EUGENE L.;REEL/FRAME:004741/0852 Effective date: 19870305 |
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Free format text: PATENTED CASE |