US9314494B2 - Cranberry xyloglucan oligosaccharide composition - Google Patents

Cranberry xyloglucan oligosaccharide composition Download PDF

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US9314494B2
US9314494B2 US13/480,903 US201213480903A US9314494B2 US 9314494 B2 US9314494 B2 US 9314494B2 US 201213480903 A US201213480903 A US 201213480903A US 9314494 B2 US9314494 B2 US 9314494B2
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composition
approximately
cranberry
microbial
adhesion
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US20130316025A1 (en
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Arland T. Hotchkiss
Alberto Nunez
Christina Khoo
Gary D. Strahan
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Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc
US Department of Agriculture USDA
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Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc
US Department of Agriculture USDA
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Assigned to THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE reassignment THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STRAHAN, Gary D., HOTCHKISS, ARLAND T., NUNEZ, ALBERTO
Priority to CN201380032460.6A priority patent/CN104507485B/zh
Priority to AU2013266351A priority patent/AU2013266351B2/en
Priority to EP13794333.8A priority patent/EP2854827B1/de
Priority to PCT/US2013/042217 priority patent/WO2013177275A1/en
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Priority to CL2014003194A priority patent/CL2014003194A1/es
Assigned to OCEAN SPRAY CRANBERRIES, INC. reassignment OCEAN SPRAY CRANBERRIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KHOO, CHRISTINA
Assigned to THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, OCEAN SPRAY CRANBERRIES, INC. reassignment THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KHOO, CHRISTINA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/45—Ericaceae or Vacciniaceae (Heath or Blueberry family), e.g. blueberry, cranberry or bilberry
    • A23L1/3002—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/716—Glucans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
    • A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
    • A61K2236/39—Complex extraction schemes, e.g. fractionation or repeated extraction steps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel xyloglucan oligosaccharide composition designated anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction A6, a composition containing said oligosaccharide composition containing anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction A6, and methods of using said composition to at least reduce the adhesion of pathogens to animal cells, especially human and mammalian cells.
  • Xyloglucan is well known as a major cross-linking polysaccharide in type 1 plant cell walls found in dicotyledonous and non-commelinoid monocotyledonous plants (Carpita and Gibeaut, Plant Journal, Volume 3, 1-30, 1993). With a ⁇ -(1-4)-glucan backbone, xyloglucan hydrogen bonds to the surface of cellulose microfibrils and forms a network that connects adjacent microfibrils in cell walls. The xyloglucan network is intermeshed with the pectin network of cell wall matrix polysaccharides (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993 supra).
  • xyloglucan an important polysaccharide in the growth and development of primary cell walls (Carpita and McCann, “Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Buchanan B. B., Gruissem, W., Jones, R. L., Eds.; American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Md., 52-108, 2000). There is a block-like structure in xyloglucan where a 6-11 sugar sequence is repeated throughout the polysaccharide.
  • carbohydrate structures are specific for plant taxonomic groups (Sims et al., Carbohydrate Research, Volume 293, 147-172, 1996; Vierhuis et al., Carbohydrate Research, Volume 332, 285-297, 2001; Ray et al., Carbohydrate Research, Volume 339, 201-208, 2004; Hoffman et al., Carbohydrate Research, Volume 340, 1826-1840, 2005).
  • xyloglucan structures Three types have been described with fucogalacto-xyloglucan the most commonly distributed in about half of the monocot taxonomic orders and all dicot orders except for the Solanales, Laminales, Gentianales and Ericales (Carpita and McCann 2000, supra; Hoffman et al., 2005, supra).
  • Xyloglucan from these later orders contains arabino-xyloglucan structure.
  • Small amounts of a third xyloglucan structure are also present in commelinoid monocots (grasses, bromeliads, palms, and cypresses) as randomly distributed single xylose substituents on a cellulosic backbone (Carpita and McCann, 2000, supra).
  • a single letter nomenclature was developed to describe the sequence of xyloglucan substituents (Fry et al., Physiol. Plant., Volume 89, 1-3, 1993).
  • Cranberry juice is acidic (pH approximately 2.6 or lower) and rich in anthocyanins and tannins giving it an astringent taste (Holmes and Starr, Fruit Juice Processing Technology, Nagy, S., Chen, C. S., Shaw, P. E. (Eds.), AGSCIENCE, Auburndale, Fla., 515-531, 1993).
  • the juice is prepared by milling and pressing after a hot (approximately 50 degree C. for about 1 hour) commercial pectinase maceration of the berries.
  • Cranberry pectin has very high methoxy content, which requires a second hot commercial pectinase treatment following pressing and prior to juice filtration and concentration. Cranberry juice is considered a healthy juice.
  • the proanthocyanidins have antioxidant properties (Uri-Sarda et al., Anal. Bioanal. Chem., Volume 394, 1545-1556, 2009) and were reported to inhibit adhesion of p-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells (Howell et al., Phytochem., Volume 66, 2281-2291, 2005).
  • P-fimbriated E. coli is the major cause of urinary tract infections which result in 8.3 million doctor office visits per year (Zopf and Roth, Lancet, Volume 347, 1017-1021, 1996).
  • Cranberry juice was also reported to have prebiotic properties (Clifford et al., U.S. Patent Application No. 20090022849, 2009).
  • UTIs urinary tract infections
  • UTIs are commonly caused by Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), and infect primarily women. This infection is enabled by the adherence and colonization of bacteria to urinary tract epithelial cells. Adherence by E. coli is performed by proteinaceous fibers (fimbriae) on the bacteria cell wall, which attach to specific oligosaccharide receptors on uroepithelial cells. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for treatment, but often promote bacterial resistance. One in four women also encounter recurrence of the infection and are often found to be prone to such infections. Natural substances which could treat and prevent UTIs could be useful for those suffering this condition since antibiotic treatment, in many cases causes, as secondary vaginal yeast infection requiring a subsequent antifungal treatment.
  • Cranberry products can prevent adhesion of certain bacteria fimbriae to uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract, thereby reducing the ability of the bacteria to create an infection (DiMartino et al., World Journal of Urology, 2006); (Liu et al., Biotechnology Bioengineering, 2006).
  • Proanthocyanidins which are condensed tannins, found in the cranberry juice have been shown to inhibit E. coli adherence (Howell et al., Journal of Medicine, 1998).
  • D-mannose bind specifically to D-mannose, unlike sucrose or fructose, which is metabolized very slowly in humans, therefore once consumed, D-mannose will enter the blood stream and quickly moves to excretion via the kidneys followed by entry into the bladder in urine. D-mannose once in urine will cause the bacterial fimbriae sensitive to D-mannose binding to attach to the D-mannose, rather than epithelial cells. This allows the body to flush the D-mannose bound E. coli bacteria from the body. In addition, D-mannose can reverse epithelial bound E. coli competitively interrupting the initial phases of urinary tract infection.
  • cinnamon Cinnamonmum cassia
  • Cinnamonmum cassia cinnamon extracts.
  • the antimicrobial action of cinnamon can be partly attributed to the presence of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, borneol, linool, and thymol, mainly antibacterial, and o-methylcinnamaldehyde, mainly antifungal.
  • compositions and methods for at least reducing inhibition of bacterial adhesion to human and mammalian cells and for reducing or inhibiting the invasion and infection of human and mammalian cells by pathogenic bacteria.
  • present invention described below includes such compositions and methods which are different from related art compositions and methods.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a composition prepared from enzyme treated cranberry hull from Viccinium macrocarpon wherein in said composition comprises an acetylated, neutral-sugar-rich polysaccharide having a weight—average molar mass of approximately 10.2 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ 2 Da, a Z-average hydrodynamic radius of approximately 2.0 ⁇ 0.2 nm, and a weight—average intrinsic viscosity of approximately 0.048 ⁇ 0.001 dL/g.
  • a still further object of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing adhesion of bacteria to cells having ⁇ -Gal-(1-4)-Gal terminal oligosaccharide receptors for adhesion wherein a composition having an acetylated, neutral-sugar-rich polysaccharide having a weight—average molar mass of approximately 10.2 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ 2 Da, a Z-average hydrodynamic radius of approximately 2.0 ⁇ 0.2 nm, and a weight—average intrinsic viscosity of approximately 0.048 ⁇ 0.001 dL/g is administered to cells having ⁇ -Gal-(1-4)-Gal terminal oligosaccharide receptors for adhesion.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing oligosaccharide analysis of cranberry fractions. The DP of the xyloglucan oligosaccharides is indicated above each peak.
  • FIG. 2 is a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry scan of an A6 fraction of cranberry.
  • FIG. 4 and FIG. 4 inset are drawings of xyloglucan fragmentation based on MALDI-TOF/TOF MS.
  • the ions retaining the charge at the reducing terminus which is the right end of the depicted structure are designated as X for cross-ring cleavages, and Y and Z for glycosidic bond (bonds between sugar rings) cleavages.
  • Those retaining a charge at the non-reducing terminus (left end of the depicted structure) are designated as A for cross-ring cleavages, and B and C for glycosidic bond cleavages.
  • the fragmentation position is indicated by a dashed line with the arrow pointing toward the reducing end or the non-reducing end.
  • Ions are designated by a subscript number that follows the letter showing the fragment type, corresponding to the sugar ring number along the oligosaccharide chain.
  • Sugar rings are numbered from the non-reducing end (left to right) for A, B, and C ions and from the reducing end for the X, Y, and Z ions (right to left).
  • Greek letters are used to distinguish fragments from branches to the central backbone chain, with alpha (top left) and beta (bottom center) used in this structure.
  • Superscript numbers are given for cross-ring cleavage positions within the sugar rings.
  • FIGS. 5A-C are NMR spectrum of fraction A6.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing anti-adhesion activity of cranberry fractions from Vaccinium macrocarpon .
  • the A1 fraction is bar 1 (left bar) and the anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction A6 is bar 2 (right bar).
  • the present invention provides a composition prepared from a cranberry hull enzyme-treated composition using the cranberry Viccinium macrocarpon .
  • the composition of the present invention comprises a suitable carrier and an effective amount of the isolated anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction as the active ingredient for use an agent to reduce or inhibit the adhesion of microorganisms to cells having ⁇ -Gal-(1-4)-Gal terminal oligosaccharide receptors for adhesion.
  • the isolated adhesion inhibitory fraction is designated as A6 and is characterized by: A6 contains an acetylated, neutral-sugar-rich polysaccharide having a weight—average molar mass of approximately 10.2 ⁇ 10 3 ⁇ 2 Da, a Z-average hydrodynamic radius of approximately 2.0 ⁇ 0.2 nm, and a weight—average intrinsic viscosity of approximately 0.048 ⁇ 0.001 dL/g.
  • the monosacchride composition of A6 was dominated by glucose, arabinose, and xylose with very little galacturonic acid and rhamnose present, which indicates that the polysaccharide fragment is a hemicellulose and possibly a xyloglucan.
  • composition of the present invention can be administered to a patient orally.
  • concentration of the isolated anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction is that amount which reduces the adhesion of bacterial cells to mammalian cells, especially human cells, determination of which is well within the ordinary skill in the art.
  • a cell includes a plurality of cells, including mixtures thereof.
  • cranberry is understood to be Viccinium macrocarpon.
  • xyloglucan is used to describe a group of polysaccharides referred to as hemicelluloses. Xyloglucans contain a backbone of 1,4-linked ⁇ -D-glucopyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation.
  • isolated, purified, or biologically pure refer to material that is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany it as found in its native state.
  • purity and homogeneity are determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel, electrophoresis, or high performance liquid chromatography.
  • pathogen refers to non-beneficial bacteria, virus, fungi, monocellular or multicellular parasites, for example E. coli , e.g. verocytotoxic E. coli (VTEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), or enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC), Staphylococcus aureus , methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficle , Sulphate Reducing bacteria, e.g. Desulfovibrio sp., eg. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans or Desulfovibrio piger.
  • VTEC verocytotoxic E. coli
  • EPEC enteropathogenic E. coli
  • ETEC enterotoxigenic E. coli
  • EAggEC enteroaggregative E. coli
  • Staphylococcus aureus e.g. Desulfovibrio
  • control refers to any means for preventing infection or infestation, reducing or diminishing the population of already infected areas or organisms, or elimination of the population of E. coli or other species whose control is desired.
  • Controlling refers to any indication of success in prevention, elimination, reduction, or amelioration of E. coli , an E. coli infection, or a population of E. coli.
  • a medicament, nutritional or pharmaceutical composition of the invention is defined as a composition having at least one active ingredient of the present invention and a suitable carrier.
  • a suitable carrier is defined as any substance that does not cause significant irritation to a living cell or organism and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered active ingredient of the present invention.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount necessary to elicit the desired biological response.
  • the effective amount of a bioactive agent may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the bioactive agent to be delivered, the composition of the encapsulating matrix, the target tissue, etc.
  • fraction means as used herein refers to any HPLC eluted fraction from a cranberry hull enzyme-treated concentrate that is capable of controlling E. coli populations in a living organism or a population of living cells.
  • UTI urinary tract infection
  • bladder infection which is also called cystitis
  • adhesion refers to the general aggregation of bacteria to each other, to other cell surfaces, and to non-cell surfaces through adhesion molecules on the surface of the bacteria.
  • P-fimbrial adhesion molecules bind specifically to a group of receptors identified as P-blood group antigens.
  • the receptors are present on the surface of various types of human cells such as urinary tract epithelium and red blood cells, that mediate the attachment of bacteria and subsequent colonization of the epithelium of the urinary tract.
  • P-fimbriated E. coli cause agglutination (HA) of human red blood cells (RBC) (Ofeck and Doyle, Bacterial Adhesion to Cells and Tissues, Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, 357-365, 1994).
  • HA human red blood cells
  • the present invention provides a medicament, nutritional or pharmaceutical composition and method for at least reducing the adhesion of bacteria by treating with a bacterial adhesion reducing amount of the isolated adhesion inhibitory fraction designated as A6 in a suitable carrier.
  • This composition can be administered in various ways suitable for therapy.
  • the active ingredient, A6 can be administered alone or as an active ingredient in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, adjuvants, and vehicles.
  • the composition will generally be administered orally. Conventional methods such as administering the compounds as tablets, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, capsules, powders, syrups, and the like are usable. Known techniques to deliver the anti-adhesion composition orally or intravenously and retain biological activity are preferred.
  • Formulations that can be administered subcutaneously, topically, or parenterally or intrathecal and infusion techniques are also contemplated by the present invention as well as suppositories and implants.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, adjuvants and vehicles as well as implant carriers generally refer to inert, non-toxic solid or liquid fillers, diluents, or encapsulating material not reacting with the active ingredients of the invention.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations suitable for injection include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for reconstituition into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersing medium containing for example, water, ethanol, polyol such as glycerol propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, etc., and suitable mixtures thereof and vegetable oils.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Nonaqueous vehicles such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, or peanut oil and esters, such as isopropyl myristate, may also be used as solvents for compound compositions.
  • various additives which enhance the stability, sterility, and isotonicity of the compositions including antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, chelating agents, and buffers, can be added.
  • antibacterial and antifungal agents for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, etc. It may be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example sugars, sodium chloride, etc. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monosterate, gelatin, etc. Any vehicle, diluents or additive used would have to be compatible with the anti-microbial adhesion fraction A6 of the invention. The choice of delivery system is well within the ordinary skill in the art.
  • anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction A6 of the present invention was carried out using carbohydrate analysis, high performance size exclusion chromatography, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  • the active xyloglucan preparation of the present invention is designated anti-microbial adhesion fraction A6 which includes an arabino-xyloglucan with SSGG structure as the predominant block sequence. This is the first member of the Ericales with this type of xyloglucan structure, but only the second plant in the order to have the xyloglucan characterized.
  • a new xyloglucan heptasaccharide was characterized as SSG and GSS oligosaccharide structure.
  • the SSG/GSS xyloglucan heptasaccharide and SSGG xyloglucan octasaccharides were the most abundant ions in the cranberry MALDI-TOF MS spectra. NMR confirmed the cranberry xyloglucan structure elucidated with mass spectrometry. The cranberry xyloglucan oligosaccharides were active in blocking the adhesion of uropathogenic and verotoxigenic strains of E. coli to human epithelial cells.
  • a method for isolating the anti-microbial adhesion fraction A6 from cranberry includes the steps of treating cranberry hulls with Klerzyme 150 pectinase (DSM Food Specialities) or other equivalent pectinase in this family of enzymes. Treatment typically is in the range of 100-140° F. for fruit depectinization. The dose for a 30-45 minute depectinization is about 0.035 to 0.055 percent by weight (so 0.035-0.055 pounds enzyme per 100 pounds fruit) and this can be adjusted for changes is in time or amount of enzyme during cranberry depectinization. Debris and other particulate matter is removed by decantation, centrifugation or other similar methods.
  • fraction A1 Fractionation of A1 was accomplished by utilizing a Biotage FLASH-40 system, converted to accept Biotage SNAP KP-C18-HS 120 g cartridges, fitted with a SNAP KP-C18-HS 12 g samples. Approximately 20 grams of fraction A1 was dissolved in about 200 ml of deionized water (DI). About 50 ml ( ⁇ 5 g) of the solution was loaded to the pre-conditioned (eluted with about 300 ml methanol followed by about 300 ml DI water) C18-column.
  • DI deionized water
  • Fractionation was initiated by eluting column first with about 500 ml of DI water, following with about 500 ml of an about 15% methanol/water (V/V) mixture (flow rate: approximately 35 ml/min), to produce fraction A2.
  • the remaining phenolic content was washed from the column with about 500 ml of methanol.
  • the column was re-conditioned by washing it with about 500 ml of DI water before loading it again with more of the A1 solution (about 50 ml). This process was repeated a total of 4 times and the approximately 15% methanol/water parts were combined to produce fraction A2.
  • Fraction A2 was dried; first by the removal of the methanol under vacuum (Buchi Laboratory Equipment), followed by the freeze drying of the aqueous solution to yield about 4.97 g of a pink colored powder. Analysis of A2 observed an unknown peak that eluted at approximately 6.7 min from a HPX-87C HPLC column, using refractive index detection. Fraction A2 was further purified by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography to eliminate the remainder of the phenolic pigments. Therefore, fraction A2 (approximately 4.8 g) was dissolved in approximately 60 ml of DI water and the mixture was loaded on a 45 ⁇ 300 mm Sephadex LH20 column (pre-condition by about 500 ml of DI water).
  • the column was eluted with about 500 ml of DI water (using a Masterflex L/S pump—model 7014-52 at a flow rate of about 2.5 ml/min) to produce the purified fraction A6.
  • the remaining phenolic content was washed from the column with an approximately 75% acetone/water solution (about 500 ml).
  • Fraction A6 was freeze dried to produce approximately 4.32 g of an off-white (pinkish tint) crystalline powder.
  • Xyloglucan-oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of approximately 7 to 9 were purchased from Megazyme (Bray, Ireland).
  • a cranberry hull enzyme-treated concentrate fraction designated A1 was produced using Klerzyme 150 pectinase (DSM Food Specialties) during cranberry depectinization.
  • An unknown peak that eluted at approximately 6.7 min from a HPX-87C HPLC column using refractive index detection was observed in the A2 fraction.
  • cranberry hulls were treated with Klerzyme 150 pectinase (DSM Food Specialities) or other equivalent pectinase in this family of enzymes. Treatment typically was in the range of approximately 100-140° F. for fruit depectinization. The dose for about a 30-45 minute depectinization was about 0.035 to 0.055 percent by weight (so approximately 0.035-0.055 pounds enzyme per approximately 100 pounds fruit) and this can be adjusted for changes in time or amount of enzyme by one knowledgeable about the method.
  • A1 (approximately 20 grams) was dissolved in 200 ml of deionized water. Approximately 50 ml ( ⁇ 5 g) of the solution was loaded to the pre-conditioned (eluted with about 300 ml methanol followed by about 300 ml DI water) C18-column.
  • Fractionation was initiated by eluting column first with about 500 ml of DI water, following with about 500 ml of an approximately 15% methanol/water mixture (flow rate: 35 ml/min), to produce fraction A2.
  • the remaining phenolic content was washed from the column with about 500 ml of methanol.
  • the column was re-conditioned by washing it with about 500 ml of DI water before loading it again with more of the A1 solution (approximately 50 ml). This process was repeated a total of 4 times and the approximately 15% methanol/water parts were combined to produce fraction A2.
  • Fraction A2 was dried; first by the removal of the methanol under vacuum (Buchi Laboratory Equipment), followed by the freeze drying of the aqueous solution to yield approximately 4.97 g of a pink colored powder. Analysis of A2 observed an unknown peak that eluted at approximately 6.7 min from a HPX-87C HPLC column, using refractive index detection. Fraction A2 was further purified by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography to eliminate the remainder of the phenolic pigments. Therefore, fraction A2 (approximately 4.8 g) was dissolved in 60 ml of DI water and the mixture was loaded on a 45 ⁇ 300 mm Sephadex LH20 column (pre-condition by about 500 ml of DI water).
  • the column was eluted with about 500 ml of DI water (using a Masterflex L/S pump—model 7014-52 at a flow rate of approximately 2.5 ml/min) to produce the purified fraction A6.
  • the remaining phenolic content was washed from the column with an approximately 75% acetone/water solution (about 500 ml).
  • Fraction A6 was freeze dried to produce approximately 4.32 g of an off-white (pinkish tint) crystalline powder.
  • NS Neutral sugar content
  • GA galacturonic acid content
  • DE degree of esterification
  • DA degree of acetylation
  • High performance size exclusion chromatography was used to perform carbohydrate analysis of the A1 fraction produced by commercial pectinase treatment of cranberry hulls.
  • Cranberry samples of approximately 10-20 mg/ml were dissolved in a mobile phase containing approximately 0.05 M NaNO 3 and approximately 0.01% NaN 3 , stirred overnight in a cold room, centrifuged at approximately 50,000 g for about ten minutes and filtered through an approximately 0.22 or 0.45 micrometer Millex HV filter (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.).
  • the flow rate for the solvent delivery system, model 1100 series degasser, auto sampler and pump (Agilent Corp.) was set at approximately 0.7 mL/minute.
  • the injection volume was approximately 200 ⁇ L.
  • Carbohydrate analysis of the A1 fraction produced by commercial pectinase treatment of cranberry hulls contained high-methoxy pectin fragments and significant amounts of neutral sugar-rich material (Table 1).
  • the A2 fraction was derived from A1 by methanol elution from a reversed-phase HPLC column. Apparently, the methanol was not completely removed from this fraction since A6 had significantly more methanol than was theoretically possible as pectic methyl-esters (Table 1).
  • the most purified of the cranberry fractions (A6) consisted of an acetylated, neutral-sugar-rich polysaccharide with a weight-average molar mass of approximately 10,200 Da (Table 2).
  • the monosaccharide composition of A2 and A6 cranberry fractions was dominated by glucose, arabinose and xylose with very little galacturonic acid and rhamnose present in these fractions (Table 3). This indicated that the polysaccharide fragment was a hemicellulose and possibly xyloglucan.
  • the A1 fraction contained a significant amount of homogalacturonan, but the low levels of rhamnose detected indicated that the neutral sugars present were not pectic side-chains.
  • Xyloglucan standard oligosaccharides were consistent with the retention times of some of these peaks.
  • the structure of the Megazyme xyloglucan oligosaccharides was galacto-xyloglucan.
  • the DP 7 xyloglucan consisted of a cellotetraose backbone and three single xylose substituents attached to three of the glucose residues.
  • the DP 8 and DP 9 xyloglucan standards had one or two of the xylose residues substituted with a galactose residue, respectively.
  • This xyloglucan structure is typical of fucogalacto-xyloglucan without fucose. However, relatively low amounts of galactose were detected in the A2 and A6 monosaccharide composition. This indicated that the cranberry xyloglucan structure might differ from fucogalacto-xyloglucan since the majority of the A2 and A6 oligosaccharide peaks did not agree with the xyloglucan standard retention times.
  • MALDI-TOF/TOF MS Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry with automated tandem time of flight mass spectrometry
  • MALDI-TOF/TOF MS fragmentation of selected ions of oligosaccharides were acquired with a 4700 Proteomics Analyzer mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Framingham, Mass.) in the positive reflectron mode. Spectra were obtained by averaging approximately 100 and approximately 2500 acquired spectra in the MS and MS/MS modes, respectively.
  • the cartridges were first conditioned by passing approximately 3 mL acetonitrile:water (approximately 50:50 V/V) and then washed about 4 times with approximately 3 mL water. After conditioning, the oligosaccharide solution was passed through the graphitized carbon cartridge, washed about 3 times with approximately 3 mL of water and the water wash was discarded. The oligosaccharides were eluted with about 1 ml of acetonitrile:water (approximately 30:70 V/V), approximately 0.1% trifluoro-acetic acid (TFA).
  • TFA trifluoro-acetic acid
  • MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of the A6 fraction produced a series of pseudomolecular ions ( FIG. 2 ) that were consistent with xyloglucan structure (Table 4).
  • the ions at approximately m/z 791 and 923 were previously reported in tobacco suspension culture xyloglucan with SGG and/or XXG, and SXG and/or XSG structure, respectively (Sims et al., 1996).
  • the ions at approximately 1085, 1217, 1379, and 1525 were reported for Argan (Ericlaes) tree xyloglucan with Hex 4 -Pent 3 , Hex 4 -Pent 4 , Hex 5 -Pent 4 , and Hex 5 -Pent 4 dHex composition, respectively (Ray et al., 2004, supra).
  • the 1525 ion had XUFG xyloglucan structure (Ray et al., 2004, supra). Otherwise the Argan tree xyloglucan was reported to consist of fucogalacto-xyloglucan structure.
  • the 1217 ion was very abundant in the cranberry MALDI-TOF MS spectrum and has been reported to have XXSG structure previously for Oleander and olive fruit xyloglucan (Vierhuis et al., 2001, supra; Hoffman et al., 2005, supra).
  • the diagnostic ions for XXSG structure (Vierhuis et al., 2001, supra) were not present in the cranberry MALDI-TOF/TOF spectrum for m/z approximately 1217.37 ( FIG. 3B ). Therefore, the SSGG xyloglucan structure appeared to be the predominant cranberry xyloglucan structure as was reported for m/z approximately 1217 in tobacco (Sims et al., 1996).
  • the Hex 2 -Pent n dHexHexAMe xyloglucan composition series has never been reported previously but is similar to the XUFG structure reported for the Argan tree (Ericales) xyloglucan and the xylan oligosaccharides containing 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid from the same source (Ray et al. 2004, supra).
  • One of the most abundant cranberry ions, approximately 1055 also has never been reported previously for xyloglucan structure and was used for further MS/MS structural analysis investigation.
  • Oligosaccharide analysis by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS produced a set of ions that provides the essential information for carbohydrate structural characterization (Mechref and Novotony, Anal. Chem., Volume 75, 4895-4903, 2003).
  • the MS/MS spectrum presents two types of ions due to cross-ring fragmentation that usually involves two bonds on the same sugar residue and the glycosidic bond cleavage between two sugar residues.
  • the ions are designated as X ions for cross-ring fragmentation, and Y and Z ions for glycosidic bond fragments.
  • the ions are designated as A for cross-ring fragmentation, and B and C for the glycosidic bond fragments.
  • the fragmented bond site is indicated with the corresponding letter, a subscript number, and a Greek letter to designate the branched chain involved.
  • Superscript numbers preceding the ions X or A indicates the cleaved bonds in the sugar ring.
  • the MS/MS spectrum shown in FIG. 3A corresponds to the sodiated oligosaccharide, [M+Na] + , with a m/z at approximately 1055.32 ( FIG. 2 ).
  • This precursor ion is consistent with an oligosaccharide structure formed by 4 pentoses and 3 hexoses.
  • the ion at m/z approximately 305.3 in the MS/MS spectrum ( FIG. 3A ) suggests that two pentoses are present as side chains. No ion corresponding to a side antenna with 1, 3 or 4 pentoses is observed in the spectrum.
  • the ion at m/z approximately 893 indicates the loss of a hexose from the precursor ion (1055-162).
  • Some of the ions are generated from subsequent fragmentation of the approximately 951 fragment, such as the ion at m/z approximately 891 (951 ⁇ 60).
  • NMRPipe Delaglio et al., 1994
  • Sparky Goddard et al.
  • All spectra were referenced to the internal 1 H and 13 C resonances of 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentan-1-sulfonic acid (DSS).
  • One dimensional 1 H NMR spectra were acquired using a spectral width of approximately 5,000 Hz, approximately 32,768 points, approximately 70° pulse width, and a recycle time of approximately 2.5 seconds.
  • One dimensional 13 C NMR spectra were acquired at approximately 176 MHz using approximately 65,536 data points, approximately a 70 degree pulse width, and a relaxation time of approximately 2.5 seconds.
  • the peak at 5.08 has a shoulder that is also 3.5 Hz from the main peak. This is indicative of the pyranoses rhamnose, fucose and xylose, although others may exist.
  • Several peaks in the region of approximately 5.1-5.2 ppm have very small, or indiscernible coupling in the 1D- 1 H spectrum. These characteristics support an assignment of ⁇ -L-Araf. Furanoses such as these undergo rapidly repuckering of their rings, resulting in an averaging of the J values.
  • ⁇ -D-Galp resonances are typically found in L substructures in sequences such as XLF (CCRC NMR Database).
  • the data also allows the assignment of secondary components consisting of ⁇ -Rha, and ⁇ -Fuc.
  • the 1D- 1 H and the HSQC spectra reveal ⁇ -doublets in the approximate range of 4.49-4.65 ppm and 98.4-99.5 ppm ( 1 H and 13 C, respectively). These resonances probably arise from ⁇ -D-GlcA, and/or ⁇ -D-Gal in an F substructure with an environment such as X F G or L F G (CCRC NMR Database).
  • HMBC and HSQC experiments indicate the presence of aromatic components having 1 H resonances between approximately 7.5-9.7 ppm and 13 C resonances in the range of approximately 90-180 ppm. These resonances are consistent with polyphenolic anthocyanins or proanthocyanidin compounds, although the actual structures have not been established. The spectra do suggest that they are linked to several sugars, however, this has not yet been proven. Similar chemical species have been identified by others (Yan et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., Volume 50, 5844-5849, 2002).
  • human bladder epithelial cells T24 (ATCC #HTB-4) and Escherichia coli 1161 (ATCC #BAA-1161) were seeded in a 24-well plate and set to grow to confluence at about 37 degrees in an about 5% CO 2 incubator. The cells were then treated with ultraviolet light. Approximately 1 mL of LB medium (Muler Hinton II Broth) was added to each well. Fraction A6 samples were dissolved in DMSO, centrifuged at approximately 3,000 rpm for about 15 minutes at approximately 4 degrees C., approximately 50 ⁇ L of supernatant was added to the wells.
  • PBS Phosphate Buffer Solution
  • DMSO DMSO
  • E. coli solution was added to each well. After about three hours of incubation, the solution in a plate was aspirated off. Wells were washed twice with PBS. Bacteria bound to the cell membrane were lysed with microbial viability buffer. The ATP level, an indicator of viable cells, was read optically by a plate reader. The percent inhibition of bacterial adhesion was calculated as: (ATP negative control-ATP sample)/ATP negative control) ⁇ 100%.
  • anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction A6 The biological activity of anti-microbial adhesion inhibitory fraction A6 was determined with bacterial adhesion assays using the uropathogenic E. coli 1161 and the verotoxigenic E. coli O157.H7 strains. The lowest concentration of A6, approximately 1.25-10 mg/ml, blocked adhesion on E. coli 1161 to T24 human bladder epithelial cells with approximately 20 mg/ml or above concentrations no different from the PBS control (Table 6),
  • the A6 fraction had much higher anti-adhesion activity compared to A1 ( FIG. 6 ).
  • the cranberry concentrate powder (A1) was much more enriched in pectic oligosaccharides compared to the xyloglucan oligosaccharide enriched A6 fraction.
  • the higher levels of xyloglucan oligosaccharides correlated with the higher anti-adhesion activity.

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