US9231258B2 - Cooling system for a fuel cell - Google Patents

Cooling system for a fuel cell Download PDF

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Publication number
US9231258B2
US9231258B2 US13/981,573 US201213981573A US9231258B2 US 9231258 B2 US9231258 B2 US 9231258B2 US 201213981573 A US201213981573 A US 201213981573A US 9231258 B2 US9231258 B2 US 9231258B2
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Prior art keywords
cells
fluid
frequency
fuel cell
cooling system
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US13/981,573
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US20140065503A1 (en
Inventor
Xavier Glipa
Sadok Garnit
Eric Pinton
Patrick Le Gallo
Fabien Harel
Sylvie Begot
Jean-Marc Le Canut
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PSA Automobiles SA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Peugeot Citroen Automobiles SA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Assigned to PEUGEOT CITROEN AUTOMOBILES SA, COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES reassignment PEUGEOT CITROEN AUTOMOBILES SA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PINTON, ERIC, BEGOT, Sylvie, HAREL, Fabien, LECANUT, JEAN-MARC, GARNIT, SADOK, GLIPA, XAVIER, LEGALLO, PATRICK
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
    • H01M8/04253—Means for solving freezing problems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
    • H01M8/04268—Heating of fuel cells during the start-up of the fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
    • H01M8/04358—Temperature; Ambient temperature of the coolant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04544—Voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04768—Pressure; Flow of the coolant
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cooling system for a fuel cell that generates electricity and also relates to a method of operation of such a cooling system, as well as to an electricity-generating group and an automobile vehicle comprising a fuel cell equipped with this cooling system.
  • Fuel cells are developed today in particular for equipping vehicles as a replacement for internal combustion engines and they permit obtaining a better yield of energy than that of internal combustion engines by producing electricity used by an electrical traction machine.
  • Fuel cells generally comprise a stack of elementary cells comprising two electrodes separated by an electrolyte, and two conductive plates that supply the fuel and the oxidizer to the electrodes by internal conduits.
  • the electrochemical reactions that take place upon contact with the electrodes generate an electric current and produce water while releasing a heat energy that heats the different components.
  • the fuel cells In order to function correctly the fuel cells must be at a certain temperature range, depending on the type, between 60 and 800° C.
  • the heat released by the starting of the reactions when the cell is cold serves, at first, to heat the cells in order bring them to the desired operating temperature.
  • the fuel cells comprise a cooling system comprising a heat-conveying fluid circuit put in circulation by a pump that comes in contact with these cells in order take on heat while heating up.
  • the fluid then circulates in a heat exchanger in order to cool down, in particular by exchange with the ambient air.
  • a problem that is posed in the case of a starting of the fuel cell that is at a temperature lower than 0° C. is that the water produced by the electrochemical reaction is at risk of freezing as long as this temperature is below this threshold of 0° C. The fuel cell can then not function correctly and risks being destroyed.
  • a known cooling system presented in particular in the document EP-A1-0074701 comprises a cooling circuit comprising a first circulation loop with the heat exchanger and a pump that always pumps in the same direction, and a second circulation loop that traverses the cells.
  • the two circulation loops intersect at a single point at the level of a four-way valve that can be placed in two positions.
  • Two of the four channels always serve as one for the entrance and the other for the exit for the first circulation loop, and the two other channels allow the second loop to be arranged in series with the first loop in order to receive a circulation in one direction for one position of the valve and in the other direction for the other position.
  • a cold frequent alternating of the direction of the circulation of the fluid in the cells is realized with a circulation of the same reduced volume of fluid traversing these cells in one direction then in the other direction.
  • the same volume of fluid exits on one side of the cells as a function of the discharge of fluid and of the frequency of alternation in order to reenter thereagain after the changing of the direction of circulation.
  • a low volume of fluid comprising an alternating movement allows obtaining a good uniformity of the temperature at all points of the cells and between the cells situated at the center of the stack and those at the ends by the fluid that exchanges and distributes the heat, as well as a concentration of the heat that remains in the cells and in the parts of the conduits close to these cells as the fluid does not circulate beyond these close parts.
  • a problem that is posed with this cooling circuit is that it requires a four-way valve that is relatively complex and expensive to produce. Moreover, the two loops intersecting at a single point form a specific circuit is not always easy to achieve in a simple manner starting from a conventional circuit comprising a single main loop.
  • a simple and efficacious cooling circuit for a cooling system is disclosed that avoids the disadvantages of the prior art and that permits a rapid starting of the fuel cell at low temperatures, that is to say, lower than 0° C.
  • the cooling system for a fuel cell comprising a main circuit for heat-conveying fluid comprising a main circulation pump and a heat exchanger with the outside that feeds an upstream conduit delivering this fluid to the cells of the fuel cell, which fluid exits from the cells via a downstream conduit in order to return to the circulation pump.
  • the main circuit comprises on each upstream and downstream conduit a controlled three-way valve, whereby the third port available in the upstream conduit is connected to the entrance of the pump and that the third port available in the downstream conduit is connected to the pump output in order to establish a secondary fluid circuit.
  • This cooling system is that by using two simple and economical three-way valves that can be readily arranged in the loop of a conventional circuit, and by switching them simultaneously, the direction of circulation of the fluid in the cells can be made to alternate while the pump continues to pump in the same direction (i.e., without changing the direction of the pump).
  • the cooling system can furthermore comprise one or more of the following characteristics that can be combined with each other.
  • the upstream conduit and the downstream conduit each advantageously comprise a temperature sensor arranged close to the connection with the cells.
  • the three-way valves are advantageously valves controlled simultaneously, in an all or nothing manner.
  • a method for operating a cooling system is also disclosed which comprises any one of the previous characteristics.
  • the method controls the frequency of alternations of the simultaneous switching of the two three-way valves in order to establish the secondary circuit or reestablish the main circuit as a function of operating parameters of the fuel cell.
  • the maximum frequency of the alternations is basically equal to twice the output delivered by the pump divided by the volume of the fluid put in operation between two temperature sensors arranged close to the connection of the conduits with the cells.
  • the frequency of alternation is determined as a function of the development of the temperature of the cells.
  • the frequency of alternation is determined for a given intensity of current delivered by the cells as a function of the development of the voltage on the terminals of these cells.
  • the frequency of alternation is advantageously reduced and when the voltage rises, the frequency of alternation is increased.
  • An electricity-generating group with a fuel cell can be provided with the disclosed cooling system which comprises any one of the previous characteristics.
  • an electric vehicle with a fuel cell delivering an electric current used for traction can be provided with a the disclosed cooling system which comprises any of the previous characteristic.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of a cooling system for a fuel cell
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the developments of the electrical voltage V on the terminals of the cells of this fuel cell, presented on the y-axis as a function of the time t presented on the x-axis during a regulation by an alternating circulation of the fluid;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the start at a low temperature of a fuel cell with and without the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a fuel cell 2 comprising a series of cells 4 traversed by a heat-conveying fluid of a cooling system managed by a computer (not shown) controlling the cooling system, which can be the control computer for the fuel cell unit.
  • the cooling system comprises in a main circuit a pump 6 comprising a single direction of rotation and generating a delivery of heat-conveying fluid that traverses a heat exchanger 8 in order to cool this fluid by exchange of heat with another fluid, for example, with the ambient air.
  • the heat-conveying fluid put in circulation by the pump 6 runs through a main circuit whose output is indicated by the arrow A and traverses an upstream three-way valve 10 by entering through the entrance port 10 a in order to exit through the exit port 10 b that conducts this fluid to the upstream conduit 12 of the cells 4 of the fuel cell.
  • the heat-conveying fluid then leaves the cells 4 through a downstream conduit 14 and traverses a three-way upstream valve 16 by entering through the entrance pot 16 a and exiting through the exit port 16 b that conducts this fluid toward the end of the main circuit indicated by the arrow B in order to return to the pump 6 .
  • Each conduit 12 , 14 connected to the cells 4 comprises a temperature sensor 18 , 20 of the heat-conveying fluid that is arranged very close to these cells.
  • the sensor arranged in the upstream conduit 12 is preferably spaced from the entrance of the cell at a distance less than 1/10 of the length of the cell. Also, the sensor arranged in the downstream conduit 14 is spaced from the exit of the cell at a distance less than 1/10 of the total length of the cell.
  • a main circuit comprising a single direction of circulation that permits, in a normal operation mode, the taking of heat in the cells 4 in order to release the heat removed from the cells 4 by the heat-conveying fluid in the heat exchanger 8 .
  • the control computer of the cooling circuit maintains the rotation of the pump 6 in order to make it pump continuously and simultaneously controls the two three-way valves 10 , 16 in accordance with small, successive periods in order to put them alternatively in the position of forming the main circuit as indicated above, then into a position forming a secondary circuit, as described below.
  • the two three-way valves 10 , 16 are each switched into a second position using their third port.
  • valves 10 , 16 are valves that are simultaneously controlled in an all or nothing manner that requires a simple and economical control.
  • the heat-conveying fluid exiting from the heat exchanger 8 passes through the first connection 22 following the beginning of the secondary circuit indicated by the arrow C in order to feed the third port 16 c of the downstream valve 16 , then leaves again through the entrance port 16 a in order to return into the cells 4 through the downstream conduit 14 .
  • the heat-conveying fluid exiting from the cells 4 through the upstream conduit 12 feeds the exit port 10 b of the upstream valve 10 , then leaves again through the third port 10 c in order to arrive at the end of the secondary circuit indicated by the arrow D at a second connection 24 connected to the entrance of pump 6 .
  • the instantaneous output is the same as that of the continuous operating mode, which is calculated for being able to cool the cells 4 functioning at their maximum power. Moreover, this output takes into account the viscosity of the heat-conveying fluid and its density so that the mixture between the hot fluid and the cold fluid can be made in the cells in such a manner as to obtain a good exchange of heat and a uniformity of the temperatures.
  • the cooling system enables the heat-conveying fluid to circulate alternatingly in the fuel cell in the two possible directions while nevertheless operating the pump to continuously pump in the one direction in order to exploit the heat produced by the cell itself during a cold start.
  • the direction of circulation of the fluid inside the cell is alternated by alternatingly stressing the main circuit and the secondary circuit with a variable frequency adapted to the development of the temperature of the heat-conveying fluid or any other operating parameter representative of this temperature.
  • the frequency varies according to the two following initial phases:
  • a fluid volume that is sufficiently reduced is obtained that traverses the cells 4 and that is implemented in the heat exchangers.
  • the reduced fluid volume shifts and exits from the cells remaining close to these cells on both sides in the upstream conduits 12 and downstream conduits 14 in such a manner as to minimize the fluid mass to be heated as well as the heat exchange with the outside.
  • this volume of fluid used should allow the fluid situated in the central cells 4 , i.e., those that heat up the most, to reach the temperature sensors 18 , 20 at the end of the movement so that they can follow the development of the temperature of these central cells.
  • a maximum alternating frequency F (in Hertz) that is equal to twice the output D (in liter/second) of the pump divided by the volume of the fluid V (in liters) used between the two temperature sensors 18 , 20 .
  • the invention thus allows the even reheating of the cells 4 to a temperature greater than 0° C. before the quantity of water delivered by these cells has saturated the electrolyte in order to avoid a freezing of this water not absorbed by this electrolyte.
  • a first method for controlling the frequency of the alternations of the direction of the circulation of the heat-conveying fluid during the rise of the temperature of the cells 4 is made from monitoring the temperatures indicated by the sensors 18 , 20 .
  • a too great an elevation of this temperature is limited by the drop of the frequency of the alternation during the second initial phase, that then implements a greater and greater volume of fluid by taking cold fluid from the rest of the circuit.
  • the increase of the temperature gradient is controlled by that of the frequency of the alternation.
  • a nominal operating temperature of the cells 4 is achieved comprised, for example, between 20 and 80° C. for a fuel cell with a solid, polymeric electrolyte, and in particular comprised between 60 and 80° C. for vehicle applications, at a zero frequency of alternation, which is the continuous operating mode using the main circuit.
  • Heat-conveying fluid is obtained with this continuous passage mode in the cells 4 and then in the heat exchanger 8 , which allows the greatest exchange of calories.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a second method of regulating the temperature of the cells 4 starting from cells delivering a given current intensity by monitoring the level of voltage V in volts of these cells as a function of the time t in seconds, preferably measured on the central cells, that are those that heat up the most rapidly.
  • the frequency of alternation is increased, which passes to approximately 28 Hertz in order to reduce the volume of fluid implemented and to raise the temperature of this fluid.
  • the cell Before a start at a temperature lower than 0° C., the cell must be dried beforehand in such a way that the water produced during the starting is absorbed by the electrolyte and that the temperature of the cells is greater than 0° before the electrolyte is saturated with water. Also, during a start at a temperature lower than 0° C. the cell must be fed with dry reactive gases.
  • the state of the advance drying of the cell implies an internal resistance value greater than the nominal value, which necessitates adapting the density value of the current during the starting. This can be applied in the form of a gradient increasing in intensity in order to limit the stress on all the first instants of the starting and to then arrange the maximum thermal and electrical power.
  • FIG. 3 shows the curve 40 of the electrical power W in watts as a function of the time t in seconds deliverable for a fuel cell comprising a cooling system without an alternating operating mode and which starts with an initial temperature of ⁇ 8° C.
  • the available power W rises at first, then rapidly drops at the time t 1 in order to finish by being cancelled out at the time t 2 on account of the saturation of the electrolyte by water, which begins to freeze.
  • the fuel cell comprising a cooling system as described above can serve for an automobile but also for all stationary applications, such as an electricity-generating group, for which a rapid temperature rise is sought.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
US13/981,573 2011-02-02 2012-02-01 Cooling system for a fuel cell Active 2032-09-16 US9231258B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1150825 2011-02-02
FR1150825A FR2971088A1 (fr) 2011-02-02 2011-02-02 Systeme de refroidissement pour pile a combustible
PCT/FR2012/050221 WO2012104553A1 (fr) 2011-02-02 2012-02-01 Système de refroidissement pour pile à combustible

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US20140065503A1 US20140065503A1 (en) 2014-03-06
US9231258B2 true US9231258B2 (en) 2016-01-05

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US (1) US9231258B2 (ru)
EP (1) EP2671280B1 (ru)
CA (1) CA2825261A1 (ru)
FR (1) FR2971088A1 (ru)
RU (1) RU2590905C2 (ru)
WO (1) WO2012104553A1 (ru)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11611089B2 (en) 2021-08-05 2023-03-21 Hydrogenics Corporation Thermal management system and method of positioning and adjusting coolant flow for stationary vehicle fuel cell applications

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU2017411874B2 (en) * 2017-04-24 2023-02-09 Hoeller Electrolyzer Gmbh Method for operating a water electrolysis device
AT523030B1 (de) * 2019-10-04 2022-05-15 Avl List Gmbh Brennstoffzellensystem, Speichermittel, Computerprogrammprodukt und Verfahren zum Aufheizen eines Brennstoffzellenstapels

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0074701A1 (en) 1981-08-25 1983-03-23 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Fuel cell system
JP2001229947A (ja) 2000-02-14 2001-08-24 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 燃料電池の冷却システム
US20030031905A1 (en) 2001-08-10 2003-02-13 Tomohiro Saito Fuel cell system
JP2004063118A (ja) 2002-07-25 2004-02-26 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 燃料電池システム
JP2005322596A (ja) 2004-05-11 2005-11-17 Toyota Motor Corp 燃料電池システム
JP2009245802A (ja) 2008-03-31 2009-10-22 Toyota Motor Corp 燃料電池システム
US20100167146A1 (en) 2006-01-13 2010-07-01 Shinsuke Takeguchi Fuel cell system and method of operating fuel cell system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2186228C2 (ru) * 2000-05-12 2002-07-27 Закрытое акционерное общество "Волжский дизель им.Маминых" Устройство для повышения эксплуатационной экономичности тепловой машины
RU80515U1 (ru) * 2008-08-12 2009-02-10 Евгений Викторович Андреев Автономная автоматическая система подогрева и поддержания температурных условий дизельных двигателей транспортных средств

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0074701A1 (en) 1981-08-25 1983-03-23 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Fuel cell system
JP2001229947A (ja) 2000-02-14 2001-08-24 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 燃料電池の冷却システム
US20030031905A1 (en) 2001-08-10 2003-02-13 Tomohiro Saito Fuel cell system
JP2004063118A (ja) 2002-07-25 2004-02-26 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 燃料電池システム
JP2005322596A (ja) 2004-05-11 2005-11-17 Toyota Motor Corp 燃料電池システム
US20100167146A1 (en) 2006-01-13 2010-07-01 Shinsuke Takeguchi Fuel cell system and method of operating fuel cell system
JP2009245802A (ja) 2008-03-31 2009-10-22 Toyota Motor Corp 燃料電池システム

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
International Search Report corresponding to application PCT/FR12/50221 dated May 21, 2012.
Written Opinion corresponding to application PCT/FR12/50221 dated Aug. 2, 2013.

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11611089B2 (en) 2021-08-05 2023-03-21 Hydrogenics Corporation Thermal management system and method of positioning and adjusting coolant flow for stationary vehicle fuel cell applications

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Publication number Publication date
FR2971088A1 (fr) 2012-08-03
EP2671280B1 (fr) 2016-08-31
WO2012104553A1 (fr) 2012-08-09
CA2825261A1 (fr) 2012-08-09
EP2671280A1 (fr) 2013-12-11
US20140065503A1 (en) 2014-03-06
RU2013140447A (ru) 2015-03-10
RU2590905C2 (ru) 2016-07-10

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