US8109247B2 - Wear resistant camshaft and follower material - Google Patents

Wear resistant camshaft and follower material Download PDF

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Publication number
US8109247B2
US8109247B2 US12/123,062 US12306208A US8109247B2 US 8109247 B2 US8109247 B2 US 8109247B2 US 12306208 A US12306208 A US 12306208A US 8109247 B2 US8109247 B2 US 8109247B2
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Prior art keywords
camshaft
follower
steel
valve train
engine valve
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US12/123,062
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US20090283063A1 (en
Inventor
Shekhar G. Wakade
Simon Chin-Yu Tung
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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Priority to US12/123,062 priority Critical patent/US8109247B2/en
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Assigned to UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY reassignment UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.
Assigned to CITICORP USA, INC. AS AGENT FOR BANK PRIORITY SECURED PARTIES, CITICORP USA, INC. AS AGENT FOR HEDGE PRIORITY SECURED PARTIES reassignment CITICORP USA, INC. AS AGENT FOR BANK PRIORITY SECURED PARTIES SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC.
Priority to DE102009020464.4A priority patent/DE102009020464B4/de
Priority to CN2009102030763A priority patent/CN101586483B/zh
Assigned to GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. reassignment GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Assigned to GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. reassignment GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CITICORP USA, INC. AS AGENT FOR BANK PRIORITY SECURED PARTIES, CITICORP USA, INC. AS AGENT FOR HEDGE PRIORITY SECURED PARTIES
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Publication of US20090283063A1 publication Critical patent/US20090283063A1/en
Assigned to GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. reassignment GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Assigned to GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. reassignment GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UAW RETIREE MEDICAL BENEFITS TRUST
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
    • F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
    • F01L1/181—Centre pivot rocking arms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
    • F01L1/14—Tappets; Push rods
    • F01L1/146—Push-rods
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L13/00—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
    • F01L13/0015—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for optimising engine performances by modifying valve lift according to various working parameters, e.g. rotational speed, load, torque
    • F01L13/0031—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations for optimising engine performances by modifying valve lift according to various working parameters, e.g. rotational speed, load, torque by modification of tappet or pushrod length

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to valve trains and more particularly to wear resistant camshaft and follower designs.
  • FIG. 1 A basic configuration of a typical valve train is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • VVA Cam phasing and variable valve actuation
  • Use of rolling only action for both high and low lift conditions for a 2-step VVA mechanism is preferable in an OHC engine as it reduces overall valve train friction.
  • camshafts subjected to predominantly sliding loads were made from hardened GCI or CCI, and ran against alloyed CCI followers.
  • these cam materials are not expected to sustain the rolling loads, which are typically above 1400 MPa, as it exceeds the materials strength limits.
  • the design architecture allows use of rolling only interface for variable value actuation configurations then the materials choice is relatively simple. Steel cams under rolling loads work just fine, provided there is ample real estate for the design to work. However, they exhibit poor response due to adhesive wear under sliding conditions against traditional follower materials.
  • Assembled camshafts with tailor made lobe materials such as powder metal lobes can be used to handle loading both rolling and sliding, however, it increases the system cost.
  • Valve spring loads, valve lifts, real estate available as well as the performance desired dictates the use of specific valvetrain architecture employed by any specific engine manufacturer.
  • the present disclosure provides an engine valve train including a camshaft having a plurality of camshaft lobes wherein the camshaft lobes are made from a malleable cast iron and are hardened.
  • a plurality of follower pads are made from steel that is carbonitrided and are each in engagement with a respective one of the plurality of camshaft lobes.
  • the material combination provides sliding wear that is comparable to diamond-like coatings while being much less expensive than diamond-like coatings.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary engine valve train system that can incorporate the material combination of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary 2-step variable valve actuation system that can incorporate the material combination of the present disclosure.
  • numeral 10 generally indicates an internal combustion engine of the four stroke cycle spark ignition type.
  • the engine 10 has major portions of conventional construction including a cylinder block 12 defining a plurality of cylinders 13 and a cylinder head 14 closing the ends of the cylinders.
  • Pistons 16 are disposed in the cylinders 13 and cooperating with the cylinders 13 and the cylinder head 14 to form combustion chambers 18 at the cylinder ends.
  • Intake and exhaust ports are provided for each cylinder, only an intake port 20 being shown.
  • Poppet valves 22 are provided, one in each of the ports and each having a spring 24 biasing its respective valve in a port-closing direction.
  • a camshaft 26 is connected with the engine crankshaft (not shown) for rotation in timed relation with the reciprocating motion of the pistons 16 .
  • the camshaft 26 has a plurality of cam lobes 28 , one of which is associated with each of the valves 22 for actuating the valve in the proper portion of each engine cycle.
  • the valves and respective cam lobes can include rocker arms 30 , push rods 32 and hydraulic tappets 34 . These elements are intended to represent conventional constructions which may be found in various forms in automotive vehicle engines.
  • the tappets 34 define follower pads that engage the cam lobes 28 .
  • valve train could include a two step variable valve actuation system such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,361,733; 6,848,402; 6,752,107 and 6,923,151 which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary two step variable lift valve mechanism provided in an overhead cam engine having direct acting cam followers.
  • the engine 100 includes a block, head and/or carrier component 102 supporting a camshaft 103 and a plurality of rocker arms 104 c , only one being shown.
  • the camshaft 103 includes a pair of spaced high lift cams 106 and a central low lift cam 107 for each of the inlet valves 108 and/or exhaust valves of the engine that are actuated by a rocker arm.
  • each rocker arm 104 c has a high lift outer cam follower 110 associated with the high lift cams 106 and a low lift inner cam follower 111 associated with the low lift cams.
  • a detailed explanation of the exemplary rocker arms 104 c is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,733, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the camshaft or camshaft lobe material is a malleable cast iron.
  • the malleable cast iron can be hardened and tempered.
  • the hardening operation can be done using induction heating, flame heating or using laser power.
  • the hardened matrix microstructure can be tempered martensite and temper carbon.
  • the amount of temper carbon/graphite is less than or equal to 10%.
  • the carbon particle count (particles larger than 25 square microns) is less than 200 per square mm. Lower values of temper carbon particle count, wherein the particle count is between 150 and 200 per square mm have provided best results.
  • the hardness of the camshaft or camshaft lobe materials can be in the range from 50-62 HRC (Rockwell C-scale).
  • the follower material includes a carbonitrided 52100 steel or carbonitrided 4130 steel.
  • the heat treatment for the follower is carbonitriding as opposed to carburizing or just hardening or tempering.
  • the carbonitriding can be done to a depth of between 0.5 and 1.5 mm and more particularly, about 1 mm and the follower material can have a hardness of 55-64 HRC (Rockwell C-scale).
  • Carbonitriding is a modified form of gas carburizing, in which ammonia is introduced into the gas carburizing atmosphere to add nitrogen to the carburized case as it is being produced. As ammonia dissociates and forms nascent nitrogen at the work surface, nitrogen diffuses into the steel surface simultaneously with carbon.
  • the resultant case which consists of carbides and nitrides is shallower than typically produced by only carburizing, however, provides superior wear response.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
US12/123,062 2008-05-19 2008-05-19 Wear resistant camshaft and follower material Expired - Fee Related US8109247B2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/123,062 US8109247B2 (en) 2008-05-19 2008-05-19 Wear resistant camshaft and follower material
DE102009020464.4A DE102009020464B4 (de) 2008-05-19 2009-05-08 Motorventiltrieb mit verschleißfestem Nockenwellen- und Stößelmaterial
CN2009102030763A CN101586483B (zh) 2008-05-19 2009-05-19 防磨损凸轮轴和随动件材料

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US12/123,062 US8109247B2 (en) 2008-05-19 2008-05-19 Wear resistant camshaft and follower material

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US20090283063A1 US20090283063A1 (en) 2009-11-19
US8109247B2 true US8109247B2 (en) 2012-02-07

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CN (1) CN101586483B (zh)
DE (1) DE102009020464B4 (zh)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20120318216A1 (en) * 2010-03-12 2012-12-20 Nsk Ltd. Tappet roller bearing
US9556754B2 (en) 2014-12-03 2017-01-31 Caterpillar Inc. Translating roller lifter design for diesel engines
US10465775B1 (en) * 2018-07-30 2019-11-05 XR Downhole, LLC Cam follower with polycrystalline diamond engagement element
US10738821B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2020-08-11 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond radial bearing
US10760615B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2020-09-01 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond thrust bearing and element thereof
US11014759B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-05-25 XR Downhole, LLC Roller ball assembly with superhard elements
US11035407B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-06-15 XR Downhole, LLC Material treatments for diamond-on-diamond reactive material bearing engagements
US11054000B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-07-06 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Polycrystalline diamond power transmission surfaces
US11187040B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-11-30 XR Downhole, LLC Downhole drilling tool with a polycrystalline diamond bearing
US11225842B2 (en) 2018-08-02 2022-01-18 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond tubular protection
US11286985B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-03-29 Xr Downhole Llc Polycrystalline diamond bearings for rotating machinery with compliance
US11371556B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-06-28 Xr Reserve Llc Polycrystalline diamond linear bearings
US20220314372A1 (en) * 2021-03-30 2022-10-06 GM Global Technology Operations LLC System and method for making an enhanced cast iron workpiece having increased lubricant retention
US11603715B2 (en) 2018-08-02 2023-03-14 Xr Reserve Llc Sucker rod couplings and tool joints with polycrystalline diamond elements
US11614126B2 (en) 2020-05-29 2023-03-28 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Joints with diamond bearing surfaces
US11655850B2 (en) 2020-11-09 2023-05-23 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Continuous diamond surface bearings for sliding engagement with metal surfaces
US12006973B2 (en) 2020-11-09 2024-06-11 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Diamond surface bearings for sliding engagement with metal surfaces

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EP2653671B1 (en) * 2010-12-13 2017-03-22 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Drive cam and valve operating system in engine

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US20050284434A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-29 Hitachi, Ltd. Slide member and method for producing the slide member
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Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20120318216A1 (en) * 2010-03-12 2012-12-20 Nsk Ltd. Tappet roller bearing
US9556754B2 (en) 2014-12-03 2017-01-31 Caterpillar Inc. Translating roller lifter design for diesel engines
US11371556B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-06-28 Xr Reserve Llc Polycrystalline diamond linear bearings
US11970339B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2024-04-30 Xr Reserve Llc Roller ball assembly with superhard elements
US10760615B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2020-09-01 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond thrust bearing and element thereof
US10968991B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-04-06 XR Downhole, LLC Cam follower with polycrystalline diamond engagement element
US11014759B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-05-25 XR Downhole, LLC Roller ball assembly with superhard elements
US11035407B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-06-15 XR Downhole, LLC Material treatments for diamond-on-diamond reactive material bearing engagements
US11054000B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-07-06 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Polycrystalline diamond power transmission surfaces
US11187040B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2021-11-30 XR Downhole, LLC Downhole drilling tool with a polycrystalline diamond bearing
US10465775B1 (en) * 2018-07-30 2019-11-05 XR Downhole, LLC Cam follower with polycrystalline diamond engagement element
US11242891B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-02-08 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond radial bearing
US11274731B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-03-15 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Polycrystalline diamond power transmission surfaces
US11286985B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-03-29 Xr Downhole Llc Polycrystalline diamond bearings for rotating machinery with compliance
US11994006B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2024-05-28 Xr Reserve Llc Downhole drilling tool with a polycrystalline diamond bearing
US10738821B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2020-08-11 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond radial bearing
US11655679B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-05-23 Xr Reserve Llc Downhole drilling tool with a polycrystalline diamond bearing
US11761486B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-09-19 Xr Reserve Llc Polycrystalline diamond bearings for rotating machinery with compliance
US11608858B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-03-21 Xr Reserve Llc Material treatments for diamond-on-diamond reactive material bearing engagements
US11761481B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-09-19 Xr Reserve Llc Polycrystalline diamond radial bearing
US11499619B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2022-11-15 David P. Miess Cam follower with polycrystalline diamond engagement element
US11746875B2 (en) 2018-07-30 2023-09-05 Xr Reserve Llc Cam follower with polycrystalline diamond engagement element
US11603715B2 (en) 2018-08-02 2023-03-14 Xr Reserve Llc Sucker rod couplings and tool joints with polycrystalline diamond elements
US11225842B2 (en) 2018-08-02 2022-01-18 XR Downhole, LLC Polycrystalline diamond tubular protection
US11614126B2 (en) 2020-05-29 2023-03-28 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Joints with diamond bearing surfaces
US11906001B2 (en) 2020-05-29 2024-02-20 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Joints with diamond bearing surfaces
US11655850B2 (en) 2020-11-09 2023-05-23 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Continuous diamond surface bearings for sliding engagement with metal surfaces
US11933356B1 (en) 2020-11-09 2024-03-19 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Continuous diamond surface bearings for sliding engagement with metal surfaces
US12006973B2 (en) 2020-11-09 2024-06-11 Pi Tech Innovations Llc Diamond surface bearings for sliding engagement with metal surfaces
US20220314372A1 (en) * 2021-03-30 2022-10-06 GM Global Technology Operations LLC System and method for making an enhanced cast iron workpiece having increased lubricant retention

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Publication number Publication date
DE102009020464B4 (de) 2021-12-09
CN101586483A (zh) 2009-11-25
DE102009020464A1 (de) 2009-12-24
CN101586483B (zh) 2013-06-19
US20090283063A1 (en) 2009-11-19

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