USH1076H - Lithium ion rechargeable intercallation cell - Google Patents

Lithium ion rechargeable intercallation cell Download PDF

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Publication number
USH1076H
USH1076H US07/625,181 US62518190A USH1076H US H1076 H USH1076 H US H1076H US 62518190 A US62518190 A US 62518190A US H1076 H USH1076 H US H1076H
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United States
Prior art keywords
lithiated
lithium
mixture
dimethyl carbonate
cell
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Abandoned
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US07/625,181
Inventor
Steven M. Slane
Donald L. Foster
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US Department of Army
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US Department of Army
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Priority to US07/625,181 priority Critical patent/USH1076H/en
Priority to CA002053746A priority patent/CA2053746A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to a lithium ion rechargeable intercalation cell and in particular to such a cell wherein the anode is a lithiated graphite, the cathode is a lithiated oxide, and the electrolyte is a solution of a lithium salt in a solvent that cycles both the lithiated graphite anode and the lithiated oxide cathode.
  • the class of lithium intercalating transition metal oxides are particularly attractive as active materials for positive electrodes of rechargeable lithium batteries because of their inherently high energy content and ability to reversibly intercalate lithium ions at remarkably high rates.
  • these materials are so highly oxidizing that very few electrolyte solvent combinations are stable with these electrodes.
  • most ether solvents that are used very effectively in lithium battery applications have too low an oxidation potential for an electrode such as Li x CoO 2 .
  • Some ester solvent based electrolytes have been found to perform well with the Li x CoO 2 cathode but the lithium anode cycling efficiency is typically low in these electrolytes.
  • the general object of this invention is to provide a current producing reversible lithium intercalating electrode cell for use in the application of energy storage.
  • a more particular object of the invention is to provide such a cell that is safer because it does not include free lithium.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a lithium intercalating electrochemical cell that produces energy safely and efficiently at moderate to high rates.
  • the present invention uses no metallic lithium anode but instead a second lithium ion intercalating negative electrode. Hence, all problems inherent in cycling metallic lithium are avoided.
  • the new cell contains a lithiated graphite anode, Li x C 6 , dimethyl carbonate, DMC, solvent based electrolyte and a lithiated transition metal oxide cathode.
  • the electrolyte includes a lithium salt (solute) in an organic solvent, DMC.
  • DMC is an ester that cycles lithium with both graphite and Li x CoO 2 .
  • Other ester solvent electrolytes that cycle lithium with the Li x CoO 2 cathode are not good solvents for the graphite anode.
  • Use of a lithiated graphite anode and Li x CoO 2 cathode with DMC based electrolyte as a rechargeable cell results in a safe power source with good electrochemical performance. This increased safety enables the construction of larger cells.
  • lithiated graphite, Li x C 6 has a low voltage versus lithium, there is very little voltage loss for its substitution of lithium as an anode material.
  • An electrolyte based on DMC has the advantage of being electrochemically stable with both the Li x C 6 anode and the Li x CoO 2 cathode.
  • a cathode of Li x CoO 2 has a high cycle life, excellent rate capabilities and has a high voltage versus lithium. This results in an efficient combination capable of delivering a high voltage cell.
  • FIG. 1 demonstrates the charge/discharge profiles of half cells with lithium of Li x CoO 2 and Li x C 6 in 1 m LiAsF 6 /DMC electrolyte.
  • FIG. 2 shows the cycle life of lithium with graphite in various solvent electrolytes.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the discharge profile of a Li x C 6 /Li x CoO 2 cell in lm LiAsF 6 /DMC.
  • FIG. 4 shows the cycle life of Li x C 6 /Li x CoO 2 cell in 1 m LiAsF 6 /DMC at various charge/discharge voltage ranges.
  • a typical graphite anode is fabricated by mixing 90 weight percent graphite with 10 weight percent binder such as teflon, where the weight percent of graphite or other carbons may range from 50 to 100 percent. This mixture is rolled onto a current collector such as nickel, stainless steel, or aluminum foil or screen.
  • the graphite electrode can be lithiated electrochemically using a lithium electrode or chemically.
  • the Li x C 6 electrode can have an X range between 0.1 and 1.0.
  • the electrolyte for the cell is about 1 m LiAsF 6 in DMC.
  • FIG. 1 demonstrates half cell charge/discharge profiles for Li/Li x CoO 2 and Li/Li x C 6 in 1 m LiAsF 6 /DMC. Each have flat profiles and a capacity of about 0.5 Faraday per mole.
  • the Li x C 6 electrode has an average voltage of 0.4 volt versus lithium that makes it a good anode material.
  • FIG. 2 is seen the excellent cyclability of the Li x C 6 electrode with lithium in DMC electrolyte compared to other solvents such as methyl formate, MF and methyl acetate, MA.
  • lithium salts can be used such as CF 3 SO 3 , LiClO 4 , or LiBF 4 .
  • Other solvents mixed with DMC may be substituted such as propylene carbonate, PC, MA, MF, acetonitrile, AN, diethyl carbonate, DEC, tetrahydrofuran, THF, ethyl carbonate, EC, and 2 methyl tetrahydrofuran, 2Me-THF.
  • the cathode includes a mix of 85 weight percent active material, Li x CoO 2 , 10 weight percent conductive diluent such as Vulcan VC-72 and 5 weight percent binder such as teflon.
  • the weight percent of active material may range from 60 to 95 percent.
  • the weight percent of conductive diluent may range from 0 to 30 percent and the weight percent of binder may range from 1 to 15 percent.
  • Other active materials may be used such as Li x NiO 2 , Li x MnO 2 , Li x CrO 2 , Li x FeO 2 , Li x V 2 O 5 and Li x V 6 O 13 .
  • Electrode mix is rolled into a nickel, stainless steel or aluminum screen or foil.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 A Li x C 6 /LiAsF 6 -DMC/LiCoO 2 cell is demonstrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • FIG. 3 shows a discharge curve for the system. The cell has an average discharge potential of 3.7 volts. Lithium is intercalated from LiCoO 2 to Li x C 6 on charge and returned on discharge.
  • FIG. 4 shows the cycle life of the system at various voltage ranges. A range of 4.1 volts to 1.0 volt appears to be the most stable.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

A lithium ion rechargeable intercallation cell is provided including a liated graphite anode, a lithiated oxide cathode, and a solution of a lithium salt in a solvent that cycles both the lithiated graphite anode and the lithiated oxide cathode as the electrolyte.

Description

GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates in general to a lithium ion rechargeable intercalation cell and in particular to such a cell wherein the anode is a lithiated graphite, the cathode is a lithiated oxide, and the electrolyte is a solution of a lithium salt in a solvent that cycles both the lithiated graphite anode and the lithiated oxide cathode.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The demand for energy storage devices with improved performance and safety characteristics has increased with the development of new technologies requiring batteries as power sources. A wide range of electrochemical characteristics must be accommodated for these new technologies. Some critical characteristics that power sources must accommodate are energy density, low temperature performance, high rate capability, low cost, reliability, and safety. A key objective is to develop a battery chemistry to meet required power source characteristics of new equipment technologies. An important objective in developing a practical rechargeable lithium battery is to have a cathode/anode combination that is stable with the electrolyte and provides energy with excellent cycle-life and rate capabilities.
The class of lithium intercalating transition metal oxides are particularly attractive as active materials for positive electrodes of rechargeable lithium batteries because of their inherently high energy content and ability to reversibly intercalate lithium ions at remarkably high rates. However, these materials are so highly oxidizing that very few electrolyte solvent combinations are stable with these electrodes. In particular, most ether solvents that are used very effectively in lithium battery applications have too low an oxidation potential for an electrode such as Lix CoO2. Some ester solvent based electrolytes have been found to perform well with the Lix CoO2 cathode but the lithium anode cycling efficiency is typically low in these electrolytes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The general object of this invention is to provide a current producing reversible lithium intercalating electrode cell for use in the application of energy storage. A more particular object of the invention is to provide such a cell that is safer because it does not include free lithium. Another object of the invention is to provide a lithium intercalating electrochemical cell that produces energy safely and efficiently at moderate to high rates.
It has now been found that the foregoing objects can be attained by a Lix C6 /Lix CoO2 anode/cathode couple in a dimethyl carbonate solvent electrolyte.
More particularly, the present invention uses no metallic lithium anode but instead a second lithium ion intercalating negative electrode. Hence, all problems inherent in cycling metallic lithium are avoided.
The new cell contains a lithiated graphite anode, Lix C6, dimethyl carbonate, DMC, solvent based electrolyte and a lithiated transition metal oxide cathode. The electrolyte includes a lithium salt (solute) in an organic solvent, DMC. DMC is an ester that cycles lithium with both graphite and Lix CoO2. Other ester solvent electrolytes that cycle lithium with the Lix CoO2 cathode are not good solvents for the graphite anode. Use of a lithiated graphite anode and Lix CoO2 cathode with DMC based electrolyte as a rechargeable cell results in a safe power source with good electrochemical performance. This increased safety enables the construction of larger cells. Also, because lithiated graphite, Lix C6, has a low voltage versus lithium, there is very little voltage loss for its substitution of lithium as an anode material.
An electrolyte based on DMC has the advantage of being electrochemically stable with both the Lix C6 anode and the Lix CoO2 cathode. A cathode of Lix CoO2 has a high cycle life, excellent rate capabilities and has a high voltage versus lithium. This results in an efficient combination capable of delivering a high voltage cell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 demonstrates the charge/discharge profiles of half cells with lithium of Lix CoO2 and Lix C6 in 1 m LiAsF6 /DMC electrolyte.
FIG. 2 shows the cycle life of lithium with graphite in various solvent electrolytes.
FIG. 3 illustrates the discharge profile of a Lix C6 /Lix CoO2 cell in lm LiAsF6 /DMC.
FIG. 4 shows the cycle life of Lix C6 /Lix CoO2 cell in 1 m LiAsF6 /DMC at various charge/discharge voltage ranges.
In the search for a lithium intercalating electrochemical system that produces energy safely and efficiently at moderate to high rates, it has been found that a Lix C6 /Lix CoO2 anode/cathode couple in DMC solvent electrolyte can produce desired results.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A typical graphite anode is fabricated by mixing 90 weight percent graphite with 10 weight percent binder such as teflon, where the weight percent of graphite or other carbons may range from 50 to 100 percent. This mixture is rolled onto a current collector such as nickel, stainless steel, or aluminum foil or screen. The graphite electrode can be lithiated electrochemically using a lithium electrode or chemically. The Lix C6 electrode can have an X range between 0.1 and 1.0.
The electrolyte for the cell is about 1 m LiAsF6 in DMC. FIG. 1 demonstrates half cell charge/discharge profiles for Li/Lix CoO2 and Li/Lix C6 in 1 m LiAsF6 /DMC. Each have flat profiles and a capacity of about 0.5 Faraday per mole. The Lix C6 electrode has an average voltage of 0.4 volt versus lithium that makes it a good anode material. In FIG. 2 is seen the excellent cyclability of the Lix C6 electrode with lithium in DMC electrolyte compared to other solvents such as methyl formate, MF and methyl acetate, MA. In addition, other lithium salts can be used such as CF3 SO3, LiClO4, or LiBF4. Other solvents mixed with DMC may be substituted such as propylene carbonate, PC, MA, MF, acetonitrile, AN, diethyl carbonate, DEC, tetrahydrofuran, THF, ethyl carbonate, EC, and 2 methyl tetrahydrofuran, 2Me-THF.
The cathode includes a mix of 85 weight percent active material, Lix CoO2, 10 weight percent conductive diluent such as Vulcan VC-72 and 5 weight percent binder such as teflon. The weight percent of active material may range from 60 to 95 percent. The weight percent of conductive diluent may range from 0 to 30 percent and the weight percent of binder may range from 1 to 15 percent. Other active materials may be used such as Lix NiO2, Lix MnO2, Lix CrO2, Lix FeO2, Lix V2 O5 and Lix V6 O13. Other conductive diluents such as Shawinigan Acetylene Black, graphites, or other conductive materials may be used. In addition, other binders such as polyolefins or elastomers may be substituted for teflon. The electrode mix is rolled into a nickel, stainless steel or aluminum screen or foil.
A Lix C6 /LiAsF6 -DMC/LiCoO2 cell is demonstrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 3 shows a discharge curve for the system. The cell has an average discharge potential of 3.7 volts. Lithium is intercalated from LiCoO2 to Lix C6 on charge and returned on discharge. FIG. 4 shows the cycle life of the system at various voltage ranges. A range of 4.1 volts to 1.0 volt appears to be the most stable.
We wish it to be understood that we do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction as described for obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.

Claims (3)

What is claimed is:
1. A lithium ion rechargeable intercallation cell comprising a lithiated graphite anode, a lithiated oxide cathode, and a solution of a lithium salt in a solvent that cycles lithium with both the lithiated graphite anode and the lithiated oxide cathode as the electrolyte.
2. A cell according to claim 1 wherein the lithiated graphite anode is Lix C6, wherein the lithiated oxide cathode is selected from the group consisting of Lix CoO2, Lix NiO2, Lix MnO2, Lix CrO2, Lix FeO2, Lix V2 O5, and Lix V6 O13, wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of LiAsF6, LiCF3 SO3, LiClO4, and LiBF4, and wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with propylene carbonate, a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with methyl acetate, a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with methyl formate, a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with acetonitrile, a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with diethyl carbonate, a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with tetrahydrofuran, a mixture of dimethylcarbonate with ethyl carbonate, and a mixture of dimethyl carbonate with 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran.
3. A cell according to claim 2 wherein the lithiated graphite anode is Lix C6, wherein the lithiated oxide cathode is Lix CoO2, and wherein the electrolyte is about 1 molar LiAsF6 in dimethyl carbonate.
US07/625,181 1990-12-10 1990-12-10 Lithium ion rechargeable intercallation cell Abandoned USH1076H (en)

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CA002053746A CA2053746A1 (en) 1990-12-10 1991-10-18 Lithium ion rechargeable intercallation cell

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0541889A1 (en) * 1991-11-12 1993-05-19 Sanyo Electric Co., Limited. Lithium secondary battery
EP0582410A1 (en) * 1992-07-27 1994-02-09 Sanyo Electric Co., Limited. Secondary battery
US5316876A (en) * 1991-07-18 1994-05-31 Yuasa Battery Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
EP0614240A1 (en) * 1993-03-02 1994-09-07 Saft Rechargeable lithium containing electrochemical generator
EP0622862A1 (en) * 1993-04-28 1994-11-02 Sony Corporation Secondary battery having non-aqueous electrolyte
WO1996024957A1 (en) * 1995-02-10 1996-08-15 Arthur D. Little, Inc. Electrolytic cell using small particle graphite and electrolytic process
US5686138A (en) * 1991-11-12 1997-11-11 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
US6042964A (en) * 1998-02-20 2000-03-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Thermally regenerative battery with intercalatable electrodes and selective heating means
US6153336A (en) * 1997-08-27 2000-11-28 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5316876A (en) * 1991-07-18 1994-05-31 Yuasa Battery Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
US5686138A (en) * 1991-11-12 1997-11-11 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
EP0541889A1 (en) * 1991-11-12 1993-05-19 Sanyo Electric Co., Limited. Lithium secondary battery
US5993997A (en) * 1991-11-12 1999-11-30 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd Lithium secondary battery
US5882818A (en) * 1991-11-12 1999-03-16 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
EP0582410A1 (en) * 1992-07-27 1994-02-09 Sanyo Electric Co., Limited. Secondary battery
US5352548A (en) * 1992-07-27 1994-10-04 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Secondary battery
EP0614240A1 (en) * 1993-03-02 1994-09-07 Saft Rechargeable lithium containing electrochemical generator
WO1994020999A1 (en) * 1993-03-02 1994-09-15 Saft Lithium rechargeable electrochemical generator
US5561005A (en) * 1993-04-28 1996-10-01 Sony Corporation Secondary battery having non-aqueous electrolyte
EP0622862A1 (en) * 1993-04-28 1994-11-02 Sony Corporation Secondary battery having non-aqueous electrolyte
WO1996024957A1 (en) * 1995-02-10 1996-08-15 Arthur D. Little, Inc. Electrolytic cell using small particle graphite and electrolytic process
US6153336A (en) * 1997-08-27 2000-11-28 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. Lithium secondary battery
US6042964A (en) * 1998-02-20 2000-03-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Thermally regenerative battery with intercalatable electrodes and selective heating means

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