US9154208B2 - System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array - Google Patents

System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array Download PDF

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US9154208B2
US9154208B2 US13/547,088 US201213547088A US9154208B2 US 9154208 B2 US9154208 B2 US 9154208B2 US 201213547088 A US201213547088 A US 201213547088A US 9154208 B2 US9154208 B2 US 9154208B2
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csi
local terminals
terminals
local
array
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US20130336232A1 (en
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Hong Yang
Thomas L. Marzetta
Alexei Ashikhmin
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Alcatel Lucent SAS
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Alcatel Lucent SAS
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Priority to US13/547,088 priority Critical patent/US9154208B2/en
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Priority to JP2015517322A priority patent/JP6012858B2/ja
Priority to PCT/US2013/044886 priority patent/WO2013188256A1/en
Priority to KR1020147034690A priority patent/KR101646864B1/ko
Priority to EP13730767.4A priority patent/EP2862289B1/en
Priority to CN201380031133.9A priority patent/CN104365032B/zh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
    • H04W52/143—Downlink power control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H04B7/0621—Feedback content
    • H04B7/0632—Channel quality parameters, e.g. channel quality indicator [CQI]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to access methods in communication systems, and more particularly to access methods that include transmission over a wireless link.
  • the CSI has fast-fading and slow-fading components between said array and said local terminals;
  • the local terminals are user terminals having no more than local premises mobility.
  • the local terminals are wireless base stations serving user terminals, and the wireless fixed access is backhaul access for the base stations.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an access network in a typical rural area.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary frame format for use in implementations of the methods described here.
  • FIG. 3 is a plot showing downlink and uplink throughput achievable using the herein-described methods as predicted from simulations assuming a 20-MHz bandwidth.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an access network in a typical rural area.
  • a plurality of user premises 10 are served over wireless links by service antenna array 20 connected to a service transceiver station 25 which includes circuitry for conditioning signals for transmission from array 20 and for processing signals received on array 20 , and which also includes circuitry for connection to the public telephone network, networks of internet service providers, and the like.
  • the downstream end of the link is marked by antenna or antenna array 30 connected to a user terminal 40 .
  • Antennas 30 may be fixed; for example, they may be immobilized in fixtures attached to the roofs of houses and other buildings. Alternatively, at least some of the antennas 30 may be connected to terminals 40 having some limited mobility. That is, the terminals 40 may be cellphones, laptop computers, or other portable wireless communication devices that can be moved around while in use.
  • such devices may continue to mark the downstream end of the wireless link while moving at speeds typical of human locomotion, provided they remain on their home user premises or within a few tens of meters of their home premises.
  • local premises mobility As will be seen, the geographical boundaries for local premises mobility depend on several factors, including the geographical density of user premises and the length of the interval for updating channel coefficients.
  • the downstream ends of the wireless links are marked by antennas or antenna arrays 50 connected to base stations 60 .
  • Each base station may, for example, be a microcell or nanocell serving a residential subdivision or business park.
  • the wireless link functions as part of the backhaul network supporting the base station.
  • access network to refer to both kinds of implementation; i.e., to networks supporting the delivery of Internet, double and triple play, and other like services to users, and also to networks providing backhaul transport to support base stations.
  • service antenna array 20 is an array of a Large-Scale Antenna System (LSAS), in which the total number M of antennas is greater than the number of user terminals, and preferably tens, or even hundreds, of times larger.
  • LSAS systems are advantageous because they potentially offer large array processing gains and large spatial diversity gains.
  • the antennas are arrayed in a grid pattern 100 antennas to a side, spaced one-half wavelength apart.
  • the mounting panel for the antennas would have a span of about 8 meters by 8 meters.
  • 40,000 antennas could be mounted on a panel having a span of about 16 meters by 16 meters. Even greater economies of space might be achieved by arranging the antennas in a three-dimensional, rather than a two-dimensional, grid pattern.
  • the coherence time is taken for illustrative purposes to be the time it takes to effectively shift the position of a user terminal by one-quarter wavelength, and if the fluctuations in the propagation channel are taken as equivalent to user mobility at 5 km per hour, then the coherence time (assuming a 1.9 GHz carrier frequency) is estimated to be 28.44 ms.
  • User antennas can employ various performance-enhancing features. For example, the use of multiple-antenna arrays at the user premises can increase spectral efficiency. Antenna placement at the user premises can be optimized to minimize the radiofrequency path loss to the service antenna array.
  • An exemplary system operates in time-division duplex (TDD) mode.
  • TDD time-division duplex
  • UL uplink
  • DL downlink
  • channel coefficients measured at the service antenna array from uplink pilot signals received from the user terminals are assumed to apply, within the same coherence interval, to both the uplink and the downlink.
  • the service transceiver station uses knowledge of the channel coefficients to precode the downlink transmissions.
  • the precoding is for the well-known practice of beamforming, which imparts spatial selectivity to the downlink transmissions so that the downlink signal destined for a given user suffers relatively little interference from synchronously transmitted downlink signals destined for other users.
  • all user terminals synchronously transmit their respective pilot signals on the uplink
  • the service transceiver station synchronously transmits the downlink signals to all of the user terminals from the service antenna array.
  • the population of user terminals may be divided into user subpopulations which are separated into different timeslots for pilot transmission and/or for downlink signal transmission.
  • Division into user subpopulations can be advantageous, for example, when the number of users is greater than the number of mutually orthogonal pilot signals, so that to avoid pilot contamination, pilot signals need to be reused in different timeslots. Pilot contamination arises among users transmitting mutually non-orthogonal pilot signals within the same timeslots. A signal nominally beamformed to one of such users may, as a result of pilot contamination, include interference from signals nominally beamformed to the other such users.
  • pilot signals will generally be very large, it will be possible to define pilot signals as corresponding to very long symbol sequences, and thus a large number of mutually othogonal pilot sequences may be constructed.
  • OFDM modulation is used.
  • the propagation channel is treated as piecewise constant.
  • the frequency width of each subband over which the channel can be assumed constant is the Nyquist sampling interval as expressed in frequency terms, i.e., the inverse of the delay spread of the channel.
  • the channel can be estimated from the uplink pilot sequences, which would be indexed by both OFDM tone and by OFDM symbol. That is, the element of a given pilot sequence that is transmitted in a given transmission time interval is identified by a selected OFDM tone (i.e., subcarrier) lying within the pertinent subband, in combination with a selected OFDM symbol.
  • T u represent the usable symbol interval
  • T sl represent the slot duration (which we assume to be equal to the coherence interval)
  • T d represent the channel delay spread
  • T s represent the OFDM symbol interval. Then d is given by:
  • T u /T d T u T d ⁇ T sl T s , where T u /T d is the Nyquist sampling interval expressed in number of tones, and T sl /T s is length of a pilot sequence, in the number of OFDM symbols that are used.
  • T s 10 ⁇ 3 /14
  • T u 10 ⁇ 3 /15
  • the geographical locations of the user premises will typically be known before the system is put into operation.
  • a stored tabulation of the bearings of each of the user premises and their distances from the service antennas can be used to facilitate the initial beamforming when the system is first started up, and when service is restored after an outage.
  • beamforming for the downlink is performed by applying the channel coefficients (as estimated from the pilot signals) in the well-known process of conjugate beamforming precoding.
  • Reception on the uplink is illustratively performed by likewise applying the channel coefficients in the well-known process of maximum ratio combining.
  • Information that is derived from, or related to, the channel coefficients and useful for, e.g., such precoding and combining is referred to here as channel state information (CSI).
  • CSI channel state information
  • the air-interface resources will be allocated to downlink transmissions in blocks which span one or more transmission time intervals and one or more OFDM frequency subcarriers. Orthogonal or quasiorthogonal codes may also be allocated.
  • the channel coefficients are typically estimated from uplink pilot signals.
  • the pilot signals are typically transmitted as part of a frame format as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 2 .
  • portion 100 of the frame format contains the uplink data transmissions.
  • portion 110 which contains the pilot signals.
  • information derived from the pilot signals as received is used to decode the uplink signals and to generate the coefficients for precoding the downlink signals.
  • portion 120 of the frame format the precoded downlink signals are transmitted.
  • the pilot signals are preferably transmitted at maximum power from the user terminals to obtain the best possible channel estimates.
  • g mk we now define g mk to be the channel coefficient between the m-th antenna of the service antenna array and the k-th user terminal. We assume here that there is only one antenna per user terminal. Extensions to multiple-antenna user terminals are straightforward.
  • the channel coefficients g mk will also generally be dependent on frequency. For simplicity of presentation, we have suppressed the frequency dependence in this portion of the discussion.
  • the channel coefficients are estimated by a successive approximation process without using pilot signals, or with the use of pilot signals on rare occasions such as initialization and recovery from a network failure.
  • the alternative method relies on observed SINR values returned on a regular basis from the user terminals to the service transceiver station. In many communication systems, such SINR values are returned to the base station for use by the base station in selecting modulation and coding parameters and the like. By using successive approximations, it is possible to reduce the complexity that would otherwise attend the use of pilot signals for channel measurement.
  • ALGORITHM 1 is one of a pair of algorithms (ALGORITHM 1 AND ALGORITHM 2) to be used for estimating the channel coefficients.
  • ALGORITHM 1 as described below is applied to one pair consisting of a user k and a service antenna m. The same is true of ALGORITHM 2, which is not described below in detail.
  • the pair of algorithms can be applied in turn to each user, and for each user, it can be applied in turn to each service antenna in a continual cycle which returns periodically to the first user and the first service antenna. By cycling in such a manner, the algorithms will adapt the channel coefficients on a trajectory that tracks the physical evolution of the propagation channel.
  • an initial estimate ⁇ mk is obtained of the true channel coefficient g mk .
  • the initial estimate is obtained using pilot signals.
  • ALGORITHM 1 operates to find a refined estimate for ⁇ while the initial estimate for ⁇ remains fixed.
  • ALGORITHM 2 then operates to find a refined estimate for ⁇ while ⁇ remains fixed.
  • the service transceiver station will use a current channel estimate for precoding and transmitting a signal to the user, and the user will return a corresponding value of the SINR.
  • SINR( ⁇ ) the returned SINR value that corresponds to a particular estimate ⁇ for the channel coefficient (while the estimate for ⁇ remains fixed).
  • the bin denoted ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ contains the current estimate of the true phase ⁇ . Accordingly, it is initialized with an initial estimate and updated at each iteration of the algorithm. When the algorithm exits due to convergence, the bin ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ will contain the final estimate.
  • the symbol ⁇ represents an increment of phase angle.
  • the size of ⁇ may be set arbitrarily, but to assure convergence of the algorithm, it is desirably set close to, but somewhat greater than, the expected error in the initial estimate ⁇ circumflex over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ .
  • the symbol ⁇ represents a convergence threshold.
  • the service array receives SINR feedback from the user terminals and selects those user terminals that have suffered the greatest degradation in SINR to be those which transmit pilot signals when the next opportunity comes around.
  • SINR feedback from the user terminals and selects those user terminals that have suffered the greatest degradation in SINR to be those which transmit pilot signals when the next opportunity comes around.
  • ⁇ k 1/2 is indexed only for the pertinent user terminal k and not for any service antenna, because we assume that the slow-fading coefficients can be treated as spatially constant on the scale of the service antenna array.
  • the slow-fading coefficients ⁇ k 1/2 can be obtained, e.g., by averaging the channel coefficients g mk over frequency bins and over the collection of service antennas.
  • the slow-fading coefficients are measured using special pilot signals, which are transmitted less frequently than those used for measuring the g mk .
  • Such an approach will generally be very tractable, not least because the slow-fading coefficients ⁇ k 1/2 can generally be assumed constant over the M base station antennas, over frequency, and over at least several timeslots.
  • OFDM symbols are dedicated for slow-fading coefficient estimation.
  • Each user terminal is assigned a different one of the available tones, so that for all k, the k-th terminal sends a pilot signal in the q k -th tone.
  • the slow-fading coefficient ⁇ k 1/2 is approximately independent of q k and of m.
  • multiple tones may be assigned to each user terminal and averaging may be performed over the tones. Likewise, averaging may be performed over multiple OFDM symbols.
  • ⁇ DL , LSAS , cj , k B ⁇ ( 1 - ⁇ r T ) ⁇ log 2 ⁇ ( 1 + ⁇ k ⁇ M ⁇ ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ f 1 + ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ f ⁇ ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ r 1 + ⁇ k ⁇ ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ r ) , ( 1 )
  • ⁇ f and ⁇ r are the nominal signal-to-noise ratios) for the downlink and uplink respectively
  • ⁇ r is the uplink pilot sequence length
  • ⁇ k 1/2 is the slow-fading coefficient for the k-th user terminal
  • T is the total number of symbols in the coherence interval
  • B is the carrier bandwidth
  • M is the number of antennas at the base station
  • ⁇ k is the percentage of downlink power allocated to the k-th subscriber.
  • the coefficient ⁇ k is defined such that with K
  • Equation (1) (because equal SINR implies equal throughput) the resulting throughput is equalized over all users.
  • the above power-control strategy is deterministic, but adapted as needed or periodically when the slow-fading coefficients are updated.
  • Similar DL power control strategies can be derived to allocate the power to subscribers according to the grade of service subscribed.
  • the user terminals receive feedback of the values of the slow-fading coefficients from the STS, which they use, for example, to equalize the uplink SINR over all active user terminals.
  • Terminal 1 maximal available power P r ,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
US13/547,088 2012-06-13 2012-07-12 System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array Expired - Fee Related US9154208B2 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/547,088 US9154208B2 (en) 2012-06-13 2012-07-12 System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array
CN201380031133.9A CN104365032B (zh) 2012-06-13 2013-06-10 使用多天线阵列的无线固定接入的系统及方法
JP2015517322A JP6012858B2 (ja) 2012-06-13 2013-06-10 複数アンテナ・アレイを使用する無線固定アクセスのシステムおよび方法
PCT/US2013/044886 WO2013188256A1 (en) 2012-06-13 2013-06-10 System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array
KR1020147034690A KR101646864B1 (ko) 2012-06-13 2013-06-10 다수 안테나 어레이를 사용하는 무선 고정형 액세스의 시스템 및 방법
EP13730767.4A EP2862289B1 (en) 2012-06-13 2013-06-10 System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array

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US201261659154P 2012-06-13 2012-06-13
US13/547,088 US9154208B2 (en) 2012-06-13 2012-07-12 System and method of wireless fixed access using a multiple antenna array

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EP3096547A1 (en) * 2015-05-19 2016-11-23 Alcatel Lucent Apparatuses, methods and computer programs for a first and a second base station transceiver, the first base station transceiver comprising an antenna being flexibly moveable around a mounting device for the antenna
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CN110034829B (zh) * 2019-03-13 2020-11-06 深圳大学 一种多用户无线通信系统的抗干扰方法和装置

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KR20150016320A (ko) 2015-02-11
EP2862289B1 (en) 2017-12-20
US20130336232A1 (en) 2013-12-19
WO2013188256A1 (en) 2013-12-19
EP2862289A1 (en) 2015-04-22
CN104365032A (zh) 2015-02-18
JP6012858B2 (ja) 2016-10-25
CN104365032B (zh) 2017-11-24
JP2015525030A (ja) 2015-08-27
KR101646864B1 (ko) 2016-08-12

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