US8743570B2 - Apparatus for converting electric energy and method for operating such an apparatus - Google Patents

Apparatus for converting electric energy and method for operating such an apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US8743570B2
US8743570B2 US13/607,671 US201213607671A US8743570B2 US 8743570 B2 US8743570 B2 US 8743570B2 US 201213607671 A US201213607671 A US 201213607671A US 8743570 B2 US8743570 B2 US 8743570B2
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Prior art keywords
converter
input voltage
voltage
clock frequency
converter stage
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Expired - Fee Related
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US13/607,671
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English (en)
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US20130028000A1 (en
Inventor
Jens-Uwe Mueller
Peter Witsch
Christian Ruehling
Andreas Falk
Torsten Leifert
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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Assigned to SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG reassignment SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MUELLER, JENS-UWE, LEIFERT, TORSTEN, FALK, ANDREAS, RUEHLING, CHRISTIAN, Witsch, Peter
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/4807—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode having a high frequency intermediate AC stage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/30—The power source being a fuel cell

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for converting electrical energy and a method for operating such an apparatus.
  • the invention relates in particular to an apparatus for converting electrical energy that is stored in an electrochemical storage device (for example in a rechargeable battery) and is taken from the electrochemical storage device or from a fuel cell or fed thereto. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating such apparatus.
  • an electrochemical storage device for example in a rechargeable battery
  • inverters In order to convert a DC voltage from a fuel cell or an electrochemical storage device into an AC voltage, in particular for feeding into a power grid, inverters are used, typically with a galvanic isolation being required between the input and the output.
  • Such inverters need to be designed for operation within a wide input voltage range, in particular in an input voltage range of from 1:2 to 1:3, since the DC voltage generated by a fuel cell, for example, can vary considerably, for example between 25 V and 72 V.
  • a three-stage design of the inverter with, for example, a step-down converter, an RF converter stage connected downstream thereof and the actual DC-to-AC converter, or with an RF converter stage, a step-up converter connected downstream thereof and the actual DC-to-AC converter.
  • the invention reduces the complexity required for converting energy in a wide input voltage range of 1:2 to 1:3, for example, with the apparatus being designed to be DC-isolating at the same time.
  • the DC-to-DC converter stage can comprise either a single DC-to-DC converter device or two or more DC-to-DC converter devices connected in parallel, the inputs and outputs of which are conductively connected to each other.
  • a system voltage of more than 100 V, for example, in particular 230 V can be generated from a wide input voltage range of 25 V to 72 V, for example. In one embodiment, it is desired in view of optimum efficiency to control the intermediate circuit voltage to the actual peak system voltage.
  • All or some of the two or more DC-to-DC converter devices connected in parallel can be dimensioned or designed differently and can in both cases be driven either identically or differently.
  • different driving of identically designed converter devices is provided for, which can be used, for example, to deactivate one of the converters while the other one is running. This “deactivation” takes place, in one embodiment, by virtue of the fact that the switches or valves of the converter are no longer driven, i.e. all are open.
  • the invention advantageously makes it possible to achieve a situation in which the number of DC-to-DC converter stages of an apparatus connected in series according to the prior art is reduced to a single DC-to-DC converter stage, which leads to a reduction in the hardware complexity, for example for driving the individual DC-to-DC converter stages, and therefore results in lower manufacturing costs. Furthermore, an increase in the efficiency of the apparatus in question is made possible by the invention.
  • the inverter is supplemented by a further DC-to-DC converter stage, however, this further DC-to-DC converter stage is used for generating a DC voltage for supplying the fuel cell, i.e. for example for generating a DC voltage of 24 V.
  • the actual DC-to-AC converter stage is designed for bidirectional operation and possibly, for example, at the start of the operation of the fuel cell, AC voltage is converted into a DC intermediate circuit voltage of 420 V, for example, from the power grid, and then the DC voltage for supplying the fuel cell is generated from this DC intermediate circuit voltage by the further DC-to-DC converter stage.
  • the DC intermediate circuit voltage is advantageously generated by converting the DC voltage generated by the fuel cell.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a schematic illustration of a first embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention in the form of a block circuit diagram
  • FIG. 1 b shows a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention in the form of a block circuit diagram
  • FIG. 2 a shows a schematic illustration of a DC-to-DC converter stage in the form of a block circuit diagram
  • FIG. 2 b shows a schematic illustration of a DC-to-DC converter stage in the form of a block circuit diagram, the converter stage having two DC-to-DC converter devices,
  • FIG. 2 c shows a schematic illustration of a DC-to-DC converter stage in the form of a block circuit diagram, the converter stage having n DC-to-DC converter devices,
  • FIG. 3 a shows an example electronic circuit of a unidirectional DC-to-DC converter device
  • FIG. 3 b shows an example electronic circuit of a bidirectional DC-to-DC converter device
  • FIG. 3 c shows an example electronic circuit of a parallel connection of two DC-to-DC converter devices of the type illustrated by way of example in FIG. 3 a,
  • FIGS. 4 a - 4 d show example control characteristics for two differently dimensioned DC-to-DC converter devices
  • FIGS. 5 a - 5 d show example control characteristics for two identically dimensioned DC-to-DC converter devices.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a first embodiment of an apparatus 1 according to the invention with an electrochemical energy generator, which generates electrical energy by means of conversion from another form of energy, or an electrochemical storage device 2 (for example a rechargeable battery or a fuel cell), a DC-to-DC converter stage 3 and a DC-to-AC converter stage 4 .
  • an electrochemical energy generator which generates electrical energy by means of conversion from another form of energy
  • an electrochemical storage device 2 for example a rechargeable battery or a fuel cell
  • DC-to-DC converter stage 3 for example a rechargeable battery or a fuel cell
  • the output terminals of the energy generator or storage device 2 are connected via electrical lines 5 and 6 to the terminals of the battery side of the, in one embodiment, bidirectionally operable DC-to-DC converter stage 3 .
  • the output voltage of the energy generator or storage device 2 is applied between the lines 5 and 6 . Said output voltage is denoted by a voltage arrow 7 .
  • the intermediate circuit terminals of the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 are connected via electrical lines 8 and 9 to the terminals of the DC voltage side of the, in one embodiment, bidirectionally operable DC-to-AC converter stage 4 .
  • the region between the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 and the DC-to-AC converter stage 4 is also referred to as intermediate circuit, and correspondingly the voltage denoted by the voltage arrow 10 is also referred to as intermediate circuit voltage.
  • the terminals on the AC side of the DC-to-AC converter stage 4 are connected via electrical lines 11 and 12 to an electrical power grid 13 (for example a 230 V, 50 Hz voltage supply system), and a system voltage, symbolized by the voltage arrow 14 , is correspondingly applied between the lines 11 and 12 .
  • an electrical power grid 13 for example a 230 V, 50 Hz voltage supply system
  • a system voltage symbolized by the voltage arrow 14
  • a desirable, but not compulsory, bidirectional operation of the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 and the DC-to-AC converter stage 4 is illustrated by the directional arrows 15 and 16 .
  • the battery voltage 7 is converted to the intermediate circuit voltage level 10 by means of the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 .
  • the intermediate circuit voltage 10 is converted by the DC-to-AC converter stage 4 to the system voltage level 14 and fed to the grid 13 .
  • the system voltage 14 is at first converted by means of the DC-to-AC converter stage 4 to the intermediate circuit voltage level 10 and then converted by means of the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 to the battery voltage level 7 .
  • This description of the mode of operation is very simplified, however, the boundary conditions that need to be taken into consideration are known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 has at least one DC-to-DC converter device or a plurality of DC-to-DC converter devices connected in parallel.
  • the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 illustrated in FIG. 2 a can therefore comprise two DC-to-DC converter devices, as illustrated in FIG. 2 b , or “n” DC-to-DC converter devices, as illustrated in FIG. 2 c.
  • FIG. 3 a An example circuit of a DC-to-DC converter device with a unidirectional design is illustrated in FIG. 3 a
  • FIG. 3 b An exemplary circuit of a DC-to-DC converter device with a bidirectional design is illustrated in FIG. 3 b
  • FIG. 3 c shows an exemplary electronic circuit comprising two DC-to-DC converter devices connected in parallel.
  • the electronic circuits shown in FIGS. 3 a and 3 b , as well as 3 c serve merely as an example of DC-to-DC converter devices that can be used in the context of the present invention.
  • the components of the example circuits have therefore not been provided with reference symbols, for reasons of clarity, but merely with the generally known designations for a respective component part (V for valves or power semiconductors, C for capacitors, T for transformers etc.).
  • the DC-to-DC converter devices are DC-isolating and have correspondingly an RF transformer and can be operated in a hard-switching and in a resonant-switching operating mode, in particular also zero current switching (ZCS) and zero voltage switching (ZVS) and variants of these operating modes.
  • ZCS zero current switching
  • ZVS zero voltage switching
  • the step-up converters/step-down converters required in the prior art can advantageously be dispensed with, if the circuits are driven in a corresponding manner.
  • the number of converter stages is thus reduced, which results in a reduction in the manufacturing costs and usually in an improvement of the efficiency.
  • the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 can have a plurality of (two or more) DC-to-DC converter devices 41 that do not differ from each other in terms of a number of characteristic values characterizing a DC-to-DC converter device, in other words, the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 can have a plurality of DC-to-DC converter devices 41 that are dimensioned or designed substantially identically.
  • the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 can have a plurality of DC-to-DC converter devices 41 that differ from each other in terms of a number of characteristic values characterizing a DC-to-DC converter device, in other words, the DC-to-DC converter stage 3 can have a plurality of DC-to-DC converter devices 41 that are dimensioned or designed differently.
  • a DC-to-DC converter device is characterized, for example, by one or more of the following characteristic values: an input voltage range, an output voltage range, a rated power, a minimum or a maximum clock frequency and/or a minimum or maximum duty cycle.
  • the DC-to-DC converter device can be operated in different operating modes.
  • the operating mode of a DC-to-DC converter device can be configured by control parameters. These can be stored, for example, in a control device (not illustrated), with the control device driving one or more DC-to-DC converter devices corresponding to a number of control parameters.
  • the control parameters can relate to: a clock frequency and a duty cycle of the square-wave pulse sequences for opening and closing the switches or valves of a DC-to-DC converter device. Furthermore, the control parameters can be variable depending on an input voltage and/or an electrical power to be transmitted.
  • a converter stage 3 can have two differently designed or dimensioned DC-to-DC converter devices 41 . Examples of driving two differently designed or dimensioned DC-to-DC converter devices of a converter stage 3 is illustrated by way of example as a function of the input voltage U in of the converter stage 3 in FIGS. 4 a to 4 d.
  • the clock frequency f of the first DC-to-DC converter device is increased as the input voltage U in increases, in this case up to the point of the maximum clock frequency f max ( FIG. 4 a ). Then, as the input voltage U in increases further, the first DC-to-DC converter device WE 1 is deactivated ( FIG. 4 d ) and the second DC-to-DC converter device WE 2 is activated ( FIG. 4 c ). As the input voltage U in of the converter stage increases further, the clock frequency f of the second DC-to-DC converter device is increased further, in this case up to the maximum clock frequency f max ( FIG. 4 a ). If the input voltage increases further, the clock frequency remains constant in this illustrated example ( FIG.
  • the duty cycle g of the second DC-to-DC converter device is reduced from 0.5 to the minimum duty cycle g min as the input voltage U in increases further.
  • the first DC-to-DC converter device covers the lower range of the input voltage U in in the example illustrated, while the second DC-to-DC converter device covers the upper range of the input voltage U in .
  • a converter stage 3 can have two identically configured or dimensioned DC-to-DC converter devices 41 .
  • An example driving of two identically designed or dimensioned DC-to-DC converter devices of a converter stage 3 is illustrated as a function of the input voltage U in of the converter stage 3 by way of example in FIGS. 5 a to 5 d.
  • both DC-to-DC converter devices WE 1 and WE 2 are active ( FIGS. 5 c and 5 d ) and as the input voltage U in increases, are driven at an increasing clock frequency f ( FIG. 5 a ). If a specific clock frequency, in this case the maximum clock frequency f max , is reached, the first DC-to-DC converter device WE 1 is deactivated ( FIG. 5 d ) and, in one embodiment, the clock frequency f is set back to a lower value on deactivation. The second DC-to-DC converter device WE 2 remains in operation ( FIG.
  • FIG. 1 b shows a further embodiment of the invention.
  • a further apparatus 20 has an energy generator, for example a fuel cell 21 , a DC-to-DC converter stage 22 (unidirectional, cf. arrow 22 a ) and a DC-to-AC converter stage 23 (bidirectional, cf. arrow 23 a ).
  • the output terminals of the fuel cell 21 are connected to the terminals of the fuel cell side of the DC-to-DC converter stage 22 via electrical lines 24 and 25 .
  • a fuel cell voltage symbolized by the voltage arrow 26 is applied between the lines 24 and 25 .
  • the intermediate circuit terminals of the DC-to-DC converter stage 22 with the at least one DC-to-DC converter device or with the plurality of DC-to-DC converter devices connected in parallel are connected to the intermediate circuit terminals of the DC-to-AC converter stage 23 via electrical lines 27 and 28 .
  • An intermediate circuit voltage symbolized by the voltage arrow 29 is applied between the lines 27 and 28 .
  • the AC terminals of the DC-to-AC converter stage 23 are connected to a grid 32 (for example a 230 V, 50 Hz voltage supply grid) via electrical lines 30 and 31 .
  • a grid voltage symbolized by the voltage arrow 40 is applied between the lines 30 and 31 .
  • the apparatus 20 has a system peripheral (BoP) illustrated as block 33 , with this required for operating the fuel cell and requiring electrical energy.
  • the system peripheral 33 of the fuel cell 21 is connected to the output terminal of the DC-to-DC converter stage 36 (unidirectionally, cf. arrow 36 a ) via electrical lines 34 and 35 .
  • a supply voltage symbolized by means of the voltage arrow 37 for the system peripheral 33 is applied between the lines 34 and 35 .
  • the input terminals of the DC-to-DC converter stage 36 are connected to the intermediate circuit of the apparatus 20 via electrical lines 38 and 39 in accordance with one embodiment, but also independently of the variant under consideration.
  • the voltage required for the supply to the fuel cell itself or to the system peripheral of the fuel cell is therefore tapped off at the intermediate circuit.
  • the DC-to-DC converter stage 36 is in this case not used for supplying a battery as energy storage device. Instead, it makes it possible to provide the DC voltage suitable for supplying the system peripheral or the fuel cell in a simple manner.
  • This DC voltage is often only a relatively low DC voltage of only 24 V, for example, with the result that it is advantageous to convert the DC voltage of the intermediate circuit correspondingly by the DC-to-DC converter stage 36 since the very high intermediate circuit voltage of for example 400 V cannot generally be used expediently for supply, with the result that the DC-to-DC converter stage 36 , for example in the form of a step-down converter, is particularly advantageous.
  • galvanic isolation with respect to the intermediate circuit can advantageously be realized at the same time with this DC-to-DC converter stage 36 .
  • the converter stages 22 and 36 can be driven and embodied analogously to the converter stage 3 described in the first embodiment, and in this way step-up converters and/or step-down converters required so far in the apparatus 20 are no longer necessary either.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
US13/607,671 2010-03-08 2012-09-08 Apparatus for converting electric energy and method for operating such an apparatus Expired - Fee Related US8743570B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10155828.6A EP2365599B1 (de) 2010-03-08 2010-03-08 Vorrichtung zur Wandlung elektrischer Energie und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Vorrichtung
EP10155828 2010-03-08
EP10155828.6 2010-03-08
PCT/EP2011/052843 WO2011110433A2 (de) 2010-03-08 2011-02-25 Vorrichtung zur wandlung elektrischer energie und verfahren zum betreiben einer derartigen vorrichtung

Related Parent Applications (1)

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PCT/EP2011/052843 Continuation WO2011110433A2 (de) 2010-03-08 2011-02-25 Vorrichtung zur wandlung elektrischer energie und verfahren zum betreiben einer derartigen vorrichtung

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US20130028000A1 US20130028000A1 (en) 2013-01-31
US8743570B2 true US8743570B2 (en) 2014-06-03

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US (1) US8743570B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2365599B1 (de)
KR (1) KR20130047686A (de)
AU (1) AU2011226232B2 (de)
DE (1) DE112011100834A5 (de)
WO (1) WO2011110433A2 (de)

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US20170133937A1 (en) * 2015-11-09 2017-05-11 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Power supplying apparatus
US11309714B2 (en) 2016-11-02 2022-04-19 Tesla, Inc. Micro-batteries for energy generation systems

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EP2365599A1 (de) 2011-09-14
WO2011110433A2 (de) 2011-09-15
EP2365599B1 (de) 2014-07-16
AU2011226232A1 (en) 2012-09-27
KR20130047686A (ko) 2013-05-08
US20130028000A1 (en) 2013-01-31
AU2011226232B2 (en) 2015-04-30
DE112011100834A5 (de) 2013-01-17
WO2011110433A3 (de) 2012-04-26

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