US8536165B2 - Azabiphenylaminobenzoic acid derivatives as DHODH inhibitors - Google Patents

Azabiphenylaminobenzoic acid derivatives as DHODH inhibitors Download PDF

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US8536165B2
US8536165B2 US12/672,725 US67272508A US8536165B2 US 8536165 B2 US8536165 B2 US 8536165B2 US 67272508 A US67272508 A US 67272508A US 8536165 B2 US8536165 B2 US 8536165B2
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Julio Cesar Castro Palomino Laria
Emma Terricabras Belart
Montserrat Erra Sola
Eloisa Navarro Romero
Silvia Fonquerna Pou
Aranzazu Cardus Figueras
Maria Estrella Lozoya Toribio
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Almirall SA
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Priority claimed from ES200702261A external-priority patent/ES2315185B1/es
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    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to new inhibitors of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). These compounds are useful in the treatment, prevention or suppression of diseases and disorders known to be susceptible to improvement by inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, such as autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases.
  • DHODH dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
  • the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the fourth step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway namely the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate concomitantly with a electron transfer to ubiquinone (cofactor Q) via a flavin mononucleotide intermediate (Loffler et al Mol Cell Biochem, 1997).
  • DHODH dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
  • inhibitors of DHODH show beneficial immunosuppressant and antiproliferative effects in human diseases characterized by abnormal and uncontrollable cell proliferation causing chronic inflammation and tissue destruction.
  • lymphocyte proliferation inhibitors of DHODH i.e. teriflunomide, Maritimus (FK778) and brequinar
  • DHODH cytokine production and nuclear factor (NF)-kB-signalling
  • monocyte migration and increased production of transforming growth factor beta-1 induces a shift from T helper cell type 1 (Th1) to type 2 (Th2) subpopulation differentiation
  • Th1 T helper cell type 1
  • Th2 type 2
  • osteoclast differentiation mediated by RANKL decreased by DHODH inhibition (Urushibara et al. Arthritis Rheum 2004).
  • Leflunomide sold under the trade name Arava (EP 0 780 128, WO 97/34600), was the first DHODH inhibitor that reached the market place.
  • Leflunomide is the prodrug of teriflunomide, which is the active metabolite inhibiting human DHODH with a moderate potency (Fox et al, J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 1998).
  • Leflunomide is a DMARD (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug) from Aventis, which was approved by the FDA for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 1998 and by the EMEA for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis in 2004.
  • DMARD disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug
  • teriflunomide its active metabolite is efficacious in multiple sclerosis and right now is in Phase III clinical trials (O'Connor et al Neurology 2006).
  • leflunomide and FK778 have shown and excellent antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus.
  • Leflunomide is currently indicated as second-line therapy for cytomegalovirus disease after organ transplantation (John et al Transplantation 2004).
  • Leflunomide reduces HIV replication by about 75% at concentration that can be obtained with conventional dosing (Schlapfer E et al. AIDS 2003).
  • DHODH inhibitors have been recently disclosed for the treatment or prevention of autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases. See for example WO 06/044741; WO 06/022442; WO 06/001961, WO 04/056747, WO 04/056746, WO 03/006425, WO 02/080897 and WO 99/45926.
  • Diseases or disorders in which DHODH inhibition plays a role include without limitation autoimmune diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, destructive bone disorders, malignant neoplastic diseases, angiogenic-related disorders, viral diseases, and infectious diseases.
  • Autoimmune diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondilytis, Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, Reiter's syndrome, fibromyalgia and type-1 diabetes.
  • Immune and inflammatory diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to asthma, COPD, respiratory distress syndrome, acute or chronic pancreatitis, graft versus-host disease, chronic sarcoidosis, transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis; allergic conjunctivitis, Behcet syndrome, inflammatory eye conditions such as conjunctivitis and uveitis.
  • Destructive bone disorders which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and multiple myeloma-related bone disorder.
  • Malignant neoplastic diseases that may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to prostate, ovarian and brain cancer.
  • Agiogenesis-related disorders that may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to hemangiomas, ocular neovascularization, macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
  • Viral diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to HIV infection, hepatitis and cytomegalovirus infection.
  • Infectious diseases which may be prevented or treated include but are not limited to sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, Gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, Shigellosis and other protozoal infestations such as malaria.
  • Further objectives of the present invention are to provide a method for preparing said compounds; pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of said compounds; the use of the compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pathological conditions or diseases susceptible to improvement by inhibition of DHODH wherein the pathological condition or disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis and methods of treatment of pathological conditions or diseases susceptible to amelioration by inhibition of DHODH wherein the pathological condition or disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis comprising the administration of the compounds of
  • the present invention is directed to compounds of formula (I) for use in the treatment or prevention of a pathological condition or disease susceptible to amelioration by inhibition of dehydroortate dehydrogenase
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-4 cycloalkyl, —CF 3 and —OCF 3
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms and C 1-4 alkyl group
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —COOR 5 , —CONHR 5 , tetrazolyl, —SO 2 NHR 5 and —CONHSO 2 R 5 groups, wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl groups
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, and a C 1-4 alkyl group
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a phenyl group
  • G 1 represents a group selected from N and CR 6 wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms,
  • n is an integer from 0 to 3 or, G 2 together with R 6 form a non-aromatic C 5-10 carbocyclic group or a C 6-10 aryl group, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and N-oxides thereof.
  • alkyl embraces optionally substituted, linear or branched hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Preferred substituents on the alkyl groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups.
  • Examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl radicals.
  • alkoxy embraces optionally substituted, linear or branched oxygen containing radicals each having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Preferred substituents on the alkoxy groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups.
  • Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy and tert-butoxy radicals.
  • cycloalkyl embraces optionally substituted saturated carbocyclic radicals and, unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkyl radical typically has from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
  • a cycloalkyl radical carries 2 or more substituents, the substituents may be the same or different.
  • Preferred substituents on the cycloalkyl groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups.
  • cycloalkoxy embraces saturated oxy-containing carbocyclic radicals and, unless otherwise specified, a cycloalkoxy radical typically has from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Examples include cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and cycloheptyloxy.
  • a cycloalkoxy radical carries 2 or more substituents, the substituents may be the same or different.
  • Preferred substituents on the cycloalkoxy groups are halogen atoms and hydroxy groups.
  • aryl radical embraces typically optionally substituent C 6 -C 10 monocyclic or polycyclic aryl radical such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthranyl and phenanthryl. Phenyl is preferred.
  • a said optionally substituted aryl radical is typically unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents which may be the same or different.
  • the substituents are preferably selected from halogen atoms, preferably fluorine atoms, hydroxy groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups in which the alkyl moiety has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxycarbonyl groups, carbamoyl groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy groups and C 1 -C 4 hydroxyalkyl groups.
  • the substituents on an aryl group are typically themselves unsubstituted.
  • heteroaryl and heteroaromatic ring are used interchangeably and typically embrace a 5- to 14-membered ring system, preferably a 5- to 10-membered ring system, comprising at least one heteroaromatic ring and containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, S and N.
  • a heteroaryl radical may be a single ring (monocyclic) or two or more fused rings (polycyclic) wherein at least one ring contains a heteroatom.
  • heterocyclyl radical embraces typically a non-aromatic, saturated or unsaturated C 3 -C 10 carbocyclic ring system, such as a 5, 6 or 7 membered radical, in which one or more, for example 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the carbon atoms preferably 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O and S. Saturated heterocyclyl radicals are preferred.
  • halogen atom embraces chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine atoms typically a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom.
  • halo when used as a prefix has the same meaning.
  • atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles present in the general structures of the invention are “optionally substituted”.
  • these atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles can be either unsubstituted or substituted in any position by one or more, for example 1, 2, 3 or 4, substituents, whereby the hydrogen atoms bound to the unsubstituted atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles are replaced by chemically acceptable atoms, radicals, moieties, chains or cycles.
  • substituents may be the same or different.
  • the term pharmaceutically acceptable salt embraces salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acids include both inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, diphosphoric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic and nitric acid and organic acids, for example citric, fumaric, maleic, malic, mandelic, ascorbic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, benzoic, acetic, methanesulphonic, ethanesulphonic, benzenesulphonic, cyclohexylsulfamic (cyclamic) or p-toluenesulphonic acid.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable bases include alkali metal (e.g. sodium or potassium) and alkali earth metal (e.g. calcium or magnesium) hydroxides and organic bases, for example alkyl amines, arylalkyl amines and heterocyclic amines.
  • X ⁇ may be an anion of various mineral acids such as, for example, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, or an anion of an organic acid such as, for example, acetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulphonate and p-toluenesulphonate.
  • mineral acids such as, for example, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate
  • organic acid such as, for example, acetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulphonate and p-toluenesulphonate.
  • X ⁇ is preferably an anion selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, acetate, maleate, oxalate, succinate or trifluoroacetate. More preferably X ⁇ is chloride, bromide, trifluoroacetate or methanesulphonate.
  • R 3 is a COOH group
  • salts derived from the corresponding carboxylic acid by replacement of the hydrogen atom of the carboxylic group with a cation derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable base as described above.
  • an N-oxide is formed from the tertiary basic amines or imines present in the molecule, using a convenient oxidising agent.
  • the pathological condition or disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondilytis, multiple sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and sarcoidosis.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-4 cycloalkyl and —CF 3 groups.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, halogen atom and a methyl group.
  • G 1 is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms, CCl, CF, CH, C(CH 3 ), C(cyclopropyl), C(phenyl) and C(CF 3 ) groups.
  • G 2 represents a group selected from:
  • G 2 represents a group selected from:
  • n 1, or, G 2 together with R 6 forms non-aromatic C 6 carbocyclic group or a phenyl group.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-4 cycloalkyl, —CF 3 and —OCF 3 ,
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms and C 1-4 alkyl group,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of —COOR 5 , —CONHR 6 , tetrazolyl, —SO 2 NHR 5 and —CONHSO 2 R 5 groups, wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and lineal or branched C 1-4 alkyl groups,
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a C 1-4 alkyl group
  • R 9 represents a hydrogen atom
  • G 1 represents a group selected from N and CR 6 wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-4 cycloalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , monocyclic N-containing C 5-7 heteroaryl, monocyclic N-containing C 3-7 heterocyclyl groups and a C 6-10 aryl group which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen atoms and a C 1-4 alkyl group
  • G 2 represents a group selected from:
  • n is an integer from 0 to 3 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and N-oxides thereof.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 3-4 cycloalkyl and —CF 3 , preferably methyl and cyclopropyl group, more preferably a cyclopropyl group.
  • R 2 is selected from a hydrogen or halogen atom, preferably a hydrogen atom.
  • R 3 is selected from COOR S , —CONHR 5 and tetrazolyl group; preferably R 3 is a COOH group.
  • R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom.
  • R 9 represents a hydrogen atom.
  • G 1 represents a group selected from N, CH, C(CH 3 ), C(cyclopropyl), C(phenyl) or C(CF 3 ) group.
  • G 2 is selected from the group consisting of a methoxy group, a cyclopropyl group and optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, quinolynyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl groups, more preferably, G 2 is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, quinolynyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl groups, being most preferably an optionally substituted phenyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-quinolynyl and 2-pyrazinyl groups.
  • R 1 is selected from a methyl or cyclopropyl group
  • R 2 represents a hydrogen atom
  • R 3 is a COOH group
  • R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
  • G 1 is selected from N, CH, C(CH 3 ), C(cyclopropyl), C(phenyl) and C(CF 3 ) groups
  • G 2 represents a group selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted phenyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-quinolynyl y 2-pyrazinyl groups, more preferably R 9 represent a hydrogen group.
  • R 1 is selected from a methyl or cyclopropyl group
  • R 2 represents a hydrogen atom
  • R 3 is a COOH group
  • R 4 represents a hydrogen atom
  • G 1 is selected from nitrogen atoms and CH, C(CH 3 ) and C(CF 3 ) groups
  • G 2 represents a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from chloro, fluoro, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, trifluoromethoxy and —CONR 7 R 8 , wherein R 7 is hydrogen and R 8 is cyclopropyl or R 7 and R 8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a group of formula
  • n 1
  • Particular individual compounds of the invention include:
  • the compounds of formula (I) are new, provided that when G2 is a hydrogen or chlorine atom, a methoxy or butoxy group, or together with R6 forms a phenyl group, then R1 is not a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom.
  • R1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 9 , G 1 and G 2 are as defined above, with the proviso that when G 2 is a hydrogen or chlorine atom, a methoxy or butoxy group or together with R 6 forms a phenyl group, then R 1 is not a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom.
  • the reaction may be carried out under inert atmosphere over a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 or Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd 2 (dba) 3 ), using a phosphine ligand such as rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphtyl (BINAP) or Xanthphos, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • the reaction may be mediated by a copper catalyst such as a mixture of a Cu and Cu 2 O, using a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Na 2 CO 3 in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • a copper catalyst such as a mixture of a Cu and Cu 2 O
  • a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Na 2 CO 3
  • a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a temperature ranging from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (III) may be obtained from Intermediates (X) by reduction of the nitro group using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • intermediates of general formula (III) may also be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates (XI) wherein X 1 is a chlorine or bromine atom, with intermediates (VII) wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate, trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM), using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, tricyclohexylphosphine (P(Cy) 3 ) or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water, dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (db
  • reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane derivative
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Intermediates of general formula (X) may be obtained by the reaction of Intermediates (IX) wherein X′ is a chlorine or bromine atom, with Intermediates (VII) wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate, trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf), using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water, dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane derivative
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Intermediates of formula (XI) are commercially available or may be prepared from intermediates of formula (IX) by reduction of the nitro group using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of formula (IX) are commercially available or may be obtained from Intermediates of formula (VIII).
  • the reaction may be carried out in the presence of POCl 3 or POBr 3 with the assistance of PCl 5 or PBr 3 at a range of temperatures between 70° C. to 140° C. for 15 minutes to 24 hours.
  • R 6 is a group selected from C 3-4 cycloalkyl, C 6-10 aryl, C 3-7 heterocyclyl or C 5-7 heteroaryl
  • Intermediates of general formula (IIIb) may be obtained following the synthetic scheme depicted in figure 2.
  • Intermediates (IIIb) wherein R 4 , R 9 and G 2 are as described above, may be obtained by the reaction of Intermediates (IIIa) with Intermediates (VIIa) wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate ester, a trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM, using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water, dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dpp
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane derivative
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IIIb) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (Xb) by reduction of the nitro group using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IIIa) wherein R 4 and G 2 are as described before may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (Xa) by reduction of the nitro group using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 , in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (Xb) may be obtained by the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (Xa) wherein R 4 and G 2 are as described above with Intermediates (VIIa) wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate ester, trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM, using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water, dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dpp
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Intermediates of general formula (Xa) may be obtained by the reaction of Intermediates (IXb) with intermediates (VII) wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate ester, trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM, using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C.
  • a palladium catalyst such as
  • reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane derivative
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Compounds of general formula (I) may be prepared by reaction of intermediates (IV) wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as described above with intermediates (V) wherein R 4 , R 9 , G 1 and G 2 are as described above and X 4 represents a bromine or iodine atom or a trialkylstannane derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 or Pd 2 (dba) 3 , using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP or Xanthphos, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • a catalyst based on copper such as Cu(OAc) 2 is used in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, 1,2-lutidine, CsF or tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in a solvent such as acetonitrile, toluene, dichloromethane or THF at a range of temperatures between 25° C. and 90° C.
  • a base such as triethylamine, 1,2-lutidine, CsF or tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF)
  • a solvent such as acetonitrile, toluene, dichloromethane or THF at a range of temperatures between 25° C. and 90° C.
  • Intermediates of general formula (V) may be prepared by the reaction of Intermediates (XIV) wherein X 3 is a bromine or chlorine atom, with intermediates (VII) wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate, trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM, using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water, dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane
  • CuI is added as a co-cata
  • Compounds of general formula (I) may be prepared by reaction of intermediates (VI) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 9 and G 1 are as described above and X 5 is a chlorine or bromine atom, with intermediates (VII) wherein G 2 is as described above and Z is selected from a boronic acid, a boronate, a trialkylstannane and a zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM, using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM
  • reaction may be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane derivative
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Intermediates of general formula (VI) may be obtained by the reaction of Intermediates (II) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and X 2 are as described above with intermediates (XVI) wherein R 4 , G 1 and X 5 are as described above.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 or Pd 2 (dba) 3 , using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP or Xanthphos, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • the reaction may be mediated by a copper catalyst such as Cu or Cu 2 O, using a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Na 2 CO 3 in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • a copper catalyst such as Cu or Cu 2 O
  • a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Na 2 CO 3
  • a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (VI) may also be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates (IV) wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as described above with intermediates (XV) wherein R 4 , R 9 and G 1 are described above.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 or Pd 2 (dba) 3 using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP or Xanthphos, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IIIc) may be obtained by reduction of intermediates of general formula (IXc) using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • intermediates of general formula (IIId) wherein R′ is a methyl group may be obtained by reduction of intermediates of general formula (Xd) using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as EtOAc,
  • Intermediates of general formula (Xd) may be obtained from intermediate of formula (IXd) by heating in the presence of methanol at 100° C.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IXa) may be obtained from Intermediates of formula (XIII) in the presence of methyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulfonyl)acetate in a solvent such as DMF or toluene at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 130° C. for 1 to 48 hours.
  • Intermediates of formula (XIII) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (XII).
  • the reaction may be carried out in the presence of POCl 3 or POBr 3 with the assistance of PCl 5 or PBr 3 at a range of temperatures between 70° C. to 140° C. for 15 minutes to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of formula (IIa) and (IVa) may be prepared by the reaction of Intermediates (XVIII) and (XIX) respectively, wherein X 6 is a bromine or chlorine atom, with Intermediate (XVII) wherein Z is a boronic acid or a boronate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM, using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, P(Cy) 3 or Xanthphos when needed, a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water, dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Compounds of general formula (Id) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (XXIX) by treatment with triflouroacetic acid a temperature between 25° C. and 60° C. for 30 minutes to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXIX) may be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (IIId) with Intermediates of general formula (II).
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM), using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, tricyclohexylphosphine (P(Cy) 3 ) or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane
  • Intermediates of general formula (IIId) may be obtained by reduction of Intermediates of general formula (XXVI) using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXVI) may be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (XXV) with Z-G 1 , wherein Z is a boronic acid, a boronate, trialkylstannane or zincate derivative.
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM), using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, tricyclohexylphosphine (P(Cy) 3 ) or xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C.
  • a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (db
  • reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • Z is a trialkylstannane derivative
  • CuI is added as a co-catalyst.
  • Z is a zincate derivative, this is preformed in situ from the corresponding aryl derivative.
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXV) may be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (XII) with benzyl bromide in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Ag 2 CO 3 in a solvent such as toluene, benzene or DMF at temperature between 60° C. and 120° C. for 5 to 24 hours.
  • a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or Ag 2 CO 3
  • a solvent such as toluene, benzene or DMF at temperature between 60° C. and 120° C. for 5 to 24 hours.
  • Compounds of general formula (Ib) may be prepared by hydrolysis of compounds of formula (Ia) or (Ic), wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 9 , G 1 and G 2 are as described above and R 5 is a C 1-4 alkyl group.
  • R 5 is a methyl or ethyl group
  • an aqueous solution of sodium or lithium hydroxide is used in a solvent such as ethanol or THF at a range of temperatures between 20° C. and 70° C. for 1 to 16 hours.
  • the hydrolysis of compound of formula (Ic) may be run under acidic conditions using trifluoroacetic acid or hydrogen chloride in a solvent such as dichloromethane, THF or dioxane at a range of temperatures between 20° C. and 80° C. for 30 minutes to 16 hours.
  • a solvent such as dichloromethane, THF or dioxane
  • compounds of general formula (Ia) may also be obtained by the reaction of intermediate (IVc) with intermediate (V) following the same procedure depicted in figure 3 for obtaining compounds of formula (I) from intermediates (IV) and (V).
  • Intermediates of formula (IIc) and (IVc) may be obtained from Intermediate (IIb) and (IVb), respectively in the presence of an acid such as HCl or H 2 SO 4 in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 25° C. to 110° C. for 1 to 48 hours.
  • an acid such as HCl or H 2 SO 4
  • a solvent such as methanol, ethanol or dioxane
  • Intermediates of general formula (IVf) may be obtained from Intermediates (IVe) in the presence of NaBH 4 in a solvent such as methanol or ethanol at a range of temperatures between 0° C. and room temperature.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IVe) may be obtained from intermediate (IVd) in the presence of di-tert-butylcarbonate or 1,1-ditert-butoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine in a solvent such as ethanol, toluene, dichloromethane or DMF in a range of temperatures between 25° C. and 100° C. for 2 to 24 hours.
  • a solvent such as ethanol, toluene, dichloromethane or DMF in a range of temperatures between 25° C. and 100° C. for 2 to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IVd) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (IVb) in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid or trifluoroacetic anhydride at a range of temperatures between 25° C. and 70° C. for 1 to 24 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (IVg) may be obtained from Intermediates of formula (XXII) in the presence of an inorganic acid such as HCl or H 2 SO 4 in a alcoholic solvent such as ethanol or methanol at a range of temperatures between 70° C. to 120° C. for 8 to 24 hours.
  • an inorganic acid such as HCl or H 2 SO 4
  • a alcoholic solvent such as ethanol or methanol
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXII) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (XXI).
  • the reaction may be carried out in the presence of n-butyl lithium and trimethylethylenediamine and bubbling CO 2 for 0.5 to 3 hours, in a solvent such as ethyl ether or THF at a range of temperatures between ⁇ 78° C. to ⁇ 40°.
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXI) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (XX).
  • the reaction may be carried out in the presence of di-tert-butylcarbonate and aqueous solution of NaOH at room temperature for 6 to 48 hours.
  • Compounds of general formula (Ie) may be obtained from Intermediates of general formula (XXV).
  • the reaction may be carried out in the presence of N 3 SnMe 3 or sodium azide with NH 4 Cl or Bu 3 SnCl in high boiling point solvent such as DMF or xylene at a range of temperatures between 100° C. to 150° C. for 20 to 120 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXXV) may be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (XXIII), wherein R 1 , R 2 and X 2 are as described above, with intermediates (III) following the procedure depicted in figure 1 for obtaining compounds of general formula (I) from intermediates (II) and (III).
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXXV) may be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (XXIV), wherein R 1 and R 2 are as described above, with intermediates (V) following the procedure depicted in figure 3 for obtaining compounds of general formula (I) from Intermediates (V) and (IV).
  • Intermediate (VIIb) may be obtained from 1-bromo-3-cyclopropoxybenzene (XXVIII) in the presence of 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane), PdCl 2 dppf.DCM and a base such as KAcO in a high boiling point solvent such as DMF or DMSO at a range of temperatures between 130° C. and 180° C. for 45 minutes to 24 hours. Alternatively the reaction may be carried out in a microwave oven.
  • 1-bromo-3-cyclopropoxybenzene (XXVIII) may be obtained from 3-bromophenol (XXXIII) and bromocyclopropane (XXVII) in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3 in a high boiling point solvent such as DMF or DMSO at a range of temperatures between 130° C. and 180° C. for 6 to 24 hours.
  • a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3
  • a high boiling point solvent such as DMF or DMSO
  • the reaction may be mediated under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM), using 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5
  • G 1 -G 2 is a tetrahydroquinolinylamino group
  • compounds of formula (Ik) may be prepared by reduction of compounds of general formula (I) wherein G 1 -G 2 is a quinolinylamino group (Ij) using hydrogen and a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, EtOAc, MeOH, THF or EtOH, at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours as shown in figure 14.
  • a catalyst such as Pd/C, Pt/C, PtO 2 , Pd(OH) 2 or Ni-Raney optionally in the presence of ZnBr 2 or SnCl 2 .H 2 O or Fe—HCl in a solvent such as trifluoroacetic acid, ace
  • the reaction of compounds of formula (Ih) and (Ig) may be carried out by reaction of a phenyl boronic acid under inert atmosphere by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 or [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (PdCl 2 (dppf)DCM), using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP, tricyclohexylphosphine (P(Cy) 3 ) or Xanthphos when needed, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane or THF at a range of temperatures from 40° C
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXIa) and (XXIb) may be obtained from Intermediate of general formula (XXXVI) by treatment with POBr 3 in dichloromethane at reflux for 2 to 3 hours.
  • Intermediates of general formula (XXIV) may be obtained from the reaction of Intermediates of general formula (IV) and Intermediates of general formula (XXXVII).
  • the reaction may be mediated by a palladium catalyst such as Pd(OAc) 2 or Pd 2 (dba) 3 , using a phosphine ligand such as BINAP or xanthphos, in the presence of a base such as Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 or NaO t Bu in a high boiling point solvent such as toluene, xylene, DMF, water or dioxane at a range of temperatures from 80° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 24 hours.
  • the reaction may also be performed in a microwave oven at a range of temperatures from 100° C. to 160° C. for 0.5 to 15 hours.
  • the mobile phase was formic acid (0.4 mL), ammonia (0.1 mL), methanol (500 mL) and acetonitrile (500 mL) (B) and formic acid (0.46 mL), ammonia (0.115 mL) and water (1000 mL) (A): initially 0.5 min with 0% of B, then from 0% to 95% of B in 6.5 min, and then 1 min. with 95% of B. The reequilibration time between two injections was 1 min. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. The injection volume was 5 microliter. Diode array chromatograms were collected at 210 nM.
  • the cooling bath was removed and at ⁇ 20° C. water (30 mL) and diethyl ether (30 mL) were added.
  • the organic layer was separated and the aqueous phase was acidified (until pH: 1) using a 2N aqueous solution of HCl (13 mL needed) and extracted with diethyl ether.
  • the organic phase was washed with water and brine, dried, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford a mixture 1:1 of the expected compound and starting material (38% yield), which was used without further purification
  • step A The solid residue obtained in step A was dissolved in ethanol (5 ml) and aqueous solution 2N NaOH (0.67 ml) was added. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 hours, the solvent was evaporated and the solid obtained was suspended in water. The pH was taken to 6.5 and extracted with CHCl 3 . The crude mixture was purified over a SCX cartridge eluting with MeOH/NH 3 10:1 affording 0.070 g (yield 29%) of the expected product.
  • step A The solid residue obtained in step A was dissolved in 2.5 ml of ethanol and 0.180 ml of aqueous solution 2N NaOH were added. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 hours, the solvent was evaporated and the solid obtained was suspended in water. The pH was taken to 6.5 and extracted with CHCl 3 . The crude mixture was purified over a SCX cartridge eluting with MeOH/NH3 10:1 affording 0.025 g (yield 77%) of the expected product.
  • step A The solid residue obtained in step A was dissolved in methanol (3 ml) and aqueous solution 2N NaOH (1 ml) was added. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 hours, the solvent was evaporated and the solid obtained was suspended in water. The pH was taken to 6.5 and extracted with CHCl 3 . The crude mixture was purified over a SiO 2 eluting with DCM/MeOH 2% affording 0.170 g (yield 81%) of the expected product.
  • step A The solid residue obtained in step A was dissolved in 4 ml of ethanol and 0.4 ml of aqueous solution 2N NaOH were added. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours, the solvent was evaporated and the solid obtained was suspended in water. The pH was taken to 6.5 and extracted with CHCl 3 affording 0.06 g (yield 60%) of the expected product.

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