US8216440B2 - Method for aligning microscopic structures and substrate having microscopic structures aligned, as well as integrated circuit apparatus and display element - Google Patents
Method for aligning microscopic structures and substrate having microscopic structures aligned, as well as integrated circuit apparatus and display element Download PDFInfo
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- US8216440B2 US8216440B2 US12/081,018 US8101808A US8216440B2 US 8216440 B2 US8216440 B2 US 8216440B2 US 8101808 A US8101808 A US 8101808A US 8216440 B2 US8216440 B2 US 8216440B2
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- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L21/70—Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/768—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
- H01L21/76838—Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the conductors
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- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for aligning microscopic structures and a substrate having microscopic structures aligned, as well as an integrated circuit apparatus and a display element.
- the present invention relates to a method for aligning microscopic structures in desired locations and a substrate having microscopic structures aligned in desired locations, as well as an integrated circuit apparatus and a display having devices formed of microscopic structures aligned in desired locations in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-197612, for example, discloses a quantum wire transistor where a plurality of silicon nanowires are bundled and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Nano Letters, Vol. 3, No. 7 (2003) p. 951-954 discloses a method for assembling a great number of silicon quantum wires on a substrate having a large area. According to the method described in Non-Patent Document 1: Nano Letters, Vol. 3, No. 7 (2003) p. 951-954, silicon quantum wires fabricated in accordance with a Langmuir-Blodget method are separated and then delivered onto a substrate having a large area.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-71654 discloses an invention according to which a carbon nanotube solution in which carbon nanotubes are dispersed in a solvent is added dropwise to an area between a source electrode and a drain electrode while an alternating current voltage is applied between the electrodes, and thereafter, the solvent is removed. Thus, a direction in which carbon nanotubes are oriented can be controlled. Furthermore, Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-71654 discloses a technology in which carbon nanotubes are placed between the electrodes, and thereafter, a direct current voltage is applied so that carbon nanotubes having conductive characteristics are removed and only carbon nanotubes having semiconductor characteristics remain.
- a technology for aligning nanostructures with high precision is essential in order to form an integrated circuit, a display and the like using nanostructures as devices.
- alignment with high precision means alignment of nanostructures in desired locations and in a desired direction.
- An object of the present invention is to implement a method for aligning microscopic structures in desired locations and in a desired direction, in order to align microscopic structures, such as nanostructures, with high precision. Another object is to provide a substrate having microscopic structures aligning in desired locations and in a desired direction, and an integrated circuit apparatus and a display element having devices formed of microscopic structures aligned in desired locations and in a desired direction, as well as devices formed of microscopic structures which are aligned in desired locations and in a desired direction.
- the method for aligning microscopic structures includes: a substrate preparing step of defining one microscopic structure-aligning region having as an unit three electrodes to which independent potentials are applied and preparing an insulating substrate having one or more of the microscopic structure-aligning region formed; a microscopic structure applying step of applying a liquid including microscopic structures ranging from a nano scale to a micron scale on the insulating substrate; and a microscopic structure aligning step of applying respective voltages to the three electrode to align the microscopic structures in the microscopic structure-aligning regions defined by the electrodes.
- the method for aligning microscopic structures according to the first embodiment of the present invention makes it possible to align microscopic structures in desired locations and in a desired direction with accurate control and high precision. Accordingly, it becomes possible to make an integrated circuit, a display, and the like high-performance using microscopic structures as devices, as well as to manufacture them with high yield.
- FIGS. 1A to 1D are each a diagram showing a microscopic structure used in a method for aligning microscopic structures according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an insulating substrate used in a basic configuration according to the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a procedure for aligning microscopic structures on an insulating substrate in the basic configuration according to the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a principle behind how microscopic structures are aligned in the basic configuration according to the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating preferable potentials to be applied to electrodes when microscopic structures are aligned in the basic configuration according to the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the procedure for aligning microscopic structures on an insulating substrate in the basic configuration according to the present invention
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the procedure for aligning microscopic structures on an insulating substrate in the basic configuration according to the present invention and a cross sectional diagram along a line C-D in FIG. 6 ;
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the procedure for aligning microscopic structures on an insulating substrate in the basic configuration according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the procedure for aligning microscopic structures on an insulating substrate in the basic configuration according to the present invention and a cross sectional diagram along a line E-F in FIG. 8 ;
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the principle behind how microscopic structures are aligned in the basic configuration according to the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an insulating substrate used in a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the principle behind how microscopic structures are aligned in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a first preferable example of the potentials applied to the electrodes when microscopic structures are aligned in the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a second preferable example of the potentials applied to the electrodes when microscopic structures are aligned in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a state of the microscopic structures when the second preferable potentials are applied to the electrodes in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the effects gained when the second preferable potentials are applied in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a third preferable example of the potentials applied to the electrodes when microscopic structures are aligned in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a fourth preferable example of the potentials applied to the electrodes when microscopic structures are aligned in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an insulating substrate used in a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating preferable potentials applied to the electrodes in a first microscopic structure aligning step in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a state where the microscopic structures are aligned after the first microscopic structure aligning step in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating preferable potentials applied to the electrodes in a second microscopic structure aligning step in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the state where the microscopic structures are aligned after the second microscopic structure aligning step in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing the state where microscopic structures are aligned in the case where microscopic structures are adsorbed in unpreferred locations after the first microscopic structure aligning step in the second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating preferable potentials to be applied to the electrodes, which are appropriate for removing microscopic structures which are adsorbed in unpreferred locations in FIG. 24 ;
- FIG. 26 is a plan diagram showing wires on a substrate for forming an integrated circuit apparatus 1 , which is a portion of the integrated circuit apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27 is a cross sectional diagram along a line G-H in FIG. 26 ;
- FIG. 28 is a plan diagram showing a display according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- a first electrode and a second electrode among the three electrodes define the microscopic structure-aligning region, and a third electrode is placed between the first and second electrodes in the microscopic structure-aligning region, and a reference potential is applied to the third electrode and alternating current potentials are applied to the first and second electrodes during the microscopic structure aligning step.
- the microscopic structures can be stably aligned with high precision, even in the case where the microscopic structures are not electrically neutral, and charged positively or negatively as a whole.
- the alternating current potentials applied to the first and second electrodes have the same frequency and a phase difference of 150 to 210°.
- the relative voltage applied to the first and second electrodes can be made significantly high relative to the voltage (amplitude) applied to the first and second electrodes, and therefore, it becomes possible to greatly reduce a large number of microscopic structures adsorbed in unpreferred locations while an electrical field having an intensity required for alignment of the microscopic structures can be secured.
- an microscopic structure-aligning region is defined by the first and second electrodes among the three electrodes so that the third electrode extends between the first and second electrodes, and an offset voltage applying operation for applying an offset voltage for the third electrode to the first and second electrodes is carried out during the microscopic structure aligning step.
- a time difference in applying the offset voltage to the first and second electrodes is 0.1 second or less in the offset voltage applying operation.
- the offset voltages applied to the first and second electrodes are equal in the offset voltage applying operation.
- the offset voltage applying operation is repeated.
- silicon nanowires are not adsorbed in unpreferred locations and float to the area between the electrodes, where they can be aligned. Therefore, the time required for the alignment can be greatly shortened.
- the offset voltage applying operation is carried out at intervals of 1 to 10 seconds.
- the microscopic structures adsorbed in unpreferred locations can be sufficiently moved away from the electrodes, and at the same time prevented from being adsorbed again by the electrodes. Accordingly, maximal effects of greatly shortening the time required for alignment of microstructures can be provided.
- an average of the potentials applied to the first and second electrodes is different from the reference potential applied to the third electrode.
- the microscopic structures are characterized by being aligned mainly in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the above descried electrodes are formed.
- the microscopic structures are aligned in the same direction, and therefore, the microscopic structures can be aligned with high precision.
- the above-described microscopic structures are aligned in locations separated by a distance beyond a repulsive force generated by a charge induced in the microscopic structures.
- the microscopic structures are placed at equal intervals and can be aligned with high precision.
- an integrated circuit apparatus having devices formed of the microscopic structures which are aligned in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures is provided.
- the integrated circuit apparatus can be made high performance, and the yield can be greatly increased.
- a display having the devices formed of microscopic structures which are aligned in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures is provided.
- the display can be made high performance, and the yield can be greatly increased.
- the method for aligning microscopic structures includes: a substrate preparing step of defining one microscopic structure-aligning region having as an unit three electrodes including fourth, fifth and sixth electrodes to which independent potentials are applied and preparing an insulating substrate having one or more of the microscopic structure-aligning region formed; a microscopic structure applying step of applying a liquid including microscopic structures ranging from a nano scale to a micron scale on the insulating substrate; a microscopic structure aligning step of applying voltages to the three electrodes to align the microscopic structures in the microscopic structure-aligning region defined by the electrodes, wherein the microscopic structure aligning step includes a first microscopic structure aligning step of aligning first microscopic structures across the fourth and fifth electrodes, and a second microscopic structure aligning step of aligning the second microscopic structures across the fifth and sixth electrodes, in the first microscopic structure aligning step, a reference potential is applied to the fifth and sixth electrode
- the above-described configuration makes it possible to align microscopic structures in desired locations and in a desired direction with accurate control, and thus, alignment with high precision becomes possible. Accordingly, it becomes possible to make the integrated circuit, the display and the like high performance, as well as to manufacture them with high yield, using these microscopic structures as devices.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that an offset voltage for the fourth and fifth electrodes is applied to the sixth electrode during the first microscopic structure aligning step.
- microscopic structures which are adsorbed in unpreferred locations can be prevented from being mixed in when two types of microscopic structures are selectively aligned in respective desired locations.
- the method for aligning microscopic structures according to the present invention is characterized in that in the first and second embodiments, the microscopic structures are aligned mainly in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the above-described electrodes are formed.
- the microscopic structures are aligned in the same direction, and therefore, the microscopic structures can be aligned with high precision.
- the method for aligning microscopic structures according to the present invention is characterized in that in the first and second embodiments, the microscopic structures are aligned in locations separated by a distance beyond a repulsive force generated by a charge induced in the microscopic structures.
- the microscopic structures are aligned at approximately equal intervals, and can be aligned with high precision.
- the integrated circuit apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention is provided with devices formed of the microscopic structures which are aligned in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures according to the first and second embodiments.
- the devices are formed in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures in desired locations in a desired direction with accurate control, and therefore, it becomes possible to make the integrated circuit apparatus high-performance and increase the yield a great deal.
- the display according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is provided with devices formed of the microscopic structures which are aligned in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures in the first and second embodiments.
- the devices are formed in accordance with the method for aligning microscopic structures in desired locations in a desired direction with accurate control, and therefore, it becomes possible to make the display high-performance and increase the yield a great deal.
- a substrate having microscopic structures aligned is provided with: a substrate; three electrodes formed on the substrate; microscopic structures placed at equal intervals among the three electrodes in such a manner as to bridge the electrodes mainly in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the electrodes are formed.
- the substrate having the microscopic structures aligned with high precision can be gained.
- the substrate having the microscopic structures aligned according to the present invention is characterize in that the microscopic structures are aligned in locations separated by a distance beyond a repulsive force generated by a charge induced in the microscopic structures.
- the substrate having the microscopic structures aligned with higher precision can be gained.
- microscopic structures include nanowires, nanotubes and quantum wires, for example.
- the material is a metal, a semiconductor, a dielectric body or a multilayer body thereof.
- semiconductor material silicon, GaAs, GaN, SiC, carbon nanotubes and the like can be used.
- metal material gold, silver, copper, iron, tungsten, tungsten nitride, aluminum, tantalum and alloys thereof can be used.
- dielectric body silicon oxide films, silicon nitride films, silicon oxide nitride films, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, hafnium oxide and the like can be used.
- Nanowires, nanotubes, quantum wires made of these materials or multilayer bodies thereof can be manufactured in accordance with a VLS (vapor-liquid-solid) method, for example, for nanowires, an HiPCO (high pressure carbon monoxide) method for nanotubes, and other methods.
- VLS vapor-liquid-solid
- HiPCO high pressure carbon monoxide
- the nanowires grow so as to keep a crystallinity of a silicon crystal directly beneath. That is to say, the nanowires have a direction in which they easily grow, and therefore, when a silicon substrate of which the direction of crystal is perpendicular to the surface of the substrate is used, nanowires grow perpendicularly to the surface of the substrate so as to keep the crystallinity of the silicon substrate.
- nanowires of a constant length in the form of a straight line can be manufactured.
- nanowires, nanotubes and quantum wires used in the present invention are not necessary for all of the dimensions of the nanowires, nanotubes and quantum wires used in the present invention to be on a nanoscale.
- nanowires or microwires having a diameter of several tens of nm to several ⁇ m and a length of several ⁇ m to several hundreds of ⁇ m may be included in the microscopic structures of the present invention.
- the thickness is less than about 1 ⁇ m and the length is several tens of ⁇ m. Accordingly, the present invention can be applied to microscopic structures on a so-called nanoscale to a micron scale.
- FIGS. 1A to 1D show examples of a microscopic structure.
- FIGS. 1 A to 1 D show each a cross sectional diagram along a plane including a center line of a microscopic structure in a length direction, and a cross sectional diagram along a plane in a direction perpendicular to the length direction.
- a microscopic structure is a single layer nanowire or a single layer nanotube 11 .
- a microscopic structure has a two-layer structure where a nanowire or nanotube 21 is coated with an insulating body 22 .
- a microscopic structure has a three-layer structure where a nanowire or nanotube 31 is coated with an insulating body 32 , which is further coated with a metal film 33 . It is not necessary for the microscopic structures to be of a columnar form, and the microscopic structures may be in a plate form, as shown in FIG. 1D .
- reference numerals 41 indicate a conductor in a plate form
- reference numerals 42 indicate an insulating body
- reference numerals 43 indicate a metal film.
- the nanowire, or nanotube may be polygonal (for example, triangular or hexagonal).
- the microscopic structure according to the present invention is desirable for the microscopic structure according to the present invention to be in the form of a straight line and have a constant length.
- An appropriate material, conductivity type (in the case where the microscopic structure includes a semiconductor) and structure can be selected for the microscopic structures, and thus, switching elements, light emitting elements, resistor elements and the like can be formed.
- a case where a microscopic structure having the structure in FIG. 1C are aligned is described in the embodiments for the alignment of microscopic structures.
- a case where microscopic structures where a nanowire 31 made of silicon is coated with an insulating film 32 made of a silicon oxide film and further coated with a metal film 33 made of TaAlN are aligned is described.
- the microscopic structure may be a microscopic structure having the structure shown in FIGS. 1A to 1D . It is desirable for these silicon nanowires to be in the form of a straight line and have a constant length.
- these microscopic structures are referred to as a silicon nanowire.
- the thickness is about 150 nm and the length is about 25 ⁇ m.
- the radius of the nanowire 31 made of silicon is about 45 nm
- the film thickness of the insulating film 32 made of a silicon oxide film is about 15 nm
- the film thickness of the metal film 33 made of TaAlN is about 15 nm.
- the thickness is about 120 nm and the length is about 25 nm.
- the radius of the nanowire 21 made of silicon is about 45 nm and the film thickness of the insulating film 22 made of a silicon oxide film is about 15 nm.
- Metal electrodes 121 and 122 are formed on the surface of the insulating substrate 111 .
- the metal electrodes 121 and 122 can be formed in a desired electrode form using a printing technology.
- the metal electrodes can be formed by uniformly layering a metal film and a photosensitive film, exposing a desired electrode pattern to light, and then carrying out etching.
- pads are formed on the metal electrodes 121 and 122 so that potentials can be applied from the outside.
- Silicon nanowires are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 121 and 122 face each other (regions indicated by NW in FIG. 2 ). In FIG. 2 , 2 ⁇ 2 regions in which silicon nanowires are aligned are aligned. However, any number of regions can, of course, be aligned.
- a distance S between the metal electrodes 121 and 122 in the microscopic structure-aligning regions NW is slightly less than the length of the silicon nanowires in the form of a straight line.
- the silicon nanowires can be most efficiently aligned in the case where the distance S is 16 to 22 ⁇ m. That is, the distance S may be about 60 to 90% of the silicon nanowires, and is desirably 80 to 90%.
- FIGS. 2 to 10 do not correctly show the relationship in the dimensions between the electrodes and the silicon nanowires, for the sake of ease of viewing.
- the thickness of the applied IPA 141 including silicon nanowires is such that the silicon nanowires can move in the liquid, so that the silicon nanowires can be aligned in the following step of aligning silicon nanowires. Accordingly, the thickness is greater than the thickness of the silicon nanowires and, for example, several ⁇ m to several mm. In the case where the applied thickness is too thin, it becomes difficult for the silicon nanowires to move, while in the case where it is too thick, the time for drying the liquid becomes long.
- the thickness is 100 to 500 ⁇ m.
- the viscosity of the liquid for example IPA, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or a mixture thereof, or a liquid made of another organic substance or water, to be low for the step of aligning silicon nanowires, and for the liquid to easily evaporate when heat is applied.
- the outermost layer of the silicon nanowire is coated with a metal film, it is possible to align the silicon nanowires on the electrodes in accordance with approximately the same principle in the case where the microscopic structures made of a dielectric body are used.
- a charge is induced on the surface when the dielectric body is polarized through an external electrical field generated between the metal electrodes 121 and 122 , between which a difference in potential is created.
- a charge is induced in a nanowire 192 made of a dielectric body, as shown in FIG. 10 .
- a positive charge 196 and a negative charge 197 are induced on the side closer to the metal electrode 121 and on the side farther from the metal electrode 121 , respectively, in the vicinity of the metal electrode 121 (having a negative potential), for example.
- the negative charge 195 induced in the metal electrode 121 and the positive charge 196 induced in the nanowire 192 attract each other, while the negative charge 195 induced in the metal electrode 121 and the negative charge 197 induced in the nanowire 192 repel each other.
- the electrical field formed between the metal electrodes 121 and 122 becomes more intense closer to the metal electrodes.
- the silicon nanowires are adsorbed in portions other than the microscopic structure-aligning region. These are shown as silicon nanowires 133 in FIG. 6 . In this manner, the presence of the silicon nanowires 133 which are adsorbed in undesired locations makes it necessary to add extra silicon nanowires, and in addition, causes reduction in the yield when the silicon nanowires are used as devices.
- the silicon nanowires 133 that are adsorbed in the undesired locations are removed by slowly flowing IPA while AC is being applied across the metal electrodes 121 and 122 .
- the IPA or an application liquid it is preferable for the IPA or an application liquid not to include silicon nanowires.
- the force of adsorption to an electrode of the silicon nanowires 133 adsorbed in the undesired locations is weak in comparison with that of the silicon nanowires 132 , which are adsorbed in the desired locations. Therefore, as schematically shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 , the silicon nanowires 133 which are adsorbed in the unpreferred locations can be removed.
- FIG. 9 is a cross sectional diagram along a line E-F in FIG. 8 .
- FIG. 11 shows an insulating substrate used in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the alignment of microscopic structures.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a first example of preferable potentials to be applied to electrodes when the microscopic structures are aligned.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a second example of preferable potentials to be applied to the electrodes when the microscopic structures are aligned.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the state of alignment of the microscopic structures at the time when the microscopic structures are aligned.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the effects gained at the time when the microscopic structures are aligned.
- the method for aligning microscopic structures includes: a substrate forming step of forming one or more microscopic structure-aligning regions having as an unit three electrodes to which independent potentials are applied; a microscopic structure liquid preparing step of dispersing microscopic structures from a nano scale to a micron scale; a microscopic structure applying step of applying the microscopic structure liquid to the insulating substrate; and a microscopic structure aligning step of applying respective voltages to the three electrodes to align the microscopic structures in locations defined by the electrodes.
- FIG. 11 shows an insulating substrate where silicon nanowires are aligned.
- Metal electrodes 221 , 222 and 223 are formed on the surface of an insulating substrate 211 . Though not shown in FIG. 11 , pads are formed on the metal electrodes 221 , 222 and 223 so that potentials can be applied from the outside. Silicon nanowires are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 221 and 222 face each other (microscopic structure-aligning regions NW in FIG. 11 ).
- the metal electrode 223 is placed between the metal electrodes 221 and 222 in the present embodiment. That is, three electrodes are aligned in the order: the metal electrode 221 (first electrode), 223 (third electrode), 222 (second electrode) in the microscopic structure-aligning regions NW.
- the third electrode is located between the first electrode and second electrode in the microscopic structure-aligning regions.
- the third electrode runs between the first electrode and the second electrode, regardless of whether in the microscopic structure-aligning regions or not.
- the distance S between the metal electrodes 221 and 222 is slightly shorter than the length of the silicon nanowires.
- the length of the silicon nanowires was about 25 ⁇ m.
- the distance S at this time is 16 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m, the silicon nanowires can be aligned most efficiently. That is, the distance S may be about 60 to 90% of the length of the silicon nanowires, and is desirably 80 to 90%.
- a first example of preferable potentials in the first embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 13 .
- a reference potential is applied to the metal electrode 223 (third electrode), and an alternating current potential is applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode).
- AC potentials are applied in this manner, the alignment can be stabilized even in the case where the microscopic structures are not electrically neutral but charged positively or negatively as a whole.
- the preferable frequency is 10 Hz to 1 MHz, as in the case of the basic configuration of the present invention, and it is more preferable for the frequency to be 50 Hz to 1 kHz.
- the reason for this is the same as described for the basic structure of the present invention.
- the alternating current potential applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) it is preferable for the alternating current potential applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) to have the same frequency and a phase difference ( ⁇ ) of 150 to 210°.
- FIG. 13 shows a case where there is a phase difference of 180°.
- the amplitude of the alternating current applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) is V PPL /2 and V PPR /2, respectively.
- microscopic structures can be aligned uniformly in a broad range in desired locations at equal intervals in the same direction. Thereafter, the voltages are stopped being applied, in the same manner as in the case of the basic configuration of the present invention, and the substrate is heated or left for a certain period of time so that the liquid evaporates and dries, and thus, the silicon nanowires 132 are aligned and secured between the metal electrodes 121 and 122 .
- FIG. 14 shows a second example of preferable potentials in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- a reference potential is applied to the metal electrodes 223 (third electrode) and potentials different form the reference potential (here, alternating current potentials) are applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode), as in the first example of preferable potentials, so that the silicon nanowires are aligned.
- silicon nanowires 232 are aligned between the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode), and in addition, there are silicon nanowires 233 which are adsorbed in unpreferred locations.
- offset voltages (V DCL1 , V DCR1 ) are applied simultaneously to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode), respectively.
- V DCL1 , V DCR1 offset voltages
- the silicon nanowires 232 aligned between the electrodes slightly move over the electrodes but become stable after a while, and do not break the alignment.
- the flow of IPA is used to remove the silicon nanowires 133 adsorbed in unpreferred locations in the basic configuration of the present invention
- the silicon nanowires 233 adsorbed in the unpreferred locations are electrically removed in the present the first embodiment.
- This is a method, which is particularly appropriate to align microscopic structures in a broad area. This is because very minute control is required to make the flow of IPA uniform in a broad area, and an appropriate pattern of electrodes can be designed in order to generate an electrical field having the same intensity in a broad area very easily.
- nanowires 233 adsorbed in the unpreferred locations can be removed using the convection current in the IPA
- nanowires 232 aligned in microscopic structure-aligning regions have a relatively strong force of adsorption, and therefore, are not removed by the convection current in the IPA. It is considered that only silicon nanowires 233 adsorbed in the unpreferred locations can be removed through the above-described mechanism.
- the metal electrodes 221 , 222 and 223 it is preferable for the metal electrodes 221 , 222 and 223 to make direct contact with the IPA or make contact with the IPA through an extremely thin insulating film (for example of 5 nm or less) through which a tunnel current can flow.
- the metal electrodes 221 , 222 and 223 are coated with a silicon oxide film of 100 nm, no convection current is created in the IPA.
- silicon nanowires can be aligned in the microscopic structure-aligning regions.
- the offset voltages V DCL1 , V DCR1
- V DCL1 , V DCR1 the offset voltages
- the time difference in the application of the offset voltages to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) it is preferable for the time difference in the application of the offset voltages to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) to be 0.1 second or less.
- the offset voltages (V DCL1 , V DCR1 ) applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) it is not necessary for the offset voltages (V DCL1 , V DCR1 ) applied to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) to be exactly the same.
- the offset voltages applied to the first and second electrodes it is most preferable for the offset voltages applied to the first and second electrodes to be equal.
- the offset voltages (V DCL1 , V DCR1 ) may be applied so as to superpose with an alternating current voltage, or after the application of an alternating current voltage.
- the voltages are stopped being applied and the substrate is heated or left for a certain period of time so that the liquid is removed, and thus, the silicon nanowires are aligned and secured between the metal electrodes.
- FIG. 17 shows a third example of preferable potentials in the first embodiment of the present invention. This example is different from the second example of preferable potentials in that the operation for applying offset voltages (V DCL1 , V DCR1 ) to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) is repeated. Other parts in the configuration are the same as in the first example of preferable potentials and the second example of preferable potentials.
- the intervals (T 1 , T 2 ) between operations for applying offset voltages to the metal electrodes 221 (first electrode) and 222 (second electrode) are 1 to 10 seconds.
- T 1 and T 2 are less than 1 second, torque works on the silicon nanowires 233 adsorbed in unpreferred locations in the opposite direction before the silicon nanowires 233 are sufficiently separated from the electrodes, and as a result, a phenomenon where silicon nanowires vibrate in the vicinity of the electrodes can be observed. In this case, silicon nanowires 233 adsorbed in the unpreferred locations cannot be removed.
- T 1 and T 2 exceed 10 seconds, a phenomenon where silicon nanowires 233 that have once separated from the electrodes are re-adsorbed by the electrodes can be observed.
- FIG. 18 shows the fourth example of preferable potentials in the first embodiment of the present invention. This example is different from the first example of preferable potentials in that the average of the potentials applied to the metal electrode 221 (first electrode) and the metal electrode 222 (second electrode) is different from the reference potential applied to the metal electrode 223 (third electrode) (V DCL2 , V DCR2 ).
- the average of the potentials applied to the metal electrode 221 (first electrode) and the metal electrode 223 (third electrode) is different from the reference potential applied to the metal electrode 222 (second electrode), and thus, it becomes possible to control the density with which the microscopic structures are aligned.
- FIG. 19 shows an insulating substrate used in the present embodiment.
- FIGS. 20 to 23 are diagrams illustrating the procedure of the method for aligning microscopic structures according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing the state during the process for aligning microscopic structures in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating preferable potentials to be applied to the electrodes in the state in FIG. 24 .
- the method for aligning microscopic structures includes a substrate preparing step of preparing an insulating substrate where one or more microscopic structure-aligning regions having as an unit fourth, fifth and sixth electrodes to which independent potentials are applied are formed; a microscopic structure applying step of applying a liquid including microscopic structures ranging from a nano scale to a micron scale on the insulating substrate; and a microscopic structure aligning step of applying voltages to the three electrodes to align the microscopic structures in the microscopic structure-aligning regions defined by the electrodes, wherein the microscopic structure aligning step includes a first microscopic structure aligning step of aligning first microscopic structures across the fourth and fifth electrodes and a second microscopic structure aligning step of aligning second microscopic structures across the fifth and sixth electrodes, and in the first microscopic structure aligning step, a reference potential is applied to the fifth and sixth electrodes and a potential different from the reference potential is applied to the fourth electrode, while in the
- the method for arranging microscopic structures according to the present invention is a method for selectively aligning two types of microscopic structures in desired locations.
- this is described in detail in reference to the drawings.
- FIG. 19 shows an insulating substrate where silicon nanowires are aligned.
- Metal electrodes 324 , 325 and 326 are formed on the surface of the insulating substrate 311 .
- pads are formed on the metal electrodes 324 , 325 and 326 so that potentials can be applied from the outside.
- First silicon nanowires are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 324 and 325 face each other (microscopic structure-aligning regions NW 1 in FIG. 19 ), and second silicon nanowires are aligned in portions where metal electrodes 325 and 326 face each other (microscopic structure-aligning regions NW 2 in FIG. 19 ).
- FIG. 19 2 ⁇ 2 microscopic structure-aligning regions NW 1 and NW 2 are aligned, any number of regions can, of course, be aligned.
- This insulating substrate and the structure and method for forming metal electrodes are the same as described in the basic configuration of the present invention.
- a distance S 1 between the metal electrodes 324 and 325 is slightly less than the length of the first silicon nanowires, and it is preferable for the distance S 2 between the metal electrodes 325 and 326 to be slightly less than the length of the second silicon nanowires, which is the same as in the basic configuration of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 shows an example of preferable potentials to be applied to the metal electrodes 324 (fourth electrode), 325 (fifth electrode) and 326 (sixth electrode) (V L , V C and V R , respectively).
- a reference voltage is applied to the metal electrodes 325 and 326 , and an alternating current voltage with an amplitude of V PPL /2 is applied to the metal electrode 324 .
- An alternating current voltage with an amplitude of V PPL /2 is applied across the metal electrodes 324 and 325 . Therefore, as shown in FIG. 21 , first silicon nanowires 334 are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 324 and 325 face each other. Meanwhile, no voltage is applied across the metal electrodes 325 and 326 . Therefore, no silicon nanowires are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 325 and 326 face each other.
- the above description is the first microscopic structure aligning step.
- the first silicon nanowires 334 are secured to the substrate by drying the substrate. After that, IPA including second silicon nanowires is thinly applied on the insulating substrate 311 .
- FIG. 22 shows an example of preferable potentials to be applied to across the metal electrodes 324 , 325 and 326 (V L , V C and V R , respectively).
- a reference voltage is applied to the metal electrodes 324 and 325 , and an alternating current voltage with an amplitude of V PPR /2 is applied to the metal electrode 326 .
- An alternating current voltage with an amplitude of V PPR /2 is applied across the metal electrodes 325 and 326 . Therefore, as shown in FIG. 23 , second silicon nanowires 335 are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 325 and 326 face each other. Meanwhile, no voltage is applied across the metal electrodes 324 and 325 . Therefore, no second silicon nanowires are aligned in portions where the metal electrodes 324 and 325 face each other.
- the above description is the second microscopic structure aligning step.
- the first type of microscopic structures may be NMOS nanowires
- the second type of microscopic structures may be PMOS nanowires, for example.
- a CMOS structure can be formed.
- first silicon nanowires 336 may be adsorbed in unpreferred locations in the first microscopic structure aligning step.
- unpreferred locations means portions on the metal electrode 326 , in particular, portions where the metal electrodes 325 and 326 face each other. These portions are locations where second silicon nanowires 335 are aligned, and in the case where some first silicon nanowires 334 remain there, defects may be caused when the silicon nanowires are used as devices.
- FIG. 25 shows an example of preferable potentials to be applied across the metal electrodes 324 , 325 and 326 in the first microscopic structure aligning step (V L , V C and V R , respectively) in order to remove the first silicon nanowires 336 adopted in unpreferred locations.
- V L , V C and V R an operation for applying an offset voltage (V DCR ) to the metal electrode 326 is carried out.
- V DCR offset voltage
- 0.1 to 5 V is a preferable range for the offset voltage (V DCR ), and furthermore, it is preferable for the offset voltage to be 0.3 to 2 V.
- the third embodiment of the present invention is an example of a device and an integrated circuit using the microscopic structures aligned in the first and second embodiments.
- the present embodiment is described in reference to FIGS. 26 and 27 .
- a case where two nanowire elements (N channel type and P channel type) are placed on the same substrate is described in the present embodiment as a concrete example of an integrated circuit apparatus.
- the integrated circuit apparatus according to the present invention may, of course, have a configuration where three or more elements having different functions are provided on the same substrate.
- FIG. 26 is a plan diagram showing wires on a substrate where an integrated circuit apparatus 1 is formed as a portion of the integrated circuit apparatus according to the present invention.
- the integrated circuit apparatus 1 according to the present embodiment is provided with an interlayer insulating film 471 , not shown in FIG. 26 (shown in FIG. 27 ).
- the configuration of the interlayer insulating film 471 is described in reference to FIG. 27 .
- NMOS n type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- PMOS p type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- the nanowires 437 which form the NMOS and the nanowires 438 which form the PMOS have two common wires, that is, a metal wire 451 and a metal wire 454 .
- the nanowire 437 is connected to a metal wire 452 and the nanowire 438 is connected to a metal wire 453 .
- the metal wire 451 is connected to an input terminal and the metal wire 454 is connected to an output terminal.
- the metal wire 452 is connected to a ground terminal and the metal wire 453 is connected to a power supply terminal.
- the surface of the substrate 411 it is preferable for the surface of the substrate 411 to have insulating properties, and an insulator, a semiconductor where an insulating film is formed on the surface, and a conductor where an insulating film is formed on the surface, for example, can be used as an appropriate substrate in the present embodiment.
- the substrate 411 it is preferable for the substrate 411 to have insulating properties and be transparent.
- a substrate of which the material is glass, a transparent resin or the like can be cited as an example.
- the PMOS used in the present embodiment is formed by aligning a plurality of nanowires 438 as described above.
- one nanowire 438 functions as the PMOS.
- the nanowire 438 used in the present embodiment is described in reference to FIG. 27 .
- the metal wire 451 is connected to the insulating film 461 in the center portion of the nanowires 438 , and the entirety, except for portions where the nanowires 438 , the substrate 411 , the metal wire 451 , the metal wire 452 and the metal wire 454 make contact, is coated with the interlayer insulating film 471 .
- the above-described region 482 is connected to the metal wire 451 via the insulating film 461 so as to function as a channel region for the nanowires 438 when the metal wire 451 connected to the input terminal functions as a gate electrode. That is, the insulating film 461 , which covers the region 482 , functions as a gate insulating film.
- the core and the metal wire 453 are connected to the region 483 where the insulating film 461 is removed.
- the core and the metal wire 454 are connected to the region 481 where the insulating film 461 is removed.
- the region 483 is connected to the metal wire 453 , which is connected to the power supply terminal and works as a source region for the nanowire 438 .
- the region 481 is connected to the metal wire 454 , which is connected to the output terminal and works as a drain region for the nanowires 438 .
- the NMOS used in the present embodiment is formed by aligning a plurality of nanowires 437 as described above.
- one nanowire 437 functions as an NMOS.
- the nanowires 437 used in the present embodiment are about the same as the nanowires 438 , except that the conductivity type is the opposite, and therefore, the description thereof is omitted.
- the nanowires 437 and 438 are NMOS and PMOS, respectively, in the present embodiment.
- nanowires are aligned on a substrate, and after that, impurity ions may be implanted, and annealing for activation may be carried out.
- nanowires into which impurities are introduced in advance and which have undergone annealing for activation may be aligned on a substrate. In the latter case, the substrate is not exposed to high temperatures for annealing for activation, and therefore, there is an advantage, such that it is easy to use a flexible substrate.
- a metal wire 451 is used as a mask to implant impurity ions for n type conductivity (for example arsenic ions) only in the area where there are nanowires 437 at the stage where the metal wire 451 is formed, in order to convert the nanowires 437 to an NMOS.
- the metal wire 451 is used as a mask to implant impurity ions for p type conductivity (for example boron ions) in the area where there are nanowires 438 , in order to convert the nanowires 438 to a PMOS.
- annealing for activating the impurities for example at 500 to 900° C.
- the interlayer insulating film and the upper portion metal wires can be formed by applying a process used in LSI processing and liquid crystal TFT processing.
- the integrated circuit apparatus according to the present embodiment is formed in accordance with a method for aligning microscopic structures, which makes alignment with accurate control in desired locations and in a desired direction possible. Accordingly, it becomes possible to greatly increase the yield of integrated circuit apparatuses.
- the display panel 2 of the display has a configuration where a display portion 571 , a logic circuit portion 572 , a logic circuit portion 573 , a logic circuit portion 574 and a logic circuit portion 575 are provided on the same transparent substrate 511 .
- the display is a liquid crystal display
- a display having logic circuits and selfluminous elements can be implemented within the display panel.
- logic circuits formed of nanowire transistors carry out image processing and other operations.
- TFT's are used as conventional transistors for driving pixels and processing images, the following effects can be gained by replacing these with nanowire elements.
- TFT's have a low transconductance and great dispersion in the transconductance in comparison with MOS transistors fabricated using a single crystal silicon substrate where a gate insulating film is formed through thermal oxidation.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- TEOS tetraethyl orthosillicate
- the display in order for the display to be formed of TFT's, large-scale equipment, including a gigantic vacuum unit and a deposition unit, is required, because the manufacture of the display and the manufacture of TFT's cannot be carried out separately.
- the process for manufacturing nanowires and the process for manufacturing the display are separate in the present embodiment, and therefore, the display can be manufactured with relatively small equipment. As a result, it becomes possible to greatly lower the cost for manufacturing displays.
- the microscopic structures can be used for switching elements, memory elements, light emitting elements, resistor elements and the like, and therefore, can be widely adopted in integrated circuit apparatuses, displays and the like where devices made up of microscopic structures are integrated.
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US9181630B2 (en) | 2010-07-14 | 2015-11-10 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Method for disposing fine objects, apparatus for arranging fine objects, illuminating apparatus and display apparatus |
US12009383B2 (en) | 2018-09-19 | 2024-06-11 | Samsung Display Co., Ltd. | Light emitting device and display device comprising partition walls between emission areas |
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JP2008260073A (en) | 2008-10-30 |
JP4381428B2 (en) | 2009-12-09 |
US20080251381A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
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