US9554151B2 - Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US9554151B2
US9554151B2 US14/530,519 US201414530519A US9554151B2 US 9554151 B2 US9554151 B2 US 9554151B2 US 201414530519 A US201414530519 A US 201414530519A US 9554151 B2 US9554151 B2 US 9554151B2
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
video
picture
video picture
value
pictures
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US14/530,519
Other versions
US20150117541A1 (en
Inventor
Barin Geoffry Haskell
David William Singer
Adriana Dumitras
Atul Puri
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Apple Inc
Original Assignee
Apple Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Apple Inc filed Critical Apple Inc
Priority to US14/530,519 priority Critical patent/US9554151B2/en
Publication of US20150117541A1 publication Critical patent/US20150117541A1/en
Priority to US15/377,885 priority patent/US10123037B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US9554151B2 publication Critical patent/US9554151B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/513—Processing of motion vectors
    • H04N19/517—Processing of motion vectors by encoding
    • H04N19/52—Processing of motion vectors by encoding by predictive encoding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/103—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode
    • H04N19/107—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode between spatial and temporal predictive coding, e.g. picture refresh
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/124—Quantisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/13—Adaptive entropy coding, e.g. adaptive variable length coding [AVLC] or context adaptive binary arithmetic coding [CABAC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/132—Sampling, masking or truncation of coding units, e.g. adaptive resampling, frame skipping, frame interpolation or high-frequency transform coefficient masking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/136—Incoming video signal characteristics or properties
    • H04N19/137—Motion inside a coding unit, e.g. average field, frame or block difference
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/136—Incoming video signal characteristics or properties
    • H04N19/137—Motion inside a coding unit, e.g. average field, frame or block difference
    • H04N19/139—Analysis of motion vectors, e.g. their magnitude, direction, variance or reliability
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H04N19/15—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output by monitoring actual compressed data size at the memory before deciding storage at the transmission buffer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H04N19/152—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output by measuring the fullness of the transmission buffer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/157—Assigned coding mode, i.e. the coding mode being predefined or preselected to be further used for selection of another element or parameter
    • H04N19/159—Prediction type, e.g. intra-frame, inter-frame or bidirectional frame prediction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/17—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object
    • H04N19/176—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object the region being a block, e.g. a macroblock
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/189—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/196—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding being specially adapted for the computation of encoding parameters, e.g. by averaging previously computed encoding parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/40—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using video transcoding, i.e. partial or full decoding of a coded input stream followed by re-encoding of the decoded output stream
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
    • H04N19/463—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process by compressing encoding parameters before transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/48—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using compressed domain processing techniques other than decoding, e.g. modification of transform coefficients, variable length coding [VLC] data or run-length data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/513—Processing of motion vectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/577—Motion compensation with bidirectional frame interpolation, i.e. using B-pictures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/587—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal sub-sampling or interpolation, e.g. decimation or subsequent interpolation of pictures in a video sequence
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/625—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding using discrete cosine transform [DCT]
    • H04N7/50—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/17—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object
    • H04N19/172—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object the region being a picture, frame or field

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of multimedia compression systems.
  • the present invention discloses methods and systems for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing with reduced requirements for processor intensive division operation.
  • Digital based electronic media formats are finally on the cusp of largely replacing analog electronic media formats.
  • Digital compact discs (CDs) replaced analog vinyl records long ago.
  • Analog magnetic cassette tapes are becoming increasingly rare.
  • Second and third generation digital audio systems such as Mini-discs and MP3 (MPEG Audio-layer 3) are now taking market share from the first generation digital audio format of compact discs.
  • the video media formats have been slower to move to digital storage and digital transmission formats than audio media.
  • the reason for this slower digital adoption has been largely due to the massive amounts of digital information required to accurately represent acceptable quality video in digital form and the fast processing capabilities needed to encode compressed video.
  • the massive amounts of digital information needed to accurately represent video require very high-capacity digital storage systems and high-bandwidth transmission systems.
  • DVD Digital Versatile Disc
  • VCR Video-Cassette Recorders
  • Computer systems have been using various different digital video encoding formats for a number of years. Specifically, computer systems have employed different video coder/decoder methods for compressing and encoding or decompressing and decoding digital video, respectively.
  • a video coder/decoder method in hardware or software implementation, is commonly referred to as a “CODEC”.
  • MPEG Motion Pictures Expert Group
  • MPEG-1 Motion Pictures Expert Group
  • MPEG-2 Motion Pictures Expert Group
  • MPEG-4 the three most well known and highly used digital video formats from MPEG are known simply as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4.
  • VideoCDs (VCDs) and early consumer-grade digital video editing systems use the early MPEG-1 digital video encoding format.
  • Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) and the Dish Network brand Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) television broadcast system use the higher quality MPEG-2 digital video compression and encoding system.
  • the MPEG-4 encoding system is rapidly being adapted by the latest computer based digital video encoders and associated digital video players.
  • the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards compress a series of video frames or video fields and then encode the compressed frames or fields into a digital bitstream.
  • the video frame or field is divided into a rectangular grid of pixelblocks. Each pixelblock is independently compressed and encoded.
  • the MPEG-4 standard may compress the frame or field into one of three types of compressed frames or fields: Infra-frames (I-frames), Unidirectional Predicted frames (P-frames), or Bi-Directional Predicted frames (B-frames).
  • I-frames Infra-frames
  • P-frames Unidirectional Predicted frames
  • B-frames Bi-Directional Predicted frames
  • Intra-frames completely independently encode an independent video frame with no reference to other video frames.
  • P-frames define a video frame with reference to a single previously displayed video frame.
  • B-frames define a video frame with reference to both a video frame displayed before the current frame and a video frame to be displayed after the current frame. Due to their efficient usage of redundant video information, P-frames and B-frames generally provide the best compression.
  • a method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a video codec is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner without requiring an excessive number of division operations.
  • a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first display time difference between a first video picture and a second video picture by a power of two scale value. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Next, the system determines a scaled ratio by dividing that scaled numerator by a second first display time difference between said second video picture and a third video picture. The scaled ratio is then stored to be used later for calculating motion vector estimations. By storing the scaled ratio, all the estimated motion vectors can be calculated quickly with good precision since the scaled ratio saves significant bits and reducing the scale is performed by simple shifts thus eliminating the need for time consuming division operations.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of one possible digital video encoder system.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a series of video pictures in the order that the pictures should be displayed wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the video pictures from FIG. 2 listed in a preferred transmission order of pictures wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation.
  • FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a series of video pictures wherein the distances between video pictures that reference each other are chosen to be powers of two.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of a typical digital video encoder 100 as is well known in the art.
  • the digital video encoder 100 receives an incoming video stream of video frames 105 at the left of the block diagram.
  • the digital video encoder 100 partitions each video frame into a grid of pixelblocks.
  • the pixelblocks are individually compressed.
  • Various different sizes of pixelblocks may be used by different video encoding systems. For example, different pixelblock resolutions include 8 ⁇ 8, 8 ⁇ 4, 16 ⁇ 8, 4 ⁇ 4, etc.
  • pixelblocks are occasionally referred to as ‘macroblocks.’ This document will use the term pixelblock to refer to any block of pixels of any size.
  • a Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) unit 110 processes each pixelblock in the video frame.
  • the frame may be processed independently (an intra-frame) or with reference to information from other frames received from the motion compensation unit (an inter-frame).
  • a Quantizer (Q) unit 120 quantizes the information from the Discrete Cosine Transformation unit 110 .
  • the quantized video frame is then encoded with an entropy encoder (H) unit 180 to produce an encoded bitstream.
  • the entropy encoder (H) unit 180 may use a variable length coding (VLC) system.
  • VLC variable length coding
  • an inter-frame encoded video frame is defined with reference to other nearby video frames
  • the digital video encoder 100 needs to create a copy of how each decoded frame will appear within a digital video decoder such that inter-frames may be encoded.
  • the lower portion of the digital video encoder 100 is actually a digital video decoder system.
  • an inverse quantizer (Q ⁇ 1 ) unit 130 reverses the quantization of the video frame information
  • an inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT ⁇ 1 ) unit 140 reverses the Discrete Cosine Transformation of the video frame information.
  • the motion compensation unit After all the DCT coefficients are reconstructed from inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT ⁇ 1 ) unit 140 , the motion compensation unit will use that information, along with the motion vectors, to reconstruct the encoded video frame. The reconstructed video frame is then used as the reference frame for the motion estimation of the later frames.
  • DCT ⁇ 1 inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation
  • the decoded video frame may then be used to encode inter-frames (P-frames or B-frames) that are defined relative to information in the decoded video frame.
  • a motion compensation (MC) unit 150 and a motion estimation (ME) unit 160 are used to determine motion vectors and generate differential values used to encode inter-frames.
  • a rate controller 190 receives information from many different components in a digital video encoder 100 and uses the information to allocate a bit budget for each video frame.
  • the rate controller 190 should allocate the bit budget in a manner that will generate the highest quality digital video bit stream that that complies with a specified set of restrictions. Specifically, the rate controller 190 attempts to generate the highest quality compressed video stream without overflowing buffers (exceeding the amount of available memory in a video decoder by sending more information than can be stored) or underflowing buffers (not sending video frames fast enough such that a video decoder runs out of video frames to display).
  • the time between successive video pictures may not be constant.
  • video pictures may be dropped because of transmission bandwidth constraints.
  • the video timing may also vary due to camera irregularity or special effects such as slow motion or fast motion.
  • the original video source may simply have non-uniform inter-picture times by design.
  • synthesized video such as computer graphic animations may have non-uniform timing since no arbitrary video timing is imposed by a uniform timing video capture system such as a video camera system.
  • a flexible digital video encoding system should be able to handle non-uniform video picture timing.
  • a pixelblock may be one of three types:
  • the video picture is an Intra-frame. If a video picture only includes unidirectional predicted macro blocks or intra-pixelblocks, then the video picture is known as a P-frame. If the video picture contains any bi-directional predicted pixelblocks, then the video picture is known as a B-frame. For the simplicity, this document will consider the case where all pixelblocks within a given picture are of the same type.
  • An example sequence of video pictures to be encoded might be represented as:
  • the letter (I, P, or B) represents if the video picture is an I-frame, P-frame, or B-frame and the number represents the camera order of the video picture in the sequence of video pictures.
  • the camera order is the order in which a camera recorded the video pictures and thus is also the order in which the video pictures should be displayed (the display order).
  • FIG. 2 The previous example series of video pictures is graphically illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • the arrows indicate that pixelblocks from a stored picture (I-frame or P-frame in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other pictures.
  • Video picture P 5 is a P-frame that uses video information from previous video picture I 1 in its coding such that an arrow is drawn from video picture I 1 to video picture P 5 .
  • Video picture B 2 , video picture B 3 , video picture B 4 all use information from both video picture I 1 and video picture P 5 in their coding such that arrows are drawn from video picture I 1 and video picture P 5 to video picture B 2 , video picture B 3 , and video picture B 4 .
  • the inter-picture times are, in general, not the same.
  • the transmission order is usually different than the display order. Specifically, video pictures that are needed to construct other video pictures should be transmitted first. For the above sequence, the transmission order might be:
  • FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the preceding transmission order of the video pictures from FIG. 2 .
  • the arrows in the figure indicate that pixelblocks from a stored video picture (I or P in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other video pictures.
  • the system first transmits I-frame I 1 which does not depend on any other frame.
  • the system transmits P-frame video picture P 5 that depends upon video picture I 1 .
  • the system transmits B-frame video picture B 2 after video picture P 5 even though video picture B 2 will be displayed before video picture P 5 .
  • the reason for this is that when it comes time to decode video picture B 2 , the decoder will have already received and stored the information in video pictures I 1 and P 5 necessary to decode video picture B 2 .
  • video pictures I 1 and P 5 are ready to be used to decode subsequent video picture B 3 and video picture B 4 .
  • the receiver/decoder reorders the video picture sequence for proper display. In this operation I and P pictures are often referred to as stored pictures.
  • the coding of the P-frame pictures typically utilizes Motion Compensation, wherein a Motion Vector is computed for each pixelblock in the picture. Using the computed motion vector, a prediction pixelblock (P-pixelblock) can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-frame picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission.
  • Motion Compensation wherein a Motion Vector is computed for each pixelblock in the picture.
  • a prediction pixelblock can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-frame picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission.
  • the coding of P-Pictures typically utilize Motion Compensation (MC), wherein a Motion Vector (MV) pointing to a location in a previous picture is computed for each pixelblock in the current picture.
  • MV Motion Vector
  • a prediction pixelblock can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-Picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission.
  • Each motion vector may also be transmitted via predictive coding.
  • a motion vector prediction may be formed using nearby motion vectors. In such a case, then the difference between the actual motion vector and the motion vector prediction is coded for transmission.
  • Each B-pixelblock uses two motion vectors: a first motion vector referencing the aforementioned previous video picture and a second motion vector referencing the future video picture. From these two motion vectors, two prediction pixelblocks are computed. The two predicted pixelblocks are then combined together, using some function, to form a final predicted pixelblock. As above, the difference between the actual pixelblock in the B-frame picture and the final predicted pixelblock is then encoded for transmission.
  • each motion vector (MV) of a B-pixelblock may be transmitted via predictive coding. Specifically, a predicted motion vector is formed using nearby motion vectors. Then, the difference between the actual motion vector and the predicted is coded for transmission.
  • This motion vector interpolation works particularly well on video pictures from a video sequence where a camera is slowly panning across a stationary background. In fact, such motion vector interpolation may be good enough to be used alone. Specifically, this means that no differential information needs be calculated or transmitted for these B-pixelblock motion vectors encoded using interpolation.
  • This scenario may be generalized, as for example in the H.264 standard.
  • a P or B picture may use any previously transmitted picture for its motion vector prediction.
  • picture B 3 may use picture I 1 and picture B 2 in its prediction.
  • motion vectors may be extrapolated, not just interpolated.
  • MV 3,1 MV 2,1 *D 3,1 /D 2,1
  • Such motion vector extrapolation may also be used in the prediction process for predictive coding of motion vectors.
  • variable inter-picture display times of video sequences should be encoded and transmitted in a manner that renders it possible to obtain a very high coding efficiency and has selectable accuracy such that it meets the requirements of a video decoder.
  • the encoding system should simplify the tasks for the decoder such that relatively simple computer systems can decode the digital video.
  • variable inter-picture display times are potentially needed in a number of different video encoding systems in order to compute differential motion vectors, Direct Mode motion vectors, and/or Implicit B Prediction Block Weighting.
  • time references are used for two purposes:
  • N-M the difference between the frame position N in decode order and the frame position M in the display order, i.e., N-M.
  • timestamps or other time references would not be required.
  • temporal distances would be useful if the temporal distances could be related to the interpolation distance. However, this may not be true if the motion is non-linear. Therefore, sending parameters other than temporal information for motion vector interpolation seems more appropriate.
  • timing In terms of systems, one can expect that a typical video CODEC is part of a larger system where the video CODEC coexists with other video (and audio) CODECs.
  • good system layering and design requires that general functions, which are logically CODEC-independent such as timing, be handled by the layer outside the CODEC.
  • the management of timing by the system and not by each CODEC independently is critical to achieving consistent handling of common functions such as synchronization. For instance in systems that handle more than one stream simultaneously, such as a video/audio presentation, timing adjustments may sometimes be needed within the streams in order to keep the different streams synchronized.
  • timing adjustments may be needed to keep synchronization with the remote system.
  • timing adjustments may be achieved using time stamps.
  • time stamps that are linked by means of “Sender Reports” from the transmitter and supplied in RTP in the RTP layer for each stream may be used for synchronization.
  • Sender reports may take the form of:
  • Video RTP TimeStamp X is aligned with reference timestamp Y
  • Audio RTP TimeStamp W is aligned with reference timestamp Z
  • the wall-clock rate of the reference timestamps is known, allowing the two streams to be aligned.
  • these timestamp references arrive both periodically and separately for the two streams, and they may cause some needed re-alignment of the two streams. This is generally achieved by adjusting the video stream to match the audio or vice-versa.
  • System handling of time stamps should not affect the values of the pixels being displayed. More generally, system handling of temporal information should be performed outside the CODEC.
  • the problem in the case of non uniform inter-picture times is to transmit the inter-picture display time values D i,j to the digital video receiver in an efficient manner.
  • One method of accomplishing this goal is to have the system transmit the display time difference between the current picture and the most recently transmitted stored picture for each picture after the first picture. For error resilience, the transmission could be repeated several times within the picture. For example, the display time difference may be repeated in the slice headers of the MPEG or H.264 standards. If all slice headers are lost, then presumably other pictures that rely on the lost picture for decoding information cannot be decoded either.
  • FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a case wherein the distances between pictures are chosen to be powers of two.
  • the advantage of this approach is that the decoder only needs to compute Z 5,4 once per picture or in many cases the decoder may pre-compute and store the Z value. This allows the decoder to avoid having to divide by D 5,1 for every motion vector in the picture such that motion vector interpolation may be done much more efficiently.
  • the decoder may perform exactly the same as the motion vector interpolation as the encoder thus avoiding any mismatch problems that might otherwise arise.
  • motion vector interpolation may not be used. However, it is still necessary to transmit the display order of the video pictures to the receiver/player system such that the receiver/player system will display the video pictures in the proper order. In this case, simple signed integer values for D i,j suffice irrespective of the actual display times. In some applications only the sign (positive or negative) may be needed to reconstruct the picture ordering.
  • the inter-picture times D i,j may simply be transmitted as simple signed integer values. However, many methods may be used for encoding the D i,j values to achieve additional compression. For example, a sign bit followed by a variable length coded magnitude is relatively easy to implement and provides coding efficiency.
  • UVLC Universal Variable Length Code
  • Another method of encoding the inter-picture times may be to use arithmetic coding.
  • arithmetic coding utilizes conditional probabilities to effect a very high compression of the data bits.
  • the present invention introduces a simple but powerful method of encoding and transmitting inter-picture display times and methods for decoding those inter-picture display times for use in motion vector estimation.
  • the encoding of inter-picture display times can be made very efficient by using variable length coding or arithmetic coding.
  • a desired accuracy can be chosen to meet the needs of the video codec, but no more.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Discrete Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)

Abstract

A method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a digital video system is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner. In one embodiment, a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first display time difference between a first video picture and a second video picture by a power of two scale value. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Next, the system determines a scaled ratio by dividing that scaled numerator by a second first display time difference between said second video picture and a third video picture. The scaled ratio is then stored calculating motion vector estimations. By storing the scaled ratio, all the estimated motion vectors can be calculated quickly with good precision since the scaled ratio saves significant bits and reducing the scale is performed by simple shifts.

Description

CLAIM OF BENEFIT TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS
This Application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/161,486, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VARIABLE ACCURACY INTER-PICTURE TIMING SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL ENCODING WITH REDUCED REQUIREMENTS FOR DIVISION OPERATIONS,” filed Jun. 15, 2011. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/161,486 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/621,977, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,077,779, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VARIABLE ACCURACY INTER-PICTURE TIMING SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL VIDEO ENCODING WITH REDUCED REQUIREMENTS FOR DIVISION OPERATIONS,” filed Jan. 10, 2007. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/621,977 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/792,514, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,339,991, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VARIABLE ACCURACY INTER-PICTURE TIMING SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL VIDEO ENCODING WITH REDUCED REQUIREMENTS FOR DIVISION OPERATIONS,” filed Mar. 2, 2004. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/792,514 is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,773, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,728,315, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VARIABLE ACCURACY INTER-PICTURE TIMING SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL VIDEO ENCODING WITH REDUCED REQUIREMENTS FOR DIVISION OPERATIONS,” filed Dec. 6, 2002. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,773 claims the benefit under title 35, United States Code, Section 119(e) to the U.S. Provisional Patent Application having Ser. No. 60/398,625 filed Jul. 24, 2002. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/161,486, US patent application Ser. No. 11/621,977, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,077,779, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/792,514, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,339,991, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/313,773, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,728,315 are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of multimedia compression systems. In particular the present invention discloses methods and systems for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing with reduced requirements for processor intensive division operation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Digital based electronic media formats are finally on the cusp of largely replacing analog electronic media formats. Digital compact discs (CDs) replaced analog vinyl records long ago. Analog magnetic cassette tapes are becoming increasingly rare. Second and third generation digital audio systems such as Mini-discs and MP3 (MPEG Audio-layer 3) are now taking market share from the first generation digital audio format of compact discs.
The video media formats have been slower to move to digital storage and digital transmission formats than audio media. The reason for this slower digital adoption has been largely due to the massive amounts of digital information required to accurately represent acceptable quality video in digital form and the fast processing capabilities needed to encode compressed video. The massive amounts of digital information needed to accurately represent video require very high-capacity digital storage systems and high-bandwidth transmission systems.
However, video is now rapidly moving to digital storage and transmission formats. Faster computer processors, high-density storage systems, and new efficient compression and encoding algorithms have finally made digital video transmission and storage practical at consumer price points. The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), a digital video system, has been one of the fastest selling consumer electronic products in years. DVDs have been rapidly supplanting Video-Cassette Recorders (VCRs) as the pre-recorded video playback system of choice due to their high video quality, very high audio quality, convenience, and extra features. The antiquated analog NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) video transmission system is currently in the process of being replaced with the digital ATSC (Advanced Television Standards Committee) video transmission system.
Computer systems have been using various different digital video encoding formats for a number of years. Specifically, computer systems have employed different video coder/decoder methods for compressing and encoding or decompressing and decoding digital video, respectively. A video coder/decoder method, in hardware or software implementation, is commonly referred to as a “CODEC”.
Among the best digital video compression and encoding systems used by computer systems have been the digital video systems backed by the Motion Pictures Expert Group commonly known by the acronym MPEG. The three most well known and highly used digital video formats from MPEG are known simply as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4. VideoCDs (VCDs) and early consumer-grade digital video editing systems use the early MPEG-1 digital video encoding format. Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) and the Dish Network brand Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) television broadcast system use the higher quality MPEG-2 digital video compression and encoding system. The MPEG-4 encoding system is rapidly being adapted by the latest computer based digital video encoders and associated digital video players.
The MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards compress a series of video frames or video fields and then encode the compressed frames or fields into a digital bitstream. When encoding a video frame or field with the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 systems, the video frame or field is divided into a rectangular grid of pixelblocks. Each pixelblock is independently compressed and encoded.
When compressing a video frame or field, the MPEG-4 standard may compress the frame or field into one of three types of compressed frames or fields: Infra-frames (I-frames), Unidirectional Predicted frames (P-frames), or Bi-Directional Predicted frames (B-frames). Intra-frames completely independently encode an independent video frame with no reference to other video frames. P-frames define a video frame with reference to a single previously displayed video frame. B-frames define a video frame with reference to both a video frame displayed before the current frame and a video frame to be displayed after the current frame. Due to their efficient usage of redundant video information, P-frames and B-frames generally provide the best compression.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a video codec is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner without requiring an excessive number of division operations.
In one embodiment, a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first display time difference between a first video picture and a second video picture by a power of two scale value. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Next, the system determines a scaled ratio by dividing that scaled numerator by a second first display time difference between said second video picture and a third video picture. The scaled ratio is then stored to be used later for calculating motion vector estimations. By storing the scaled ratio, all the estimated motion vectors can be calculated quickly with good precision since the scaled ratio saves significant bits and reducing the scale is performed by simple shifts thus eliminating the need for time consuming division operations.
Other objects, features, and advantages of present invention will be apparent from the company drawings and from the following detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art, in view of the following detailed description in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of one possible digital video encoder system.
FIG. 2 illustrates a series of video pictures in the order that the pictures should be displayed wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation.
FIG. 3 illustrates the video pictures from FIG. 2 listed in a preferred transmission order of pictures wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation.
FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a series of video pictures wherein the distances between video pictures that reference each other are chosen to be powers of two.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A method and system for specifying Variable Accuracy Inter-Picture Timing in a multimedia compression and encoding system with reduced requirements for division operations is disclosed. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in order to practice the present invention. For example, the present invention has been described with reference to the MPEG multimedia compression and encoding system. However, the same techniques can easily be applied to other types of compression and encoding systems.
Multimedia Compression and Encoding Overview
FIG. 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of a typical digital video encoder 100 as is well known in the art. The digital video encoder 100 receives an incoming video stream of video frames 105 at the left of the block diagram. The digital video encoder 100 partitions each video frame into a grid of pixelblocks. The pixelblocks are individually compressed. Various different sizes of pixelblocks may be used by different video encoding systems. For example, different pixelblock resolutions include 8×8, 8×4, 16×8, 4×4, etc. Furthermore, pixelblocks are occasionally referred to as ‘macroblocks.’ This document will use the term pixelblock to refer to any block of pixels of any size.
A Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) unit 110 processes each pixelblock in the video frame. The frame may be processed independently (an intra-frame) or with reference to information from other frames received from the motion compensation unit (an inter-frame). Next, a Quantizer (Q) unit 120 quantizes the information from the Discrete Cosine Transformation unit 110. Finally, the quantized video frame is then encoded with an entropy encoder (H) unit 180 to produce an encoded bitstream. The entropy encoder (H) unit 180 may use a variable length coding (VLC) system.
Since an inter-frame encoded video frame is defined with reference to other nearby video frames, the digital video encoder 100 needs to create a copy of how each decoded frame will appear within a digital video decoder such that inter-frames may be encoded. Thus, the lower portion of the digital video encoder 100 is actually a digital video decoder system. Specifically, an inverse quantizer (Q−1) unit 130 reverses the quantization of the video frame information and an inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT−1) unit 140 reverses the Discrete Cosine Transformation of the video frame information. After all the DCT coefficients are reconstructed from inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT−1) unit 140, the motion compensation unit will use that information, along with the motion vectors, to reconstruct the encoded video frame. The reconstructed video frame is then used as the reference frame for the motion estimation of the later frames.
The decoded video frame may then be used to encode inter-frames (P-frames or B-frames) that are defined relative to information in the decoded video frame. Specifically, a motion compensation (MC) unit 150 and a motion estimation (ME) unit 160 are used to determine motion vectors and generate differential values used to encode inter-frames.
A rate controller 190 receives information from many different components in a digital video encoder 100 and uses the information to allocate a bit budget for each video frame. The rate controller 190 should allocate the bit budget in a manner that will generate the highest quality digital video bit stream that that complies with a specified set of restrictions. Specifically, the rate controller 190 attempts to generate the highest quality compressed video stream without overflowing buffers (exceeding the amount of available memory in a video decoder by sending more information than can be stored) or underflowing buffers (not sending video frames fast enough such that a video decoder runs out of video frames to display).
Digital Video Encoding with Pixelblocks
In some video signals the time between successive video pictures (frames or fields) may not be constant. (Note: This document will use the term video pictures to generically refer to video frames or video fields.) For example, some video pictures may be dropped because of transmission bandwidth constraints. Furthermore, the video timing may also vary due to camera irregularity or special effects such as slow motion or fast motion. In some video streams, the original video source may simply have non-uniform inter-picture times by design. For example, synthesized video such as computer graphic animations may have non-uniform timing since no arbitrary video timing is imposed by a uniform timing video capture system such as a video camera system. A flexible digital video encoding system should be able to handle non-uniform video picture timing.
As previously set forth, most digital video encoding systems partition video pictures into a rectangular grid of pixelblocks. Each individual pixelblock in a video picture is independently compressed and encoded. Some video coding standards, e.g., ISO MPEG or ITU H.264, use different types of predicted pixelblocks to encode video pictures. In one scenario, a pixelblock may be one of three types:
    • 1. I-pixelblock—An Intra (I) pixelblock uses no information from any other video pictures in its coding (it is completely self-defined);
    • 2. P-pixelblock—A unidirectionally predicted (P) pixelblock refers to picture information from one preceding video picture; or
    • 3. B-pixelblock—A bi-directional predicted (B) pixelblock uses information from one preceding picture and one future video picture.
If all the pixelblocks in a video picture are Intra-pixelblocks, then the video picture is an Intra-frame. If a video picture only includes unidirectional predicted macro blocks or intra-pixelblocks, then the video picture is known as a P-frame. If the video picture contains any bi-directional predicted pixelblocks, then the video picture is known as a B-frame. For the simplicity, this document will consider the case where all pixelblocks within a given picture are of the same type.
An example sequence of video pictures to be encoded might be represented as:
I1 B2 B3 B4 P5 B6 B7 B8 B9 P10 B11 P12 B13 I14 . . . .
where the letter (I, P, or B) represents if the video picture is an I-frame, P-frame, or B-frame and the number represents the camera order of the video picture in the sequence of video pictures. The camera order is the order in which a camera recorded the video pictures and thus is also the order in which the video pictures should be displayed (the display order).
The previous example series of video pictures is graphically illustrated in FIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 2, the arrows indicate that pixelblocks from a stored picture (I-frame or P-frame in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other pictures.
In the scenario of FIG. 2, no information from other pictures is used in the encoding of the intra-frame video picture I1. Video picture P5 is a P-frame that uses video information from previous video picture I1 in its coding such that an arrow is drawn from video picture I1 to video picture P5. Video picture B2, video picture B3, video picture B4 all use information from both video picture I1 and video picture P5 in their coding such that arrows are drawn from video picture I1 and video picture P5 to video picture B2, video picture B3, and video picture B4. As stated above the inter-picture times are, in general, not the same.
Since B-pictures use information from future pictures (pictures that will be displayed later), the transmission order is usually different than the display order. Specifically, video pictures that are needed to construct other video pictures should be transmitted first. For the above sequence, the transmission order might be:
I1 P5 B2 B3 B4 P10 B6 B7 B8 B9 P12 B11 I14 B13 . . . .
FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the preceding transmission order of the video pictures from FIG. 2. Again, the arrows in the figure indicate that pixelblocks from a stored video picture (I or P in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other video pictures.
Referring to FIG. 3, the system first transmits I-frame I1 which does not depend on any other frame. Next, the system transmits P-frame video picture P5 that depends upon video picture I1. Next, the system transmits B-frame video picture B2 after video picture P5 even though video picture B2 will be displayed before video picture P5. The reason for this is that when it comes time to decode video picture B2, the decoder will have already received and stored the information in video pictures I1 and P5 necessary to decode video picture B2. Similarly, video pictures I1 and P5 are ready to be used to decode subsequent video picture B3 and video picture B4. The receiver/decoder reorders the video picture sequence for proper display. In this operation I and P pictures are often referred to as stored pictures.
The coding of the P-frame pictures typically utilizes Motion Compensation, wherein a Motion Vector is computed for each pixelblock in the picture. Using the computed motion vector, a prediction pixelblock (P-pixelblock) can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-frame picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission.
P-Pictures
The coding of P-Pictures typically utilize Motion Compensation (MC), wherein a Motion Vector (MV) pointing to a location in a previous picture is computed for each pixelblock in the current picture. Using the motion vector, a prediction pixelblock can be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual pixelblock in the P-Picture and the prediction pixelblock is then coded for transmission.
Each motion vector may also be transmitted via predictive coding. For example, a motion vector prediction may be formed using nearby motion vectors. In such a case, then the difference between the actual motion vector and the motion vector prediction is coded for transmission.
B-Pictures
Each B-pixelblock uses two motion vectors: a first motion vector referencing the aforementioned previous video picture and a second motion vector referencing the future video picture. From these two motion vectors, two prediction pixelblocks are computed. The two predicted pixelblocks are then combined together, using some function, to form a final predicted pixelblock. As above, the difference between the actual pixelblock in the B-frame picture and the final predicted pixelblock is then encoded for transmission.
As with P-pixelblocks, each motion vector (MV) of a B-pixelblock may be transmitted via predictive coding. Specifically, a predicted motion vector is formed using nearby motion vectors. Then, the difference between the actual motion vector and the predicted is coded for transmission.
However, with B-pixelblocks the opportunity exists for interpolating motion vectors from motion vectors in the nearest stored picture pixelblock. Such motion vector interpolation is carried out both in the digital video encoder and the digital video decoder.
This motion vector interpolation works particularly well on video pictures from a video sequence where a camera is slowly panning across a stationary background. In fact, such motion vector interpolation may be good enough to be used alone. Specifically, this means that no differential information needs be calculated or transmitted for these B-pixelblock motion vectors encoded using interpolation.
To illustrate further, in the above scenario let us represent the inter-picture display time between pictures i and j as Di,j, i.e., if the display times of the pictures are Ti and Tj, respectively, then
D i,j =T i −T j
from which it follows that
D i,k =D i,j +D j,k
D i,k =−D k,i
Note that Di,j may be negative in some cases.
Thus, if MV5,1 is a motion vector for a P5 pixelblock as referenced to then for the corresponding pixelblocks in B2, B3 and B4 the motion vectors as referenced to I1 and P5, respectively would be interpolated by
MV2,1=MV5,1 *D 2,1 /D 5,1
MV5,2=MV5,1 *D 5,2 /D 5,1
MV3,1=MV5,1 *D 3,1 /D 5,1
MV5,3=MV5,1 *D 5,3 /D 5,1
MV4,1=MV5,1 *D 4,4 /D 5,1
MV5,4=MV5,1 *D 5,4 /D 5,1
Note that since ratios of display times are used for motion vector prediction, absolute display times are not needed. Thus, relative display times may be used for Di,j inter-picture display time values.
This scenario may be generalized, as for example in the H.264 standard. In the generalization, a P or B picture may use any previously transmitted picture for its motion vector prediction. Thus, in the above case picture B3 may use picture I1 and picture B2 in its prediction. Moreover, motion vectors may be extrapolated, not just interpolated. Thus, in this case we would have:
MV3,1=MV2,1 *D 3,1 /D 2,1
Such motion vector extrapolation (or interpolation) may also be used in the prediction process for predictive coding of motion vectors.
Encoding Inter-Picture Display Times
The variable inter-picture display times of video sequences should be encoded and transmitted in a manner that renders it possible to obtain a very high coding efficiency and has selectable accuracy such that it meets the requirements of a video decoder. Ideally, the encoding system should simplify the tasks for the decoder such that relatively simple computer systems can decode the digital video.
The variable inter-picture display times are potentially needed in a number of different video encoding systems in order to compute differential motion vectors, Direct Mode motion vectors, and/or Implicit B Prediction Block Weighting.
The problem of variable inter-picture display times in video sequences is intertwined with the use of temporal references. Ideally, the derivation of correct pixel values in the output pictures in a video CODEC should be independent of the time at which that picture is decoded or displayed. Hence, timing issues and time references should be resolved outside the CODEC layer.
There are both coding-related and systems-related reasons underlying the desired time independence. In a video CODEC, time references are used for two purposes:
(1) To establish an ordering for reference picture selection; and
(2) To interpolate motion vectors between pictures.
To establish an ordering for reference picture selection, one may simply send a relative position value. For example, the difference between the frame position N in decode order and the frame position M in the display order, i.e., N-M. In such an embodiment, timestamps or other time references would not be required. To interpolate motion vectors, temporal distances would be useful if the temporal distances could be related to the interpolation distance. However, this may not be true if the motion is non-linear. Therefore, sending parameters other than temporal information for motion vector interpolation seems more appropriate.
In terms of systems, one can expect that a typical video CODEC is part of a larger system where the video CODEC coexists with other video (and audio) CODECs. In such multi-CODEC systems, good system layering and design requires that general functions, which are logically CODEC-independent such as timing, be handled by the layer outside the CODEC. The management of timing by the system and not by each CODEC independently is critical to achieving consistent handling of common functions such as synchronization. For instance in systems that handle more than one stream simultaneously, such as a video/audio presentation, timing adjustments may sometimes be needed within the streams in order to keep the different streams synchronized. Similarly, in a system that handles a stream from a remote system with a different clock timing adjustments may be needed to keep synchronization with the remote system. Such timing adjustments may be achieved using time stamps. For example, time stamps that are linked by means of “Sender Reports” from the transmitter and supplied in RTP in the RTP layer for each stream may be used for synchronization. These sender reports may take the form of:
Video RTP TimeStamp X is aligned with reference timestamp Y
Audio RTP TimeStamp W is aligned with reference timestamp Z
Wherein the wall-clock rate of the reference timestamps is known, allowing the two streams to be aligned. However, these timestamp references arrive both periodically and separately for the two streams, and they may cause some needed re-alignment of the two streams. This is generally achieved by adjusting the video stream to match the audio or vice-versa. System handling of time stamps should not affect the values of the pixels being displayed. More generally, system handling of temporal information should be performed outside the CODEC.
A Specific Example
As set forth in the previous section, the problem in the case of non uniform inter-picture times is to transmit the inter-picture display time values Di,j to the digital video receiver in an efficient manner. One method of accomplishing this goal is to have the system transmit the display time difference between the current picture and the most recently transmitted stored picture for each picture after the first picture. For error resilience, the transmission could be repeated several times within the picture. For example, the display time difference may be repeated in the slice headers of the MPEG or H.264 standards. If all slice headers are lost, then presumably other pictures that rely on the lost picture for decoding information cannot be decoded either.
Thus, with reference to the example of the preceding section, a system would transmit the following inter-picture display time values:
D5,1 D2,5 D3,5 D4,5 D10,5 D6,10 D7,10 D8,10 D9,10 D12,10 D11,12 D14,12 D13,14 . . . .
For the purpose of motion vector estimation, the accuracy requirements for the inter-picture display times Di,j may vary from picture to picture. For example, if there is only a single B-frame picture B6 halfway between two P-frame pictures P5 and P7, then it suffices to send only:
D 7,5=2 and D 6,7=−1
where the Di,j inter-picture display time values are relative time values.
If, instead, video picture B6 is only one quarter the distance between video picture P5 and video picture P7 then the appropriate Di,j inter-picture display time values to send would be:
D 7,5=4 and D 6,7=−1
Note that in both of the preceding examples, the display time between the video picture B6 and video picture video picture P7 (inter-picture display time D6,7) is being used as the display time “unit” value. In the most recent example, the display time difference between video picture P5 and picture video picture P7 (inter-picture display time D6,7) is four display time “units” (4*D6,7).
Improving Decoding Efficiency
In general, motion vector estimation calculations are greatly simplified if divisors are powers of two. This is easily achieved in our embodiment if Di,j (the inter-picture time) between two stored pictures is chosen to be a power of two as graphically illustrated in FIG. 4. Alternatively, the estimation procedure could be defined to truncate or round all divisors to a power of two.
In the case where an inter-picture time is to be a power of two, the number of data bits can be reduced if only the integer power (of two) is transmitted instead of the full value of the inter-picture time. FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a case wherein the distances between pictures are chosen to be powers of two. In such a case, the D3,1 display time value of 2 between video picture P1 and picture video picture P3 is transmitted as 1 (since 21=2) and the D7,3 display time value of 4 between video picture P7 and picture video picture P3 can be transmitted as 2 (since 22=4).
Alternatively, the motion vector interpolation of extrapolation operation can be approximated to any desired accuracy by scaling in such a way that the denominator is a power of two. (With a power of two in the denominator division may be performed by simply shifting the bits in the value to be divided.) For example,
D 5,4 /D 5,1 ˜Z 5,4 /P
Where the value P is a power of two and Z5,4=P*D5,4/D5,1 is rounded or truncated to the nearest integer. The value of P may be periodically transmitted or set as a constant for the system. In one embodiment, the value of P is set as P=28=256.
The advantage of this approach is that the decoder only needs to compute Z5,4 once per picture or in many cases the decoder may pre-compute and store the Z value. This allows the decoder to avoid having to divide by D5,1 for every motion vector in the picture such that motion vector interpolation may be done much more efficiently. For example, the normal motion vector calculation would be:
MV5,4=MV5,1 *D 5,4 /D 5,1
But if we calculate and store Z5,4 wherein Z5,4=P*D5,4/D5,1 then
MV5,4=MV5,1 *Z 5,4 /P
But since the P value has been chosen to be a power of two, the division by P is merely a simple shift of the bits. Thus, only a single multiplication and a single shift are required to calculate motion vectors for subsequent pixelblocks once the Z value has been calculated for the video picture. Furthermore, the system may keep the accuracy high by performing all divisions last such that significant bits are not lost during the calculation. In this manner, the decoder may perform exactly the same as the motion vector interpolation as the encoder thus avoiding any mismatch problems that might otherwise arise.
Since division (except for division by powers of two) is a much more computationally intensive task for a digital computer system than addition or multiplication, this approach can greatly reduce the computations required to reconstruct pictures that use motion vector interpolation or extrapolation.
In some cases, motion vector interpolation may not be used. However, it is still necessary to transmit the display order of the video pictures to the receiver/player system such that the receiver/player system will display the video pictures in the proper order. In this case, simple signed integer values for Di,j suffice irrespective of the actual display times. In some applications only the sign (positive or negative) may be needed to reconstruct the picture ordering.
The inter-picture times Di,j may simply be transmitted as simple signed integer values. However, many methods may be used for encoding the Di,j values to achieve additional compression. For example, a sign bit followed by a variable length coded magnitude is relatively easy to implement and provides coding efficiency.
One such variable length coding system that may be used is known as UVLC (Universal Variable Length Code). The UVLC variable length coding system is given by the code words:
1=1
2=0 1 0
3=0 1 1
4=0 0 1 0 0
5=0 0 1 0 1
6=0 0 1 1 0
7=0 0 1 1 1
8=0 0 0 1 0 0 0 . . . .
Another method of encoding the inter-picture times may be to use arithmetic coding. Typically, arithmetic coding utilizes conditional probabilities to effect a very high compression of the data bits.
Thus, the present invention introduces a simple but powerful method of encoding and transmitting inter-picture display times and methods for decoding those inter-picture display times for use in motion vector estimation. The encoding of inter-picture display times can be made very efficient by using variable length coding or arithmetic coding. Furthermore, a desired accuracy can be chosen to meet the needs of the video codec, but no more.
The foregoing has described a system for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing in a multimedia compression and encoding system. It is contemplated that changes and modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, to the materials and arrangements of elements of the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (8)

We claim:
1. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a computer program that is executable by at least one processor, the computer program for processing a stream comprising first, second and third video pictures, the computer program comprising sets of instructions for:
computing a scaling value that is based on (i) a particular power of two value, (ii) a first order difference value between an order value for the third video picture and an order value for the first video picture, and (iii) a second order difference value between an order value for the second video picture and the order value for the first video picture;
computing a motion vector associated with the second video picture by bit-shifting a product of the scaling value and a motion vector associated with the third video picture, wherein a number of bits shifted by said bit-shifting is based on said particular power of two value; and
decoding the second video picture by using the computed motion vector.
2. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein an order value for a video picture is representative of a temporal relationship for the video picture with respect to another video picture.
3. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein an order value for a video picture is representative of a position for the video picture in a sequence of video pictures.
4. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 3, wherein the sequence is a sequence for outputting video pictures.
5. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the scaling value is directly proportional to the second order difference value.
6. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the scaling value is inversely proportional to the first order difference value.
7. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein the order value for the second video picture is derived from a value stored in a slice header that is associated with the second video picture.
8. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 1, wherein computing the motion vector associated with the second video picture comprises performing a mathematical operation that is equivalent to performing a multiplication operation and a division operation by said particular power of two value.
US14/530,519 2002-07-24 2014-10-31 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations Expired - Lifetime US9554151B2 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/530,519 US9554151B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-10-31 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US15/377,885 US10123037B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2016-12-13 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US39862502P 2002-07-24 2002-07-24
US10/313,773 US6728315B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2002-12-06 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US10/792,514 US7339991B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2004-03-02 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements of division operations
US11/621,977 US8077779B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,486 US8953693B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US14/530,519 US9554151B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-10-31 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/161,486 Continuation US8953693B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/377,885 Continuation US10123037B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2016-12-13 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20150117541A1 US20150117541A1 (en) 2015-04-30
US9554151B2 true US9554151B2 (en) 2017-01-24

Family

ID=32505842

Family Applications (20)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/313,773 Expired - Lifetime US6728315B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2002-12-06 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US10/792,514 Active 2025-04-04 US7339991B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2004-03-02 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements of division operations
US11/621,979 Active 2026-04-24 US8094729B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/621,977 Active 2026-03-01 US8077779B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/621,980 Active 2026-04-24 US8090023B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/779,615 Active 2030-05-16 US8009736B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-07-18 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/779,660 Active 2025-10-03 US8009737B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-07-18 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,491 Expired - Lifetime US8837603B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,481 Active 2025-03-21 US8934546B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,494 Expired - Lifetime US8817880B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,480 Active 2025-04-03 US8938008B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,476 Active 2024-12-07 US8885732B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,484 Active 2025-04-02 US8934551B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,473 Expired - Lifetime US8824565B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,474 Expired - Lifetime US8817888B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,482 Active 2025-04-03 US8934547B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,478 Active 2025-04-08 US8942287B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,486 Active 2025-05-03 US8953693B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US14/530,519 Expired - Lifetime US9554151B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-10-31 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US15/377,885 Expired - Lifetime US10123037B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2016-12-13 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Family Applications Before (18)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/313,773 Expired - Lifetime US6728315B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2002-12-06 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US10/792,514 Active 2025-04-04 US7339991B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2004-03-02 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements of division operations
US11/621,979 Active 2026-04-24 US8094729B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/621,977 Active 2026-03-01 US8077779B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/621,980 Active 2026-04-24 US8090023B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-01-10 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/779,615 Active 2030-05-16 US8009736B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-07-18 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US11/779,660 Active 2025-10-03 US8009737B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2007-07-18 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,491 Expired - Lifetime US8837603B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,481 Active 2025-03-21 US8934546B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,494 Expired - Lifetime US8817880B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,480 Active 2025-04-03 US8938008B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,476 Active 2024-12-07 US8885732B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,484 Active 2025-04-02 US8934551B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,473 Expired - Lifetime US8824565B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,474 Expired - Lifetime US8817888B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,482 Active 2025-04-03 US8934547B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,478 Active 2025-04-08 US8942287B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US13/161,486 Active 2025-05-03 US8953693B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-06-15 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/377,885 Expired - Lifetime US10123037B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2016-12-13 Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (20) US6728315B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1579689A4 (en)
JP (3) JP2006509463A (en)
KR (1) KR100804335B1 (en)
CN (2) CN101242536B (en)
AU (2) AU2003258142B2 (en)
BR (1) BR0316175A (en)
CA (2) CA2784948A1 (en)
NO (1) NO20052764L (en)
WO (1) WO2004054257A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10154277B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2018-12-11 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding

Families Citing this family (70)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100396892B1 (en) * 2000-10-05 2003-09-03 삼성전자주식회사 Video MP3 system, apparatus and method for generating reduced video data, and apparatus and method for restoring the reduced video data
US20050117642A1 (en) * 2002-06-28 2005-06-02 Kiyofumi Abe Moving picture coding method, decoding method, data stream, data recording medium and program
US6728315B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2004-04-27 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8254461B2 (en) * 2002-07-24 2012-08-28 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US7426306B1 (en) * 2002-10-24 2008-09-16 Altera Corporation Efficient use of keyframes in video compression
US6831868B2 (en) * 2002-12-05 2004-12-14 Intel Corporation Byte aligned redundancy for memory array
KR100598093B1 (en) * 2003-01-29 2006-07-07 삼성전자주식회사 Apparatus and method with low memory bandwidth for video data compression
US7471726B2 (en) * 2003-07-15 2008-12-30 Microsoft Corporation Spatial-domain lapped transform in digital media compression
US7724827B2 (en) 2003-09-07 2010-05-25 Microsoft Corporation Multi-layer run level encoding and decoding
US7369709B2 (en) * 2003-09-07 2008-05-06 Microsoft Corporation Conditional lapped transform
US8351514B2 (en) * 2004-01-16 2013-01-08 General Instrument Corporation Method, protocol, and apparatus for transporting advanced video coding content
US20050207490A1 (en) * 2004-03-18 2005-09-22 Wang Jason N Stored picture index for AVC coding
KR100693598B1 (en) * 2004-09-08 2007-03-14 주식회사 팬택앤큐리텔 Wireless communication terminal and its method for generating moving picture using image and Wireless communication using the same
US20060105166A1 (en) * 2004-11-17 2006-05-18 Lischefski Andrew J Breathable packaging film having enhanced thermoformability
US7471850B2 (en) * 2004-12-17 2008-12-30 Microsoft Corporation Reversible transform for lossy and lossless 2-D data compression
US7305139B2 (en) * 2004-12-17 2007-12-04 Microsoft Corporation Reversible 2-dimensional pre-/post-filtering for lapped biorthogonal transform
US7428342B2 (en) * 2004-12-17 2008-09-23 Microsoft Corporation Reversible overlap operator for efficient lossless data compression
US7751478B2 (en) * 2005-01-21 2010-07-06 Seiko Epson Corporation Prediction intra-mode selection in an encoder
US20060217027A1 (en) * 2005-03-25 2006-09-28 Martuccio Michael C Method and apparatus for fan expressing participation in sporting events
US7852353B1 (en) * 2005-03-31 2010-12-14 Apple Inc. Encoding a transparency (alpha) channel in a video bitstream
US8437392B2 (en) * 2005-04-15 2013-05-07 Apple Inc. Selective reencoding for GOP conformity
US7669130B2 (en) 2005-04-15 2010-02-23 Apple Inc. Dynamic real-time playback
US20060233237A1 (en) * 2005-04-15 2006-10-19 Apple Computer, Inc. Single pass constrained constant bit-rate encoding
US7912349B1 (en) 2005-04-25 2011-03-22 Apple Inc. Validating frame dependency information
US7885338B1 (en) 2005-04-25 2011-02-08 Apple Inc. Decoding interdependent frames of a video for display
US7710426B1 (en) 2005-04-25 2010-05-04 Apple Inc. Buffer requirements reconciliation
US8442126B1 (en) 2005-06-14 2013-05-14 Apple Inc. Synchronizing audio and video content through buffer wrappers
US7830961B2 (en) * 2005-06-21 2010-11-09 Seiko Epson Corporation Motion estimation and inter-mode prediction
US8036274B2 (en) * 2005-08-12 2011-10-11 Microsoft Corporation SIMD lapped transform-based digital media encoding/decoding
TWI297994B (en) * 2005-12-08 2008-06-11 Inst Information Industry Encoder, method for adjusting decoding calculation, and computer readable record medium therefor
US7843995B2 (en) * 2005-12-19 2010-11-30 Seiko Epson Corporation Temporal and spatial analysis of a video macroblock
US8170102B2 (en) * 2005-12-19 2012-05-01 Seiko Epson Corporation Macroblock homogeneity analysis and inter mode prediction
JP5125329B2 (en) * 2007-08-31 2013-01-23 富士通セミコンダクター株式会社 Encoding apparatus and encoding method, and decoding apparatus and decoding method
KR102139535B1 (en) 2007-10-16 2020-07-30 엘지전자 주식회사 A method and an apparatus for processing a video signal
US8369638B2 (en) 2008-05-27 2013-02-05 Microsoft Corporation Reducing DC leakage in HD photo transform
US8447591B2 (en) * 2008-05-30 2013-05-21 Microsoft Corporation Factorization of overlapping tranforms into two block transforms
WO2009148412A1 (en) * 2008-06-06 2009-12-10 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Methods and devices for estimating motion in a plurality of frames
US20090304086A1 (en) * 2008-06-06 2009-12-10 Apple Inc. Method and system for video coder and decoder joint optimization
WO2010035733A1 (en) * 2008-09-24 2010-04-01 ソニー株式会社 Image processing device and method
US8275209B2 (en) 2008-10-10 2012-09-25 Microsoft Corporation Reduced DC gain mismatch and DC leakage in overlap transform processing
TW201041404A (en) * 2009-03-06 2010-11-16 Sony Corp Image processing device and method
DK3567852T3 (en) * 2009-03-23 2023-01-16 Ntt Docomo Inc IMAGE PREDICTION DECODING DEVICE AND IMAGE PREDICTION DECODING METHOD
US9300969B2 (en) 2009-09-09 2016-03-29 Apple Inc. Video storage
US9060176B2 (en) * 2009-10-01 2015-06-16 Ntt Docomo, Inc. Motion vector prediction in video coding
US8976856B2 (en) * 2010-09-30 2015-03-10 Apple Inc. Optimized deblocking filters
CN106851306B (en) 2011-01-12 2020-08-04 太阳专利托管公司 Moving picture decoding method and moving picture decoding device
JP6108309B2 (en) 2011-02-22 2017-04-05 サン パテント トラスト Moving picture encoding method, moving picture encoding apparatus, moving picture decoding method, and moving picture decoding apparatus
MX2013009864A (en) 2011-03-03 2013-10-25 Panasonic Corp Video image encoding method, video image decoding method, video image encoding device, video image decoding device, and video image encoding/decoding device.
JP5786478B2 (en) * 2011-06-15 2015-09-30 富士通株式会社 Moving picture decoding apparatus, moving picture decoding method, and moving picture decoding program
US8724712B1 (en) * 2011-07-07 2014-05-13 Google Inc. Apparatus and method for encoding at non-uniform intervals
HRP20231385T1 (en) * 2011-09-22 2024-03-01 Lg Electronics Inc. Method and apparatus for signaling image information, and decoding method and apparatus using same
KR20130049526A (en) * 2011-11-04 2013-05-14 오수미 Method for generating reconstructed block
CN110650336B (en) * 2012-01-18 2022-11-29 韩国电子通信研究院 Video decoding apparatus, video encoding apparatus, and method of transmitting bit stream
MX341068B (en) 2012-04-23 2016-08-05 Panasonic Ip Corp America Image encoding method, image decoding method, image encoding device, image decoding device, and image encoding/decoding device.
US9544587B2 (en) 2012-05-14 2017-01-10 Google Technology Holdings LLC Scalable video coding with enhanced base layer
US9967583B2 (en) * 2012-07-10 2018-05-08 Qualcomm Incorporated Coding timing information for video coding
US20140029664A1 (en) * 2012-07-27 2014-01-30 The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology Frame-level dependent bit allocation in hybrid video encoding
US9369711B2 (en) 2013-01-07 2016-06-14 Qualcomm Incorporated Conditional signaling of picture order count timing information for video timing in video coding
JP6017381B2 (en) 2013-07-22 2016-11-02 オリンパス株式会社 Image blur correction apparatus and imaging apparatus
CN104661046A (en) * 2013-11-25 2015-05-27 乐视网信息技术（北京）股份有限公司 Decoding method and device of media stream
US9628266B2 (en) * 2014-02-26 2017-04-18 Raytheon Bbn Technologies Corp. System and method for encoding encrypted data for further processing
JP2017059314A (en) * 2015-09-14 2017-03-23 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイ Display device
CN105306866A (en) * 2015-10-27 2016-02-03 青岛海信电器股份有限公司 Frame rate conversion method and device
US10356406B2 (en) 2016-01-19 2019-07-16 Google Llc Real-time video encoder rate control using dynamic resolution switching
KR102301232B1 (en) * 2017-05-31 2021-09-10 삼성전자주식회사 Method and apparatus for processing multiple-channel feature map images
CN108600755B (en) * 2018-04-19 2021-04-02 西安万像电子科技有限公司 Image frame coding method and device
TW202007164A (en) * 2018-07-15 2020-02-01 大陸商北京字節跳動網絡技術有限公司 Cross-component motion information derivaition
WO2020071672A1 (en) * 2018-10-02 2020-04-09 엘지전자 주식회사 Method for compressing motion vector and apparatus therefor
CN113812159B (en) * 2019-05-14 2024-06-21 北京字节跳动网络技术有限公司 Scaling method in video encoding and decoding
CN111404847B (en) * 2020-03-20 2021-03-26 中山大学 Channel estimation method of marine communication system

Citations (63)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5227878A (en) 1991-11-15 1993-07-13 At&T Bell Laboratories Adaptive coding and decoding of frames and fields of video
JPH06319112A (en) 1993-04-30 1994-11-15 Sony Corp Quantization control circuit
US5394190A (en) 1992-08-04 1995-02-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Video signal encoding apparatus
US5398072A (en) 1993-10-25 1995-03-14 Lsi Logic Corporation Management of channel buffer in video decoders
US5436664A (en) 1992-09-18 1995-07-25 Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics S.A. Method for masking transmission errors of MPEG compressed pictures
US5467136A (en) * 1991-05-31 1995-11-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Video decoder for determining a motion vector from a scaled vector and a difference vector
US5483286A (en) 1992-07-23 1996-01-09 Goldstar Co., Ltd. Motion compensating apparatus
US5502493A (en) 1994-05-19 1996-03-26 Matsushita Electric Corporation Of America Variable length data decoder for use with MPEG encoded video data
JPH08149479A (en) 1994-11-24 1996-06-07 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Extremely low bit rate video encoding method
US5539466A (en) 1991-07-30 1996-07-23 Sony Corporation Efficient coding apparatus for picture signal and decoding apparatus therefor
JPH08336148A (en) 1995-06-06 1996-12-17 Sony United Kingdom Ltd Method and apparatus for processing motion-compensated image
US5642166A (en) 1994-08-30 1997-06-24 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Bi-directional motion estimation method and apparatus thereof
US5647049A (en) 1991-05-31 1997-07-08 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Video recording/reproducing apparatus which uses a differential motion vector determined using two other motion vectors
US5652629A (en) 1995-09-12 1997-07-29 International Business Machines Corporation Bidirectional motion estimation in a motion video compression system
US5737023A (en) 1996-02-05 1998-04-07 International Business Machines Corporation Hierarchical motion estimation for interlaced video
US5745183A (en) 1995-08-25 1998-04-28 Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc. Image motion estimation system which derives candidate block from interpolated motion vectors
JPH10174065A (en) 1996-12-06 1998-06-26 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Image audio multiplex data edit method and its device
JPH10215449A (en) 1997-01-30 1998-08-11 Hitachi Ltd Signal processing unit
US5812199A (en) 1996-07-11 1998-09-22 Apple Computer, Inc. System and method for estimating block motion in a video image sequence
KR19990078197A (en) 1998-03-24 1999-10-25 이데이 노부유끼 Picture data processor, picture data decoder and picture data encoder, and methods thereof
KR100233764B1 (en) 1991-07-30 1999-12-01 이데이 노부유끼 Video signal coder
US6018368A (en) 1997-07-11 2000-01-25 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Scalable encoding apparatus and method with improved function of scaling motion vector
US6040861A (en) 1997-10-10 2000-03-21 International Business Machines Corporation Adaptive real-time encoding of video sequence employing image statistics
US6057893A (en) 1995-12-28 2000-05-02 Sony Corporation Picture encoding method, picture encoding apparatus, picture transmitting method and picture recording medium
US6072834A (en) * 1997-07-11 2000-06-06 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Scalable encoding apparatus and method with improved function of energy compensation/inverse compensation
US6075576A (en) 1996-07-05 2000-06-13 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method for display time stamping and synchronization of multiple video object planes
EP1014729A2 (en) 1998-12-21 2000-06-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for time stamping using modulo time base and time increment resolution
US6088485A (en) 1997-01-24 2000-07-11 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Methods, apparatuses and program recording media for image coding and image decoding
US6108047A (en) 1997-10-28 2000-08-22 Stream Machine Company Variable-size spatial and temporal video scaler
JP2001005958A (en) 1999-06-17 2001-01-12 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Device and method for reducing noise, and recording medium therefor
JP2001069530A (en) 2000-07-28 2001-03-16 Fujitsu Ltd Stereoscopic video signal encoding device of high efficiency
US6219103B1 (en) 1998-02-25 2001-04-17 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Motion-compensated predictive coding with video format conversion
JP2001136528A (en) 1999-11-10 2001-05-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Image compressing and encoding device
JP2001251620A (en) 2000-03-08 2001-09-14 Nec Corp Image data processor and motion compensation processing method used therefor
US6295377B1 (en) 1998-07-13 2001-09-25 Compaq Computer Corporation Combined spline and block based motion estimation for coding a sequence of video images
US6297852B1 (en) 1998-12-30 2001-10-02 Ati International Srl Video display method and apparatus with synchronized video playback and weighted frame creation
US6317460B1 (en) 1998-05-12 2001-11-13 Sarnoff Corporation Motion vector generation by temporal interpolation
KR20010112806A (en) 2000-06-15 2001-12-22 대표이사 서승모 video compression and decompression Apparatus
US6339619B1 (en) 1998-08-05 2002-01-15 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Moving picture bitstream conversion apparatus and method thereof
US6393059B1 (en) 1998-01-22 2002-05-21 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Conversion of video data bit stream
US6400768B1 (en) 1998-06-19 2002-06-04 Sony Corporation Picture encoding apparatus, picture encoding method, picture decoding apparatus, picture decoding method and presentation medium
EP1120969B1 (en) 1996-05-17 2003-02-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Motion compensated video decoder
US6539120B1 (en) 1997-03-12 2003-03-25 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. MPEG decoder providing multiple standard output signals
US6552749B1 (en) 1999-01-29 2003-04-22 Intel Corporation Method and apparatus for video motion compensation, reduction and color formatting
US6591015B1 (en) 1998-07-29 2003-07-08 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Video coding method and apparatus with motion compensation and motion vector estimator
US20030198392A1 (en) * 1999-12-20 2003-10-23 Jiang Hong H. Method and apparatus for performing video image decoding
US20030202586A1 (en) 2002-04-09 2003-10-30 Lg Electronics Inc. Block prediction method using improved direct mode
US20040008784A1 (en) 2002-06-17 2004-01-15 Yoshihiro Kikuchi Video encoding/decoding method and apparatus
CA2629246A1 (en) 2002-07-14 2004-01-22 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
WO2004032357A1 (en) 2002-10-01 2004-04-15 Thomson Licensing S.A. Implicit weighting of reference pictures in a video decoder
US6728315B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2004-04-27 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US20040234143A1 (en) 2002-07-02 2004-11-25 Makoto Hagai Image encoding method and picture decoding method
US20040247031A1 (en) 2002-03-14 2004-12-09 Makoto Hagai Motion vector detection method
US6859609B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2005-02-22 Lsi Logic Corporation Portable digital recorder
US6937771B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2005-08-30 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Image coding apparatus
EP1406453B1 (en) 2002-10-04 2007-02-14 Lg Electronics Inc. Direct mode motion vector calculation method for B picture
US7257312B2 (en) 2001-10-23 2007-08-14 Thomson Licensing Fast motion trick mode using dummy predictive pictures
US7266150B2 (en) 2001-07-11 2007-09-04 Dolby Laboratories, Inc. Interpolation of video compression frames
AU2008201106A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2008-04-03 Apple Inc. Method and bitstream for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US20090022225A1 (en) 2002-07-24 2009-01-22 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US7801217B2 (en) 2002-10-01 2010-09-21 Thomson Licensing Implicit weighting of reference pictures in a video encoder
US7940845B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2011-05-10 Panasonic Corporation Motion vector calculating method
AU2011265362A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2012-01-19 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Family Cites Families (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3757014A (en) * 1971-05-07 1973-09-04 Bristol Myers Co Ts 1,3,4 - oxadiazol-2-yl)thiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid and sal7-(d-(alpha-amino-alpha-pheyle-acetamido)) - 3-(s-(5-hydroxymethyl -
EP0234826A3 (en) 1986-02-18 1989-04-05 Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp. Method and apparatus for measuring novel blood gas parameters
US4781968A (en) 1986-02-28 1988-11-01 Digital Equipment Corporation Micro-electronics devices and methods of manufacturing same
GB8825481D0 (en) 1988-11-01 1988-12-07 British Telecomm Interferrometer
EP0595895B1 (en) 1991-07-23 1997-12-29 BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS public limited company Method and device for frame interpolation of a moving image
US5346664A (en) * 1992-05-11 1994-09-13 Harry Lenson Apparatus and method for forming a ribbon of continuously connected dish-shaped sequins
JPH0865681A (en) * 1994-08-25 1996-03-08 Sony Corp Motion vector detector and motion compensating prediction encoding system using the detector
US6608966B1 (en) 1994-10-07 2003-08-19 Intel Corporation VCR-type controls for video server system
US5724446A (en) 1995-04-18 1998-03-03 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Video decoder apparatus using non-reference frame as an additional prediction source and method therefor
JPH10174035A (en) 1996-12-16 1998-06-26 Sharp Corp Image information processing unit
US6404813B1 (en) 1997-03-27 2002-06-11 At&T Corp. Bidirectionally predicted pictures or video object planes for efficient and flexible video coding
JP3164031B2 (en) 1997-05-30 2001-05-08 日本ビクター株式会社 Moving image encoding / decoding device, moving image encoding / decoding method, and moving image encoded recording medium
US5978029A (en) 1997-10-10 1999-11-02 International Business Machines Corporation Real-time encoding of video sequence employing two encoders and statistical analysis
KR100269125B1 (en) * 1997-10-25 2000-10-16 윤덕용 Image post processing method and apparatus for reducing quantization effect
EP0935395A2 (en) 1998-02-06 1999-08-11 Sony Corporation Video encoding methods and apparatus
CN1183778C (en) 1998-02-13 2005-01-05 松下电器产业株式会社 Picture decoding device and recording medium
KR19990036646U (en) 1998-02-26 1999-09-27 최종환 Gardening crop eggplant band.
JP3104681B2 (en) 1998-06-10 2000-10-30 日本電気株式会社 Audio / video synchronous playback method and apparatus
DE19843921B4 (en) 1998-09-24 2007-12-27 Krauss Maffei Gmbh Process for producing composite plastic molded parts by injection-compression molding
DE50011118D1 (en) 1999-02-26 2005-10-13 Infineon Technologies Ag MEMORY CELL ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
AT410604B (en) 1999-03-02 2003-06-25 Legrand Oesterreich CONTROL DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE CURRENT FLOW ANGLE
JP2004048632A (en) * 2002-05-16 2004-02-12 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Method for encoding and decoding motion picture
JP2004088737A (en) 2002-07-02 2004-03-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Image encoding and decoding method
JP3824268B2 (en) 2002-07-02 2006-09-20 松下電器産業株式会社 Motion vector deriving method and motion vector deriving device
AU2013204760B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2015-12-03 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US20080025408A1 (en) 2006-07-31 2008-01-31 Sam Liu Video encoding

Patent Citations (170)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5467136A (en) * 1991-05-31 1995-11-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Video decoder for determining a motion vector from a scaled vector and a difference vector
US5647049A (en) 1991-05-31 1997-07-08 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Video recording/reproducing apparatus which uses a differential motion vector determined using two other motion vectors
KR100233764B1 (en) 1991-07-30 1999-12-01 이데이 노부유끼 Video signal coder
US5539466A (en) 1991-07-30 1996-07-23 Sony Corporation Efficient coding apparatus for picture signal and decoding apparatus therefor
US5227878A (en) 1991-11-15 1993-07-13 At&T Bell Laboratories Adaptive coding and decoding of frames and fields of video
US5483286A (en) 1992-07-23 1996-01-09 Goldstar Co., Ltd. Motion compensating apparatus
US5394190A (en) 1992-08-04 1995-02-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Video signal encoding apparatus
US5436664A (en) 1992-09-18 1995-07-25 Sgs-Thomson Microelectronics S.A. Method for masking transmission errors of MPEG compressed pictures
JPH06319112A (en) 1993-04-30 1994-11-15 Sony Corp Quantization control circuit
US5398072A (en) 1993-10-25 1995-03-14 Lsi Logic Corporation Management of channel buffer in video decoders
US5502493A (en) 1994-05-19 1996-03-26 Matsushita Electric Corporation Of America Variable length data decoder for use with MPEG encoded video data
US5642166A (en) 1994-08-30 1997-06-24 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Bi-directional motion estimation method and apparatus thereof
JPH08149479A (en) 1994-11-24 1996-06-07 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Extremely low bit rate video encoding method
JPH08336148A (en) 1995-06-06 1996-12-17 Sony United Kingdom Ltd Method and apparatus for processing motion-compensated image
US5745181A (en) 1995-06-06 1998-04-28 Sony Corporation Motion compensated video processing
US5745183A (en) 1995-08-25 1998-04-28 Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc. Image motion estimation system which derives candidate block from interpolated motion vectors
US5652629A (en) 1995-09-12 1997-07-29 International Business Machines Corporation Bidirectional motion estimation in a motion video compression system
US6057893A (en) 1995-12-28 2000-05-02 Sony Corporation Picture encoding method, picture encoding apparatus, picture transmitting method and picture recording medium
US5737023A (en) 1996-02-05 1998-04-07 International Business Machines Corporation Hierarchical motion estimation for interlaced video
EP1120969B1 (en) 1996-05-17 2003-02-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Motion compensated video decoder
KR100274434B1 (en) 1996-07-05 2000-12-15 모리시타 요이찌 Method for display time stamping and synchronization of multiple video object planes
EP1111934B1 (en) 1996-07-05 2001-10-24 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Synchronization of multiple video object planes
US6075576A (en) 1996-07-05 2000-06-13 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method for display time stamping and synchronization of multiple video object planes
US5812199A (en) 1996-07-11 1998-09-22 Apple Computer, Inc. System and method for estimating block motion in a video image sequence
JPH10174065A (en) 1996-12-06 1998-06-26 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Image audio multiplex data edit method and its device
US6088485A (en) 1997-01-24 2000-07-11 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Methods, apparatuses and program recording media for image coding and image decoding
JPH10215449A (en) 1997-01-30 1998-08-11 Hitachi Ltd Signal processing unit
US6539120B1 (en) 1997-03-12 2003-03-25 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. MPEG decoder providing multiple standard output signals
US6072834A (en) * 1997-07-11 2000-06-06 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Scalable encoding apparatus and method with improved function of energy compensation/inverse compensation
US6018368A (en) 1997-07-11 2000-01-25 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Scalable encoding apparatus and method with improved function of scaling motion vector
US6040861A (en) 1997-10-10 2000-03-21 International Business Machines Corporation Adaptive real-time encoding of video sequence employing image statistics
US6108047A (en) 1997-10-28 2000-08-22 Stream Machine Company Variable-size spatial and temporal video scaler
US6393059B1 (en) 1998-01-22 2002-05-21 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Conversion of video data bit stream
US6219103B1 (en) 1998-02-25 2001-04-17 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Motion-compensated predictive coding with video format conversion
US6271774B1 (en) 1998-03-24 2001-08-07 Sony Corporation Picture data processor, picture data decoder and picture data encoder, and methods thereof
KR19990078197A (en) 1998-03-24 1999-10-25 이데이 노부유끼 Picture data processor, picture data decoder and picture data encoder, and methods thereof
US6317460B1 (en) 1998-05-12 2001-11-13 Sarnoff Corporation Motion vector generation by temporal interpolation
US6400768B1 (en) 1998-06-19 2002-06-04 Sony Corporation Picture encoding apparatus, picture encoding method, picture decoding apparatus, picture decoding method and presentation medium
US6295377B1 (en) 1998-07-13 2001-09-25 Compaq Computer Corporation Combined spline and block based motion estimation for coding a sequence of video images
US6591015B1 (en) 1998-07-29 2003-07-08 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Video coding method and apparatus with motion compensation and motion vector estimator
US6339619B1 (en) 1998-08-05 2002-01-15 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Moving picture bitstream conversion apparatus and method thereof
EP1014729A2 (en) 1998-12-21 2000-06-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Apparatus and method for time stamping using modulo time base and time increment resolution
US6297852B1 (en) 1998-12-30 2001-10-02 Ati International Srl Video display method and apparatus with synchronized video playback and weighted frame creation
US6552749B1 (en) 1999-01-29 2003-04-22 Intel Corporation Method and apparatus for video motion compensation, reduction and color formatting
US6937771B2 (en) 1999-06-08 2005-08-30 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Image coding apparatus
JP2001005958A (en) 1999-06-17 2001-01-12 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Device and method for reducing noise, and recording medium therefor
US6757014B1 (en) 1999-06-17 2004-06-29 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Video signal noise reduction apparatus, a method of reducing a noise in a video signal, and a recording medium storing a program of the method
JP2001136528A (en) 1999-11-10 2001-05-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Image compressing and encoding device
US20030198392A1 (en) * 1999-12-20 2003-10-23 Jiang Hong H. Method and apparatus for performing video image decoding
US6859609B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2005-02-22 Lsi Logic Corporation Portable digital recorder
JP2001251620A (en) 2000-03-08 2001-09-14 Nec Corp Image data processor and motion compensation processing method used therefor
US6831951B2 (en) 2000-03-08 2004-12-14 Nec Corporation Image data processing apparatus and motion compensation processing method used therefor, and recording medium
KR20010112806A (en) 2000-06-15 2001-12-22 대표이사 서승모 video compression and decompression Apparatus
JP2001069530A (en) 2000-07-28 2001-03-16 Fujitsu Ltd Stereoscopic video signal encoding device of high efficiency
US7266150B2 (en) 2001-07-11 2007-09-04 Dolby Laboratories, Inc. Interpolation of video compression frames
US7257312B2 (en) 2001-10-23 2007-08-14 Thomson Licensing Fast motion trick mode using dummy predictive pictures
US20040247031A1 (en) 2002-03-14 2004-12-09 Makoto Hagai Motion vector detection method
US20030202586A1 (en) 2002-04-09 2003-10-30 Lg Electronics Inc. Block prediction method using improved direct mode
US7940845B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2011-05-10 Panasonic Corporation Motion vector calculating method
JP2004023458A (en) 2002-06-17 2004-01-22 Toshiba Corp Moving picture encoding/decoding method and apparatus
US20040008784A1 (en) 2002-06-17 2004-01-15 Yoshihiro Kikuchi Video encoding/decoding method and apparatus
US20040234143A1 (en) 2002-07-02 2004-11-25 Makoto Hagai Image encoding method and picture decoding method
CA2820164A1 (en) 2002-07-14 2004-01-22 Barin G. Haskell Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
CA2629246A1 (en) 2002-07-14 2004-01-22 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US7826528B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2010-11-02 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346181A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
WO2004008654A8 (en) 2002-07-15 2004-06-24 Apple Computer Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US20160073128A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2016-03-10 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US9204161B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2015-12-01 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8837580B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-09-16 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8837597B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-09-16 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US7088776B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2006-08-08 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8831106B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-09-09 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8824559B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-09-02 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8817883B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-08-26 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US7292636B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2007-11-06 Apple Inc. Using order value for processing a video picture
US8743951B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-06-03 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
AU2008201106A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2008-04-03 Apple Inc. Method and bitstream for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP1976299A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2008-10-01 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8737483B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-05-27 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US7548584B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2009-06-16 Apple Inc. Using order value for computing motion vector
US7551674B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2009-06-23 Apple Inc. Using order difference for calculating motion vector
US8737468B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-05-27 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US7668240B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2010-02-23 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8737484B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-05-27 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
AU2003256494A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2004-02-02 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP1532746B1 (en) 2002-07-15 2010-11-03 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2276181A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-01-19 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
SG168406A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-02-28 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US7903730B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-03-08 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
CA2491741A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2004-01-22 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2326020A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-05-25 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
AU2011202000A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-05-26 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328284A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-06-01 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328277A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-06-01 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328279A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-06-01 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328281A2 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-06-01 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343896A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343822A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343827A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343825A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343830A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328278A3 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343815A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343817A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343824A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digitial video encoding
EP2328280A3 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343826A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2317662A3 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343816A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328282A3 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343828A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343821A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343819A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343818A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343823A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2343820A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8737462B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-05-27 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346185A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346182A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346187A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346183A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346178A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346180A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346184A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346179A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346177A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2346186A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-07-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8711924B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-04-29 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8654857B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-02-18 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2363963A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2011-09-07 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8630339B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2014-01-14 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8090026B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-01-03 Apple Inc. Using order difference for calculating motion vector
EP2276180B1 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-09-05 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8094724B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-01-10 Apple Inc. Order value for specifying relationship between video pictures
EP2343829B1 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-08-29 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2326019B1 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-08-29 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US20120093228A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-04-19 Barin Geoffry Haskell Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
SG179316A1 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-04-27 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
EP2328283B1 (en) 2002-07-15 2012-08-29 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding
US8885732B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-11-11 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8934546B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2015-01-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8824565B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-09-02 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8090023B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2012-01-03 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8077779B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-12-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8009736B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-08-30 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8009737B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2011-08-30 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8817880B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-08-26 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8953693B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2015-02-10 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8942287B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2015-01-27 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US20090022225A1 (en) 2002-07-24 2009-01-22 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US7339991B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2008-03-04 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements of division operations
US8817888B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-08-26 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8938008B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2015-01-20 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8934547B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2015-01-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8094729B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2012-01-10 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US6728315B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2004-04-27 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8934551B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2015-01-13 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8837603B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2014-09-16 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8254461B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2012-08-28 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
WO2004032357A1 (en) 2002-10-01 2004-04-15 Thomson Licensing S.A. Implicit weighting of reference pictures in a video decoder
US7801217B2 (en) 2002-10-01 2010-09-21 Thomson Licensing Implicit weighting of reference pictures in a video encoder
EP1406453B1 (en) 2002-10-04 2007-02-14 Lg Electronics Inc. Direct mode motion vector calculation method for B picture
CA2502004A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2004-06-24 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements fo division operations
EP1579689A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2005-09-28 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video enocoding with reduced requirements for division operations
AU2011265362A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2012-01-19 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
CA2784948A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2004-06-24 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
AU2009202255A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2009-07-02 Apple Inc Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
WO2004054257A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2004-06-24 Apple Computer, Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video enocoding with reduced requirements for division operations
AU2003258142A1 (en) 2002-12-06 2004-06-30 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video enocoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Non-Patent Citations (136)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Author Unknown, "Working Draft No. 2, Revision 2 (WD-2)," Joint Video Team of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, Jan. 29-Feb. 1, 2002, pp. 1-106, Geneva, Switzerland, JVT-B118r2.
Chen, Zhibo, et al., "Fast Motion Estimation for JVT," ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6, Mar. 7-14, 2003, 12 pages, Pattaya II, Thailand, JVT-G016.
Cote, Guy, et al., "H.263+: Video Coding at Low Bit Rates," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Nov. 1998, pp. 849-866, vol. 8, No. 7, IEEE.
Haskell, Barry G., et al.,"Variable Accuracy Inter-Picture Timing Specification for Video," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6), Jul. 22-26, 2002, 12 pages, Klagenfurt, Austria, JVT-D124r1.
Horowitz, Michael, et al., "H.264/AVC Baseline Profile Decoder Complexity Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Jul. 2003, pp. 704-716, vol. 13, No. 7, IEEE.
International Preliminary Examination Report of PCT/US2003/021714, Sep. 2, 2004 (completion date), Apple Computer, Inc.
International Preliminary Examination Report of PCT/US2003/024953, Mar. 17, 2004 (completion date), Apple Computer, Inc.
International Search Report of PCT/US2003/021714, Nov. 14, 2003 (mailing date), Apple Computer, Inc.
International Search Report of PCT/US2003/024953, Jan. 27, 2004 (mailing date), Apple Computer, Inc.
ISO/IEC, "Information Technology-Coding of Audio-Visual Objects-Part 10: Advanced Video Coding, Second Edition" Oct. 1, 2004, 280 pages, ISO/IEC, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO/IEC, "Information Technology-Coding of Audio-Visual Objects-Part 2: Visual," Dec. 1, 2001, 536 pages, ISO/IEC, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO/IEC, "Information Technology-Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to About 1,5 mbits/s-Part 2: Video," 11172-2:1993, Aug. 2006, 3 pages.
ISO/IEC, "Information Technology-Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information: Video," 13818-2, Month Unknown, 1995, 255 pages.
ISO/IEC, "MPEG Continues its Work Across All Aspects of its Multimedia Charter," available at http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/klagenfurt/klagenfurt-press.htm, Jul. 29, 2002, 2 pages, Klagenfurt, Austria.
ISO/IEC, "MPEG-4 Video Verification Model Version 18.0," Jan. 2001, 412 pages, Pisa, Italy.
ISO/IEC, "Report of the Formal Verification Tests on AVC, (ISO/IEC 14496-10 ITU-T Rec. H.264)," Dec. 2003, 27 pages, Waikoloa, HI.
ISO/IEC, "Text of Committee Draft of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264/ ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC)," May 6-10, 2002, 142 pages, JVT, Fairfax, VA, JVT-C167.
ISO/IEC, "Text of Final Committee Draft of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264/ ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC)," Jul. 2002, 213 pages, JVT, Klagenfurt, Austria.
ITU-T, "Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems-Infrastructure of Audiovisual Services-Coding of Moving Video-Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services," May 2003, 281 pages, ITU.
ITU-T, "Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems-Infrastructure of Audiovisual Services-Coding of Moving Video-Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication," Recommendation H.263 Version 2, Feb. 1998, 167 pages.
ITU-T, "Transmission of Non-Telephone Signals-Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication," Recommendation H.263, Mar. 1996, 52 pages, ITU.
Jeon, Byeong-Moon, "B picture coding for sequence with repeating scene changes," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6), May 6-10, 2002, 10 pages, Fairfax, VA, JVT-C120.
Jeon, Byeong-Moon, "Clean Up for Temporal Direct Mode," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6), Oct. 9-17, 2002, 12 pages, Geneva, Switzerland, JVT-E097.
Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, "Working Draft No. 2, Revision 0 (WD-2)," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, Dec. 3-7, 2001, 105 pages, Pattaya, Thailand, JVT-B118.
Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, "Working Draft Number 2, Revision 0 (WD-2)," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, Jan. 29-Feb. 1, 2002, 100 pages, Geneva, Switzerland, JVT-B118r1.
Kondo, Satoshi, et al., "New Prediction Method to Improve B-picture Coding Efficiency," ITU-Telecommunications Standardization Sector, Dec. 4-6, 2001, 12 pages, Pattaya, Thailand, VCEG-O26.
Kondo, Satoshi, et al., "Proposal of Minor Changes to Multi-Fram Buffering Syntax for Improving Coding Efficiency of B-pictures," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG, Jan. 29-Feb. 1, 2002, 10 pages, Geneva, Switzerland, JVT-B057.
Leung, Kwong-Keung, et al., "Parallelization Methodology for Video Coding-An Implementation on TMS32OC8O," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Dec. 2000, pp. 1413-1425, vol. 10, No. 8.
Portions of prosecution history of 200500663-0, Apr. 16, 2007 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of 200502548-1, Jul. 6, 2007 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of 200702807-9, Sep. 19, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of 201006997-9, Feb. 12, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of AU2003256494, Jan. 15, 2008 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of AU2003258142, Jan. 14, 2009 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of AU2008201106, Jan. 31, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of AU2009202255, Jan. 19, 2012 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of AU2011202000, Sep. 12, 2013 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of AU2011265362, Jul. 1, 2013 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of CA2491741, Nov. 2, 2009 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of CA2502004, Jul. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of CA2629246, Dec. 24, 2012 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of CA2784948, Apr. 8, 2013 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of CA2820164, Feb. 9, 2015 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP03764499, Oct. 7, 2010 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP03812763, Jun. 6, 2013 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP08005966, Jul. 17, 2013 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP10177276, Aug. 9, 2012 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP10177289, May 6, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11152144, Jun. 12, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11152174, Aug. 2, 2012 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11152176, Jun. 10, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155376, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155377, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155378, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155381, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155383, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155384, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155385, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155386, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155387, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155388, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155408, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155409, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155414, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155431, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155434, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155437, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155440, Jun. 10, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155441, Aug. 2, 2012 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155442, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155444, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155445, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155447, Jun. 10, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155448, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155462, Jun. 12, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155463, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155464, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155467, Aug. 2, 2012 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155479, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155487, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155489, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155490, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155491, May 6, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155492, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155493, Jun. 12, 2014 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155494, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155496, Jun. 14, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155497, Jun. 28, 2011 (completion date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of EP11155498, Jun. 15, 2011 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 10/291,320, Mar. 6, 2006, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 10/313,773, Dec. 2, 2003, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 10/792,514, Jan. 7, 2008, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 10/792,669, Jul. 20, 2007, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,969, Mar. 16, 2011, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,971, Jun. 25, 2010, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,974, Sep. 30, 2009, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,977, Nov. 7, 2011, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,979, Sep. 15, 2011, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/621,980, Sep. 29, 2011, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/835,727, Sep. 28, 2011, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/835,732, Aug. 17, 2011, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/835,739, Feb. 13, 2009, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 11/835,773, Feb. 6, 2009, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 12/689,157, Mar. 28, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 12/972,419, Dec. 17, 2013, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,473, Aug. 1, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,474, Aug. 1, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,476, Sep. 23, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,478, Dec. 18, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,480, Dec. 16, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,481, Dec. 16, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,482, Dec. 16, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,484, Dec. 16, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,486, Jan. 7, 2015, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,491, Aug. 14, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/161,494, Aug. 1, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/334,716, Jan. 2, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/334,818, Jan. 22, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/334,843, Nov. 13, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/335,598, Jul. 25, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/335,726, Jul. 11, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/335,741, Jul. 25, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/339,864, Aug. 13, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/339,890, Jan. 10, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/339,899, Apr. 28, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/339,927, Aug. 14, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/340,035, Apr. 28, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 13/340,043, Jan. 17, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Portions of prosecution history of U.S. Appl. No. 14/462,396, Feb. 12, 2015, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Schlockermann, Martin, et al., "Improvement of Temporal Direct Mode," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6), Oct. 9-17, 2002, 12 pages, Geneva, Switzerland, JVT-E144.
Sullivan, Gary, "(Draft) Report of Fairfax Meeting," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG, May 6-10, 2002, 48 pages, Fairfax, VA, JVT-C001d3.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/462,396, filed Aug. 18, 2014, Haskell, Barin Geoffry, et al.
Updated portions of prosecution history of CA2820164, Dec. 2, 2015 (mailing date), Apple Inc.
WG11(MPEG), "MPEG-4 Overview-(V.21-Jeju Version)-Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard," Mar. 2002, 79 pages, MPEG.
Wiegand, Thomas, et al., "Introduction to the Special Issue on the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard-Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Jul. 2003, pp. 557-576, vol. 13, No. 7, IEEE.
Written Opinion of PCT/US2003/021714, Apr. 21, 2004 (mailing date), Apple Computer, Inc.

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10154277B2 (en) 2002-07-15 2018-12-11 Apple Inc. Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN101242536B (en) 2012-07-04
US20110243237A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US8934551B2 (en) 2015-01-13
US8077779B2 (en) 2011-12-13
US6728315B2 (en) 2004-04-27
US20070183502A1 (en) 2007-08-09
US8938008B2 (en) 2015-01-20
KR100804335B1 (en) 2008-02-15
US20070183503A1 (en) 2007-08-09
US20110243236A1 (en) 2011-10-06
KR20050085392A (en) 2005-08-29
US8009736B2 (en) 2011-08-30
US20070183501A1 (en) 2007-08-09
US8934546B2 (en) 2015-01-13
US20110243235A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US8090023B2 (en) 2012-01-03
US8094729B2 (en) 2012-01-10
US20090022224A1 (en) 2009-01-22
BR0316175A (en) 2005-09-27
US20110243242A1 (en) 2011-10-06
AU2003258142A1 (en) 2004-06-30
US20110243243A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US8942287B2 (en) 2015-01-27
AU2003258142B2 (en) 2009-03-05
US20110243238A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US10123037B2 (en) 2018-11-06
US8885732B2 (en) 2014-11-11
US20070286282A1 (en) 2007-12-13
EP1579689A1 (en) 2005-09-28
US8817880B2 (en) 2014-08-26
US20110243240A1 (en) 2011-10-06
AU2009202255A1 (en) 2009-07-02
US20150117541A1 (en) 2015-04-30
EP1579689A4 (en) 2010-01-20
US8009737B2 (en) 2011-08-30
US8824565B2 (en) 2014-09-02
CA2502004A1 (en) 2004-06-24
US8934547B2 (en) 2015-01-13
WO2004054257A1 (en) 2004-06-24
US20040184543A1 (en) 2004-09-23
US8953693B2 (en) 2015-02-10
JP2011155678A (en) 2011-08-11
US8837603B2 (en) 2014-09-16
CN1714572A (en) 2005-12-28
AU2009202255B2 (en) 2011-09-29
NO20052764L (en) 2005-06-08
US20110243241A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US7339991B2 (en) 2008-03-04
US20110249753A1 (en) 2011-10-13
CN101242536A (en) 2008-08-13
JP2010154568A (en) 2010-07-08
US20170094308A1 (en) 2017-03-30
US20110243239A1 (en) 2011-10-06
US8817888B2 (en) 2014-08-26
CA2502004C (en) 2012-10-16
CA2784948A1 (en) 2004-06-24
CN100417218C (en) 2008-09-03
JP2006509463A (en) 2006-03-16
US20110249752A1 (en) 2011-10-13
US20040017851A1 (en) 2004-01-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US10123037B2 (en) Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
US8254461B2 (en) Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations
AU2011265362A1 (en) Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding with reduced requirements for division operations

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

STCF Information on status: patent grant

Free format text: PATENTED CASE

MAFP Maintenance fee payment

Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

Year of fee payment: 4

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY