US8460399B2 - Weak acid based concrete stain - Google Patents
Weak acid based concrete stain Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8460399B2 US8460399B2 US11/746,657 US74665707A US8460399B2 US 8460399 B2 US8460399 B2 US 8460399B2 US 74665707 A US74665707 A US 74665707A US 8460399 B2 US8460399 B2 US 8460399B2
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- Prior art keywords
- composition
- acid
- base
- weak base
- urea
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/52—Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/5007—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with salts or salty compositions, e.g. for salt glazing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
- C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/65—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
- C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/70—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
- C04B41/71—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions at least one coating being an organic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/80—Optical properties, e.g. transparency or reflexibility
- C04B2111/82—Coloured materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to compositions and methods which are adapted to impart color to cementitious or mineral substrate surfaces. Specifically, the present invention relates to a composition and method adapted to treat cementitious surfaces which have the advantage of using a non-corrosive acid-based solution.
- Cement-based compositions enjoy broad application in construction materials, tile setting, wall and pool plasters, stucco, self leveling compounds, roofing tiles and cement patches.
- Concrete and like materials are produced from the alkaline earth metals typically by mixing portland cement with sand, gravel, and water.
- the reaction of the cement with the water produces among other things metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate.
- the calcium carbonate in the mixture is insoluble in water but reacts readily with most acids.
- One of the more common processes known in the art for coloring or staining concrete involves washing a concrete surface with an acidic solution containing a metallic salt. After application of the acidic staining solution and development of the color, a neutralizing agent is commonly applied to the stained concrete and a clear protection polymeric sealer costing is applied.
- a second common method in the art of coloring concrete involves washing the concrete surface with an acidic solution to roughen or etch the surface; neutralize and rinse away the etching solution with a mixture of common baking soda and water; coloring the surface with a polymer based stain or paint, and finishing the surface with a clear coating.
- Another known process involves washing a concrete surface with acidic solution to clean the concrete, applying a layer of polymers to the concrete surface, applying a first layer of an aqueous solution of cement and polymers to the coated concrete surface, applying a template with adhesive backing to selected regions of the first layer of cement and polymers, applying a second cement and polymer layer over the template and the first coating layer, applying colored materials to the second cement and polymer layer prior to the curing of the second layer, and removing the template to expose the colored concrete surface.
- a sealer may also be applied over the colored concrete surface.
- hydrochloric acid to decompose the calcium carbonate and calcium oxide in the concrete, and to facilitate the ion exchange with the metallic salt, which imparts the color to the surface of the material.
- hydrochloric acid involves the production of excessive fumes of hydrogen chloride, which are irritating to the skin and eyes and toxic.
- the hydrochloric acid solution is very corrosive and thus dangerous to handle and use.
- an acid and a weak base such as hydrochloric acid and urea, provides an effective and safe means to stain cementitious substrates.
- Acid stains that use hydrochloric acid must be neutralized prior to rinsing, or the runoff from the rinse can stain adjacent concrete.
- Typical neutralizing agents used are ammonia or sodium hydroxide, or baking soda solutions.
- the current invention relates to compositions and methods for imparting color to a cementitious or mineral substrate.
- the composition includes an acid with a pKa of less than 6, a weak base such that the conjugate acid of the weak base has a pKa of less than 7 and greater than the pKa of the acid, and one or more water soluble metallic salts.
- the water-soluble metal salts of the composition can include salts of the transition elements.
- the weak base can decompose when it is applied to the cementitious materials such that the decomposition products are stronger bases.
- the strength of a base is defined by the pKa of its conjugate acid. The higher the pKa of the bases conjugate acid the stronger the base. For example acetate is a weak base where the conjugate acid (acetic acid) has a pKa of 4.75. Lactate is a weak base where the conjugate acid (lactic acid) has a pKa of 3.86. Given this definition, acetate would be considered a stronger base than lactate.
- Certain embodiments will include a weak base that can decompose into components that have a vapor pressure greater than 0.01 psi at 25° C. upon application to substrate.
- the acid is a hydrogen halide.
- the weak base are preferably urea.
- Weak bases useful in the present invention include:
- substituted ureas of the following formula R 1 R 2 —N—C(O)—N—R 3 R 4 where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are C1-C10 carbon groups or hydrogen.
- R1, R2, R3 and R4 are C1-C10 carbon groups or hydrogen.
- urea tetramethyl urea, acetylurea, imidazolidinone, or substituted imidazolidones, pyrimidinone, pyrimidinedione, and the like;
- amides such as formamide, and dimethyl formamide, or acetamides such as dimethyl acetamide, caprolactam; and, pyrollidone;
- esters of carbonic acid such as alkyl and aryl carbonates, such as dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene glycol bis methyl carbonate, ethyl M-tolyl carbonate;
- carbamates such as alkyl and aryl carbamates, such as ethyl ethylcarbamate, oxazolidinone, and oxazolidinedione; and,
- amino acids such as glycine, alanine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, lysine, and histidine.
- weak bases include alkanolamines, including triethanolamine, diethanoamine, monoethanolamine and alkoxylated amines of the following formula (HO—[(R)—O] x —R) y —NH 3-y , wherein the R is a C2 to C8 alkyl group, and x can vary from 1 to 100, and y can vary from can vary from 1 to 3; polymers with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups (including but not limited to pyridine, pyrimidine, imidazole, tetrazole, pyrazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, isoindole, benzimidazole, purine, pyrrole, isopyrazole, quinazoline, pyridazine, pyrazine, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and pteridine); polymers and copolymers of acrylamide
- Acids useful in the present invention can include carboxylic acids such as acetic, maleic, citric, formic, and benzoic; phosphoric, phosphonic such as ethyl phosphonic acid; polyphosphoric acids such as pyrophosphoric, and hexameta phosphoric; sulfuric, sulfonic such as benzyl sulfonic acid, nitric or nitrous acid, hydrogen halides such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen iodide.
- Preferred are phosphoric and polyphosphoric acids, nitric or nitrous acid, and hydrogen chloride. More preferred are phosphoric, pyrophosphoric, and hydrogen chloride. Most preferred is hydrogen chloride.
- Metal salts in the various compositions of the invention can include chloride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, or phosphonate salts of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, aluminum, magnesium, or barium.
- compositions of the present invention can further comprise a metal ion completing agent, such as EDTA, amino phosphonates sold under the trade name DequestTM, phosphate or polyphosphates.
- a metal ion completing agent such as EDTA, amino phosphonates sold under the trade name DequestTM, phosphate or polyphosphates.
- the compositions of the present invention can further comprise a surfactant, dispersant, or organic solvent capable of improving the wetting of the composition.
- Such solvents can include: water miscible solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, ethylene glycol alkyl ethers, propylene glycol alkyl ethers and diacetone alcohol; and water immiscible solvents such as alkyl acetates, butyl acetate, methyl isoamyl ketone, amyl acetate, diisobutyl ketone, xylene, toluene, butanol, and mineral spirits.
- the compositions of the present invention can further comprise a defoamer such as a silicone, petroleum, mineral, natural oil, or a polymeric defoamer.
- Typical surfactants can include anionic and nonionic surfactants.
- Suitable anionic surfactants include, for example, the higher fatty alcohol sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate; alkylaryl sulfonates such as sodium or potassium isopropylbenzene sulfonates or isopropyl naphthalene sulfonates; alkali metal higher alkyl sulfosuccinates, such as sodium octyl sulfosuccinate, sodium N-methyl-N-palmitoylaurate, sodium oleyl isothionate; alkali metal salts and ammonium salts of alkylarylpolyethoxyethanol sulfates, sulfonates, or phosphates, such as sodium tert-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethyl sulfate having 1 to 50 oxyethylene units; alkali metal salts and ammonium salt
- Suitable nonionic surfactants include alkylphenoxypolyethoxyethanols having alkyl groups of from about 7 to 18 carbon atoms and from about 6 to about 60 oxyethylene units, such as heptylphenoxypolyethoxyethanols, methyloctyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanols; polyethoxyethanol derivatives of methylene-linked alkyl phenols; sulfur-containing agents such as those made by condensing from about 6 to 60 moles of ethylene oxide with nonyl mercaptan, dodecyl mercaptan, or with alkylthiophenols wherein the alkyl groups contain from 6 to 16 carbon atoms; ethylene oxide derivatives of long chained carboxylic acids, such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, or mixtures of acids such as those found in tall oil containing from 6 to 60 oxyethylene units per molecule; analogous ethylene aside condensates of long chained alcohols
- Typical dispersants can include polymers and copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as (meth)acrylic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, and monoesters of fumaric acid; phosphorus acid monomers such as phosphoethyl(meth)acrylate and ally phosphonic acid; and sulfur acid monomers such as 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, sulfoethyl(meth)acrylate, and vinyl sulfonic acid.
- Citric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, and poly phosphoric acids may also be employed.
- the current invention also provides methods for staining the surface of a cementitious or mineral substrate comprising applying any of the compositions described herein to the surface of a cementitious or mineral substrate.
- the methods can be done in a single operation comprising:
- Neutralizing solutions can include aqueous solutions of weak bases such as carbonate and bicarbonate salts such as sodium, potassium, lithium, cesium, ammonium(bi)carbonate; or phosphate salts such disodium, dipotassium, dilithium, dicesium, or diammonium phosphate; or organic alkalinity sources such as alkylamines and alkanolamines.
- weak bases such as carbonate and bicarbonate salts such as sodium, potassium, lithium, cesium, ammonium(bi)carbonate
- phosphate salts such disodium, dipotassium, dilithium, dicesium, or diammonium phosphate
- organic alkalinity sources such as alkylamines and alkanolamines.
- a method of the current invention for staining the surface of a cementitious or mineral substrate is also provided wherein a transparent wax or polymeric coating is applied to the previously stained concrete or mineral substrate.
- Typical waxes useful in the present invention include: natural plant or beeswaxes, paraffin, carnauba, and these aforementioned natural waxes modified with organic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or polytetrafluoroethylene.
- Typical polymers useful in the present invention include: acrylic, styrene-acrylic, polyurethane, polyester, alkyd, expoxy-ester, silicone, and epoxy-amide. It is particularly advantageous to utilize polymer chemistries which crosslink after application over the stained concrete. Examples of suitable crosslinking polymers would be those employing air curable drying oil functionality, epoxy-amide reactions, siloxane condensation, hydrazide-carbonyl reactions, aziridine-acid reactions, isocycante-hydroxy reactions, or carbodiimide-acid reactions. Preferred are those chemistries which offer a high degree of wear resistance. Most preferred are air drying epoxy-esters, two component epoxy amides, air curable alkyds, and aziridine crosslinked polyurethanes.
- the stain can be applied by any conventional means known to those skilled in the art, for example by spraying or brushing it onto the concrete surface.
- the method of application will affect the final outcome. For example, spraying on the stain will create a more natural look, while brushing will create a more uniform outcome.
- the use of multiple coats involving different stains will create a greater variety of successful color choices.
- This example provides for a “fawn” or tan colored stain material.
- This exam pie provides for an olive-colored or green stain material.
- This example provides for a “coffee” or brownish colored stain material.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Aftertreatments Of Artificial And Natural Stones (AREA)
Abstract
Description
R1R2—N—C(O)—N—R3R4
where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are C1-C10 carbon groups or hydrogen. For example urea, tetramethyl urea, acetylurea, imidazolidinone, or substituted imidazolidones, pyrimidinone, pyrimidinedione, and the like;
-
- (a) completely wetting the surface with an excess of the stain solution
- (b) permitting the composition to react with the substrate and develop color,
- (c) permitting said stain pigment to dry in place
- (d) optionally applying an acid neutralizing solution to the stained cementitious or mineral surface
Material | Weight (lb) | Vol (gal.) | ||
Water | 54.75 | 6.57 | ||
Urea monohydrochloride | 9 | 0.89 | ||
32% FeCl2 solution | 37.5 | 3.51 | ||
Silicone defoamer1 | 0.1 | 0.011 | ||
Total | 101.35 | 10.98 | ||
1Proprietary commercially available foam destroying polymers and polysiloxanes |
Material | Weight (lb) | Vol (gal.) | ||
Water | 48.26 | 5.79 | ||
Urea monohydrochloride | 9 | 0.89 | ||
CuCl22H2O | 15.3 | 0.72 | ||
Water | 18 | 2.16 | ||
32% FeCl2 solution | 9 | 0.84 | ||
Silicone defoamer1 | 0.1 | 0.012 | ||
Total | 99.66 | 10.41 | ||
1Proprietary commercially available foam destroying polymers and polysiloxanes |
Material | Weight (lb) | Vol (gal.) | ||
Water | 19.89 | 2.38 | ||
Urea monohydrochloride | 9.89 | 0.98 | ||
Silicone defoamer1 | 0.1 | 0.011 | ||
FeCl3 Solution, 40% | 31.25 | 2.67 | ||
MnCl24H2O | 21.43 | 1.27 | ||
Urea monohydrochloride | 1.75 | 0.17 | ||
Water | 15.78 | 1.89 | ||
Total | 100.09 | 9.37 | ||
1Proprietary commercially available foam destroying polymers and polysiloxanes |
Claims (35)
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/746,657 US8460399B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2007-05-10 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
PCT/US2008/005677 WO2008140694A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
EP08754196.7A EP2147075B1 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
AU2008251891A AU2008251891B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
MX2009012170A MX2009012170A (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Weak acid based concrete stain. |
ES08754196T ES2710889T3 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Concrete dye based on a weak acid |
CA2686884A CA2686884C (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
CN200880015510.9A CN101842457B (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-05-02 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
US12/291,316 US8092555B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-11-07 | Concrete coloring compositions and methods |
US13/345,200 US20120247372A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2012-01-06 | Concrete coloring compositions and methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/746,657 US8460399B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2007-05-10 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/291,316 Continuation-In-Part US8092555B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-11-07 | Concrete coloring compositions and methods |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20080276387A1 US20080276387A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
US8460399B2 true US8460399B2 (en) | 2013-06-11 |
Family
ID=39968173
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/746,657 Active 2030-03-18 US8460399B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2007-05-10 | Weak acid based concrete stain |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8460399B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2147075B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101842457B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2008251891B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2686884C (en) |
ES (1) | ES2710889T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2009012170A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008140694A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10752837B1 (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2020-08-25 | Lee Shaw | Environmentally safe concrete or mortar etching composition and methods thereof |
US10793737B2 (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2020-10-06 | Behr Process Corporation | Fast dry stain formula |
US11459505B1 (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2022-10-04 | Lee Shaw | Environmentally safe concrete or mortar etching composition and methods thereof |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7910212B1 (en) * | 2005-02-18 | 2011-03-22 | Rodney Burton | Concrete floor finishing system and method |
US8092555B2 (en) * | 2007-05-10 | 2012-01-10 | Valspar Corporation | Concrete coloring compositions and methods |
US20120010323A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 | 2012-01-12 | Valspar Sourcing, Inc. | Stain composition |
KR20100096339A (en) * | 2009-02-24 | 2010-09-02 | 박무정 | Cement having harmonic ph in environment |
CA2866512A1 (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-02 | Fluid Energy Group Ltd. | Synthetic acid compositions and uses thereof |
CA2866491A1 (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-02 | Clay Purdy | Synthetic acid compositions and uses thereof |
KR101631228B1 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2016-06-17 | 휴먼코리아 주식회사 | A printing construction method of a building indoor and outdoor surfaces |
CN108314906A (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2018-07-24 | 北京纽维逊建筑工程技术有限公司 | Theme facade road surface coloring agent and colouring method |
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-
2007
- 2007-05-10 US US11/746,657 patent/US8460399B2/en active Active
-
2008
- 2008-05-02 EP EP08754196.7A patent/EP2147075B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-05-02 ES ES08754196T patent/ES2710889T3/en active Active
- 2008-05-02 MX MX2009012170A patent/MX2009012170A/en unknown
- 2008-05-02 CN CN200880015510.9A patent/CN101842457B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-05-02 CA CA2686884A patent/CA2686884C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-05-02 AU AU2008251891A patent/AU2008251891B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-05-02 WO PCT/US2008/005677 patent/WO2008140694A1/en active Application Filing
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Also Published As
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AU2008251891B2 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
ES2710889T3 (en) | 2019-04-29 |
CN101842457B (en) | 2014-09-03 |
CN101842457A (en) | 2010-09-22 |
EP2147075A4 (en) | 2015-01-14 |
AU2008251891A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
WO2008140694A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
EP2147075B1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
CA2686884C (en) | 2013-07-02 |
CA2686884A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
US20080276387A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
EP2147075A1 (en) | 2010-01-27 |
MX2009012170A (en) | 2010-04-12 |
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