US8029871B2 - Method for producing silica aerogel coating - Google Patents
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- US8029871B2 US8029871B2 US11/423,010 US42301006A US8029871B2 US 8029871 B2 US8029871 B2 US 8029871B2 US 42301006 A US42301006 A US 42301006A US 8029871 B2 US8029871 B2 US 8029871B2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/14—Colloidal silica, e.g. dispersions, gels, sols
- C01B33/157—After-treatment of gels
- C01B33/158—Purification; Drying; Dehydrating
- C01B33/1585—Dehydration into aerogels
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/14—Colloidal silica, e.g. dispersions, gels, sols
- C01B33/157—After-treatment of gels
- C01B33/159—Coating or hydrophobisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
- C03C1/006—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels to produce glass through wet route
- C03C1/008—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels to produce glass through wet route for the production of films or coatings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/006—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with materials of composite character
- C03C17/007—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with materials of composite character containing a dispersed phase, e.g. particles, fibres or flakes, in a continuous phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
- C03C17/23—Oxides
- C03C17/25—Oxides by deposition from the liquid phase
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/11—Anti-reflection coatings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
- B05D3/061—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation using U.V.
- B05D3/065—After-treatment
- B05D3/067—Curing or cross-linking the coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
- C03C2217/21—Oxides
- C03C2217/213—SiO2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/40—Coatings comprising at least one inhomogeneous layer
- C03C2217/425—Coatings comprising at least one inhomogeneous layer consisting of a porous layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/10—Deposition methods
- C03C2218/11—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions
- C03C2218/113—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions by sol-gel processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
- C08K9/06—Ingredients treated with organic substances with silicon-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L45/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in side chain, and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a carbocyclic or in a heterocyclic ring system; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B2207/00—Coding scheme for general features or characteristics of optical elements and systems of subclass G02B, but not including elements and systems which would be classified in G02B6/00 and subgroups
- G02B2207/107—Porous materials, e.g. for reducing the refractive index
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a silica aerogel coating having nanometer-sized fine pores, particularly to a method for producing a silica aerogel coating having a low refractive index and excellent toughness and water repellency suitable for an anti-reflection coating.
- Anti-reflection coatings have conventionally been produced by a physical vapor deposition method such as vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, etc. Because single-layer anti-reflection coatings are designed to have smaller refractive indexes than those of substrates, coating materials having extremely small refractive indexes are desired for anti-reflection coatings formed on substrates having small refractive indexes.
- an MgF 2 coating has a minimum refractive index of 1.38. However, MgF 2 does not have a refractive index of 1.2-1.25, which is ideal for anti-reflection coatings for glass lenses having a refractive index of about 1.5.
- An anti-reflection coating having a refractive index of 1.2-1.25 exhibits reflectance of less than 1% in a visible-light region having a wavelength of 400-700 nm.
- the anti-reflection coating of MgF 2 having a refractive index of 1.38 fails to exhibit reflectance at an ideal level, although less tan 2%.
- Liquid-phase methods such as a sol-gel method, an SOG method, etc. are recently used to produce anti-reflection coatings.
- the liquid-phase methods are advantageous in producing anti-reflection coatings without needing a large apparatus unlike the physical vapor deposition method, and without exposing substrates to high temperatures.
- anti-reflection coatings produced by the liquid-phase methods have refractive indexes near 1.37 at minimum, which is substantially on the same level as those obtained by the physical vapor deposition methods, and there are no large differences in anti-reflection characteristics therebetween. Accordingly, in both methods, low-refractive-index materials and high-refractive-index materials should be laminated to form multi-layer coatings, to have reflectance of less than 1% in a visible-light-wavelength region.
- silica aerogel Known as a material having a smaller refractive index than that of magnesium fluoride is silica aerogel.
- Silica aerogel having a density of 0.01 g/cc or less and a refractive index of less than 1.1 can be formed by preparing a wet silica gel by the hydrolysis of an alkoxysilane, and drying it by an ultra-critical fluid of carbon dioxide, water, an organic solvent, etc.
- this method is highly costly because it needs lengthy steps using an ultra-critical-drying apparatus.
- the silica aerogel produced by this method is brittle because of extremely small toughness, failing to be put into practical use.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,482 describes a method for producing a thin silica aerogel coating by using a material obtained by (a) preparing a sol containing SiO 2 , (b) aging it to a gel, (c) modifying its surface with organic groups, and (d) subjecting the organically modified gel to an ultrasonic treatment.
- This method can produce a silica aerogel coating having a porosity of 99% or more, thus a low refractive index.
- the silica aerogel coating produced by this method has small mechanical strength and poor scratch resistance.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a silica aerogel coating having a low refractive index and excellent toughness and water repellency, which is suitable for anti-reflection coatings.
- a silica aerogel coating having excellent toughness and water repellency and a low refractive index can be obtained by applying a coating liquid comprising organically modified silica, an ultraviolet-curable-resin and an photo-polymerization initiator to a substrate, and polymerizing the ultraviolet-curable resin (or the ultraviolet-curable resin and unsaturated groups of the photo-polymerization initiator) by an ultraviolet irradiation.
- a coating liquid comprising organically modified silica, an ultraviolet-curable-resin and an photo-polymerization initiator
- the method of the present invention for producing a silica aerogel coating comprises the steps of forming a layer containing organically modified silica, an ultraviolet-curable resin and a photo-polymerization initiator, and irradiating ultraviolet rays to the layer.
- a coating liquid containing the organically modified silica, the ultraviolet-curable resin and the photo-polymerization initiator is preferably applied to a substrate to form the layer.
- a controlling obtained by (a) mixing a dispersion containing the organically modified silica with a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin and the photo-polymerization initiator, (b) mixing a dispersion containing the organically modified silica and the photo-polymerization initiator with a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin, (c) mixing a dispersion containing the organically modified silica and the photo-polymerization initiator with a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin and the photo-polymerization initiator or (d) adding the photo-polymerization initiator after a dispersion containing the organically modified silica and a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin are mixed.
- the ultraviolet-curable resin is preferably cured to have a refractive index of 1.33-1.5.
- the organically modified silica dispersion is preferably obtained by forming a wet gel by the hydrolysis and polymerization of an alkoxysilane and/or silsesquioxane, reacting the wet gel with an organic-modifying agent, and dispersing the resultant organically modified silica by an ultrasonic treatment.
- the dispersing medium is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of carboxylic esters, ketones and alcohols. Solvents for the wet gel are preferably alcohols having 1-3 carbon atoms.
- the alkoxysilane is preferably a monosilane having an unsaturated group and an alkoxy group.
- the organic-modifying agent is preferably a silane coupling agent, more preferably a silane coupling agent having an ultraviolet-polymerizable unsaturated group.
- the wet gel is preferably formed using a monosilane having an unsaturated group and an alkoxy group as the alkoxysilane, by polymerizing the monosilane to an oligomer in the presence of an acid catalyst, and polymerizing the oligomer in the presence of a base catalyst. After irradiating the layer with ultraviolet rays, it is preferable to bake the layer at 50-150° C.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one example of the structure of the silica aerogel coating of the present invention.
- the wet gel is formed by dissolving the silica-skeleton-forming compound and the catalyst in a solvent, causing the hydrolysis and polymerization of the silica-skeleton-forming compound, and then conducting aging.
- Silica sol and gel are formed by the hydrolysis and polymerization of alkoxysilane and/or silsesquioxane.
- the alkoxysilane may be a monomer or an oligomer.
- the saturated alkoxysilane monomer preferably has 3 or more alkoxy groups. Using a saturated alkoxysilane having 3 or more alkoxy groups as a silica-skeleton-forming compound, anti-reflection coatings with excellent uniformity can be obtained.
- saturated alkoxysilane monomers include methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, diethoxydimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, and dimethyldiethoxysilane.
- the saturated alkoxysilane oligomers are preferably polycondensates of these monomers.
- the saturated alkoxysilane oligomers can be obtained by the hydrolysis and polymerization of the monomers.
- the use of a saturated silsesquioxane as a silica-skeleton-forming compound can also provide an anti-reflection coating with excellent uniformity.
- the saturated silsesquioxane is a general name of polysiloxanes in the form of network, which have structural units represented by the general formula: RSiO 1.5 , wherein R represents an organic functional group. R may be, for instance, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or an alkoxy group (for instance, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, etc.). It is known that the silsesquioxane has various structures such as a ladder structure, a cage structure, etc. It has excellent weather resistance, transparency and hardness, suitable as a silica-skeleton-forming compound for the silica aerogel.
- An unsaturated monomer or oligomer of alkoxysilane or silsesquioxane having an ultraviolet-polymerizable unsaturated group may be used as a silica-skeleton-forming compound.
- a silica-skeleton-forming compound having an unsaturated group Using the silica-skeleton-forming compound having an unsaturated group, a silica aerogel coating with excellent toughness can be obtained even when a small amount of a binder is added.
- the unsaturated alkoxysilane monomer has an organic group having at least one double or triple bond (hereinafter referred to as “unsaturated group”), and an alkoxy group.
- the unsaturated group has 2-10 carbon atoms, preferably 2-4 carbon atoms.
- the preferred unsaturated alkoxysilane monomer is represented by the following general formula (1); R a Si(OR b ) 3 (1), wherein R a represents an organic group having an unsaturated bond and 2-10 carbon atoms, and R b O represents an alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms.
- the unsaturated group R a is an organic group having at least one ultraviolet-polymerizable unsaturated bond, which may have a substituting group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, etc.
- Specific examples of the unsaturated group R a include a vinyl group, an allyl group, a methacryloxy group, an aminopropyl group, a glycidoxy group, an alkenyl group and a propargyl group.
- R b is an organic group, which may be the same as or different from R a .
- Specific examples of the alkoxy group R b O include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, an isopropoxy group and an s-butoxy group.
- unsaturated alkoxysilane monomers include trimethoxyvinylsilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, allyltriethoxysilane, tributoxyvinylsilane, tripropoxyvinylsilane, allyltributoxysilane, allyltripropoxysilane, dimethoxydivinylsilane, diallyldimethoxysilane, diethoxydivinylsilane, diallyldiethoxysilane, trimethoxy(3-butenyl)silane, triethoxy(3-butenyl)silane, di(3-butenyl)dimethoxysilane, and di(3-butenyl)diethoxysilane.
- An oligomer of the unsaturated alkoxysilane having an unsaturated group may be used as a silica-skeleton-forming compound.
- the unsaturated alkoxysilane oligomer also has at least one unsaturated group and at least one alkoxy group.
- the unsaturated alkoxysilane oligomer having an unsaturated group is preferably represented by the following general formula (2); Si m O m ⁇ 1 R a 2m+2 ⁇ x OR b x (2), wherein R a represents an organic group having an unsaturated bond and 2-10 carbon atoms, R b O represents an alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 2-5, and x represents an integer of 4-7.
- Preferred examples of the unsaturated groups R a and the alkoxy groups R b O are the same as those in the above alkoxysilane monomers.
- the number m of condensation is preferably 2-3.
- An oligomer whose number m of condensation is 5 or less can be easily obtained by the polymerization of the monomer using an acidic catalyst as described below.
- the number x of the alkoxy group is preferably 3-5. When the number x of the alkoxy group is less than 3, the hydrolysis and polycondensation of the alkoxysilane does not sufficiently proceed, making three-dimensional cross-linking difficult to occur, thereby making the formation of a wet gel too difficult. When the number x of the alkoxy group is more than 5, the percentage of the unsaturated group is too small, resulting in insufficient increase in mechanical strength by the polymerization.
- Specific examples of the unsaturated alkoxysilane oligomers having unsaturated groups include disilanes, trisilanes and tetrasilanes obtained by the condensation of the above unsaturated alkoxysilane monomers.
- the solvent is preferably composed of water and alcohol.
- the alcohol is preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol, particularly methanol.
- How active the hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction are depends on a molar ratio of the monomer and/or oligomer of alkoxysilane or silsesquioxane (silica-skeleton-forming compound) to water.
- the water/alcohol molar ratio does not directly affect the hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction, it is preferably substantially 0.1-2. When the water/alcohol molar ratio is more than 2, the hydrolysis proceeds too quickly. When the water/alcohol molar ratio is less than 0.1, the hydrolysis of the silica-skeleton-forming compound does not sufficiently occur.
- a catalyst for the hydrolysis reaction is added to an aqueous solution of the silica-skeleton-forming compound.
- the catalyst may be acidic or basic.
- an efficient hydrolysis can be proceeded by condensing the silica-skeleton-forming compound monomer to an oligomer in an aqueous solution containing an acidic catalyst, and polymerizing the oligomer in a solution containing a basic catalyst.
- the acidic catalysts include hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid.
- Specific examples of the basic catalysts include ammonia, amines, NaOH and KOH.
- Preferred examples of the amines include alcohol amines, and alkyl amines (for instance, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, n-butylamine, and n-propylamine).
- the silica-skeleton-forming compound is preferably dissolved in the solvent, such that a molar ratio of the solvent to alkoxysilane is 3-100.
- a molar ratio of the solvent to alkoxysilane is 3-100.
- the degree of polymerization of the alkoxysilane is too high.
- the molar ratio exceeds 100 the degree of polymerization of the alkoxysilane becomes too low.
- a catalyst/alkoxysilane molar ratio is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 .
- the hydrolysis of the alkoxysilane does not occur sufficiently. Even at a molar ratio of more than 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 , increased catalytic effects cannot be obtained.
- a water/alkoxysilane molar ratio is preferably 0.5-20, more preferably 5-10.
- a solution containing the silica-skeleton-forming compound condensed by hydrolysis is left to stand or slowly stirred for aging at 25-90° C. for about 20-60 hours. Gelation proceeds by aging, to form a wet gel containing silicon oxide.
- wet gel containing silicon oxide used herein means a wet gel containing silicon oxide particles and a solvent.
- a dispersing medium of the wet gel influences a surface tension and/or a contact angle of a solid phase to a liquid phase, which accelerate or retard aging, an extent of surface modification in the organic modification step, and an evaporation rate of the dispersing medium in the later-described coating step.
- the dispersing medium contained in the gel can be substituted by another dispersing medium by repeating an operation of pouring another dispersing medium into the gel, vibrating the gel and conducting decantation.
- the substitution of the dispersing medium may be conducted before or after an organic modification reaction, though it is preferably conducted before the organic modification reaction to reduce the number of steps.
- substituting dispersing media include ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, hexane, heptane, pentane, cyclohexane, toluene, acetonitrile, acetone, dioxane, methyl isobutyl ketone, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol mono methyl ether, and ethyl acetate.
- These dispersing media may be used alone or in combination.
- the preferred substituting dispersing media are ketones. Substitution with a ketone solvent before the later-described ultrasonic treatment step makes it possible to obtain a well-dispersible, organically modified, silica-containing sol. Because the ketone solvent has excellent affinity for silica (silicon oxide) and organically modified silica, organically modified silica is well dispersed in the ketone solvent.
- the preferred ketone solvent has a boiling point of 60° C. or higher. Ketones having boiling points of lower than 60° C. are evaporated too much in the later-described ultrasonic irradiation step.
- acetone used as a dispersing medium is much evaporated during the ultrasonic irradiation, resulting in difficulty in controlling the concentration of the dispersion.
- Acetone is quickly evaporated in the coating step, too, failing to keep a sufficient coating time. It is further known that acetone is harmful to humans, unpreferable for the health of an operator.
- the ketone solvent is unsymmetrical ketone having different groups on both sides of a carbonyl group. Because nonsymmetrical ketone has a large polarity, it has excellent affinity particularly for silica and organically modified silica.
- the organically modified silica preferably has a particle size of 200 nm or less in the dispersion. When the particle size of the organically modified silica is more than 200 nm, it is difficult to form a silica aerogel coating having a substantially smooth surface.
- the ketone may have an alkyl or aryl group.
- the preferred alkyl group has about 1-5 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the ketone solvents include methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl isobutyl ketone, and methyl ethyl ketone.
- organic-modifying agent solution is added to the wet gel, so that hydrophilic groups such as a hydroxyl group, etc. at the end of silicon oxide constituting the wet gel are substituted by hydrophobic organic groups.
- the organic-modifying agent solution is preferably added to the wet gel diced to about 5-30 mm each to have a larger surface area.
- saturated organic-modifying agents include triethylchlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, diethyldichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, acetoxytrimethylsilane, acetoxysilane, diacetoxydimethylsilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, phenyltriacetoxysilane, diphenyldiacetoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, trimethylmethoxysilane, 2-trimethylsiloxy pent-2-en-4-one, N-(trimethylsilyl) acetamide, 2-(trimethylsilyl) acetate, N-(trimethylsilyl) imidazole, trimethylsilyl propiolate, nonamethyltrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, triethylsilanol, triphen
- the unsaturated organic-modifying agent Using the unsaturated organic-modifying agent, a silica aerogel coating with excellent toughness can be obtained even when a small amount of a binder is added.
- the unsaturated group R d may have a methyl group, an ethyl group, etc.
- Examples of the unsaturated group R d include a vinyl group, an allyl group, a methacryloxy group, an aminopropyl group, a glycidoxy group, an alkenyl group, and a propargyl group.
- the unsaturated organic-modifying agent may be used alone or in combination.
- the unsaturated organic-modifying agent may be combined with the saturated organic-modifying agent.
- the unsaturated organic-modifying agent is preferably unsaturated chlorosilane, more preferably unsaturated monochlorosilane having three unsaturated groups.
- Specific examples of the unsaturated organic-modifying agents having unsaturated groups include triallylchlorosilane, diallyldichlorosilane, triacetoxyallylsilane, diacetoxydiallylsilane, trichlorovinylsilane, dichlorodivinylsilane, triacetoxyvinylsilane, diacetoxydiallylsilane, trimethoxy (3-butenyl) silane, triethoxy(3-butenyl)silane, di(3-butenyl)dimethoxysilane, di(3-butenyl)diethoxysilane, etc.
- the organic-modifying agent is preferably dissolved in a solvent such as hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane, pentane, heptane, etc.; ketones such as acetone, etc.; aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, etc.
- the organic modification is preferably conducted at 10-40° C., although variable depending on the type and concentration of the organic-modifying agent. When the organic-modifying temperature is lower than 10° C., the organic-modifying agent does not easily react with silicon oxide. When it is higher than 40° C., the organic-modifying agent easily reacts with other substances than silicon oxide.
- the solution is preferably stirred to avoid a distribution in temperature and concentration in the solution during the reaction.
- the organic-modifying agent solution is a solution of triethylchlorosilane in hexane, holding at 10-40° C. for about 20-40 hours (for instance, 30 hours) sufficiently turns a silanol group to a silyl group.
- the ultrasonic treatment turns the organically modified silica gel or sol to be suitable for coating.
- the ultrasonic treatment dissociates a gel coagulated by an electric force or a van der Waals force, and destroys covalent bonds of silicon to oxygen, resulting in a dispersed gel.
- the ultrasonic treatment reduces the agglomeration of colloid particles.
- the ultrasonic treatment can be conducted in a dispersing apparatus using an ultrasonic vibrator.
- An ultrasonic radiation frequency is preferably 10-30 kHz, and an output is preferably 300-900 W.
- the ultrasonic treatment time is preferably 5-120 minutes. Longer ultrasonic irradiation results in finer pulverization of clusters of the gel or the sol, resulting in less agglomeration. Accordingly, colloid particles of organically modified silicon oxide are almost in a single dispersion state in the silica-containing sol obtained by the ultrasonic treatment. When the ultrasonic treatment time is shorter than 5 minutes, the colloid particles are not sufficiently dissociated. Even if the ultrasonic treatment time were longer than 120 minutes, the dissociation of the colloid particles of the organically modified silicon oxide would not substantially change.
- the ultrasonic radiation frequency is preferably 10-30 kHz
- the output is preferably 300-900 W
- the ultrasonic treatment time is preferably 5-120 minutes.
- a dispersing medium may be added to provide the silica-containing sol with appropriate concentration and fluidity.
- the dispersing medium may be added before the ultrasonic treatment, or after conducting the ultrasonic treatment to some extent.
- a mass ratio of the organically modified silicon oxide to the dispersing medium is preferably 0.1-20%. When the mass ratio of the organically modified silicon oxide to the dispersing medium is outside the range of 0.1-20%, a uniform thin layer cannot be formed easily.
- the use of a sol containing silicon oxide colloid particles having nearly single dispersion can form an organically modified silica aerogel layer with small porosity.
- the use of a sol containing largely agglomerated colloid particles can form a silica aerogel layer with large porosity.
- the ultrasonic treatment time influences the porosity of the silica aerogel coating.
- the coating of the sol ultrasonic-treated for 5-120 minutes can provide the organically modified silica aerogel layer with a porosity of 25-90%.
- the ultraviolet-curable resin functioning as a binder for the organically modified silica preferably has compatibility with a dispersion of the organically modified silica. As long as solvents can dissolve the ultraviolet-curable resin and are compatible with the organically modified silica dispersion, they are not restricted. Accordingly, they may be properly selected from those described above as the substituting dispersion media for the organically modified silica dispersion.
- the ultraviolet-curable resin has a refractive index of preferably 1.5 or less, more preferably 1.3-1.4 after curing. Using an ultraviolet-curable resin having a refractive index of 1.5 or less after curing, a silica aerogel coating having a refractive index of 1.2-1.3 can be formed.
- Ultraviolet-curable, amorphous fluororesins preferably have a refractive index of 1.5 or less and excellent transparency. Specific examples of the ultraviolet-curable, amorphous fluororesins include fluoroolefin copolymers, fluorine-containing cycloaliphatic polymers, fluoroacrylate copolymers, etc.
- fluoroolefin copolymer comprises 37-48% by mass of tetrafluoroethylene, 15-35% by mass of vinylidene fluoride, and 26-44% by mass of hexafluoropropylene.
- Polymers having a fluorine-containing cycloaliphatic structure include those obtained by polymerizing monomers having a fluorine-containing cycloaliphatic structure, and those obtained by the ring-forming polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers having at least two polymerizable double bonds.
- the polymers obtained by the polymerization of monomers having a fluorine-containing ring structure are described in JP63-18964B, etc. They are obtained by the homo-polymerization of monomers having a fluorine-containing ring structure, such as perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole), etc., or by their copolymerization with radically polymerizable monomers such as tetrafluoroethylene, etc.
- the polymers obtained by the ring-forming polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers having at least two polymerizable double bonds are described in JP63-238111 A, JP63-238115 A, etc. They are obtained by the ring-forming polymerization of monomers such as perfluoro(allyl vinyl ether), perfluoro(butenyl vinyl ether), etc., or by their copolymerization with radically polymerizable monomers such as tetrafluoroethylene, etc.
- copolymers examples include those obtained by the copolymerization of monomers having a fluorine-containing ring structure, such as perfluoro(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole), etc., with fluorine-containing monomers having at least two polymerizable double bonds, such as perfluoro(allyl vinyl ether), perfluoro(butenyl vinyl ether), etc.
- the binder may be made of a resin other than the fluororesin, or a combination of the fluororesin and the other resin.
- the resins other than the fluororesin may be acrylic resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins or urethane resins.
- the coating liquid comprises the organically modified silica, one or more ultraviolet-curable resins, and the photo-polymerization initiator.
- the coating liquid can be obtained by (a) mixing a dispersion containing the organically modified silica with a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin and the photo-polymerization initiator, (b) mixing a dispersion containing the organically modified silica and the photo-polymerization initiator with a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin, (c) mixing a dispersion containing the organically modified silica and the photo-polymerization initiator with a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin and the photo-polymerization initiator, or (d) adding the photo-polymerization initiator after a dispersion containing the organically modified silica and a solution containing the ultraviolet-curable resin are mixed.
- the percentage of the organically modified silica in the dispersion before mixing is preferably 0.1-20% by mass per the dispersing medium as described above.
- the binder is a fluoroolefin copolymer
- the concentration of the copolymer is preferably 0.5-2.0% by mass.
- the organically modified silica dispersion and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution are mixed preferably such that a volume ratio of the organically modified silica to the ultraviolet-curable resin is 9:1-1:9 in the coating liquid.
- a volume ratio of the organically modified silica to the ultraviolet-curable resin is 9:1-1:9 in the coating liquid.
- the volume ratio of the ultraviolet-curable resin is more than 90% in the coating liquid, the pores of the silica aerogel are filled with the resin, resulting in the silica aerogel coating with too high a refractive index.
- the volume ratio of the ultraviolet-curable resin is less than 10%, a binder ratio is too low to provide the silica aerogel coating with toughness.
- the photo-polymerization initiator is added to such an extent that the ultraviolet-curable resin, or the ultraviolet-curable resin and the unsaturated groups of the organically modified silica can be polymerized, in an ultraviolet irradiation step described later.
- the photo-polymerization initiator may be added to the ultraviolet-curable resin solution and/or the organically modified silica dispersion in advance, or after they are mixed.
- the amount of the photo-polymerization initiator is preferably 1-15% by mass per the coating liquid on a solid basis.
- photo-polymerization initiators include benzoin and its derivatives such as benzoin methyl ether, benzoin isopropyl ether, benzoin isobutyl ether, etc.; benzyl derivatives such as benzyl dimethyl ketal, etc.; alkyl phenones such as acetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 2,2-diethoxy2-phenylacetophenone, 1,1-dichloracetophenone, 1-hydroxycyclobexyl phenyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on, etc.; anthraquinone and its derivatives such as 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-t-butylanthraquinone, etc.; thioxanthone and its derivatives such as 2,4
- a dispersing medium is evaporated to form a layer composed of the organically modified silica, the ultraviolet-curable resin and the photo-polymerization initiator.
- coating methods include a spray-coating method, a spin-coating method, a dip-coating method, a flow-coating method and a bar-coating method.
- the preferred coating method is a spray-coating method, which can form a sol layer containing organically modified silica in uniform thickness even on a rugged surface.
- the coating liquid contains a volatile solvent, it may be spontaneously dried, but its drying may be accelerated by heating at 50-100° C.
- the organically modified silica aerogel layer has a porosity reduced by the shrinkage of the gel due to capillary pressure during the evaporation of the dispersing medium, the porosity is recovered by a springback phenomenon after the completion of evaporation.
- the porosity of the dried, organically modified silica aerogel layer is substantially as large as the original one of the gel network.
- the shrinkage of a silica gel network and the springback phenomenon are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,482 in detail.
- the coating is preferably subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at about 50-10000 mJ/cm 2 .
- the ultraviolet irradiation time is preferably about 1-30 seconds when the silica aerogel coating is as thick as about 10-2000 nm, although variable depending on the coating thickness.
- the coating is preferably baked at 50-150° C.
- the baking removes a solvent from the layer and a hydroxyl group, etc. from the surface, thereby strengthening the coating. Because decomposition does not substantially occur at a baking temperature of about 50-150° C., the baked silica aerogel coating has a cured resin formed by the polymerization of the ultraviolet-curable resin or the ultraviolet-curable resin and the unsaturated groups of the organically modified silica.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the cross section of the silica aerogel coating of the present invention.
- the silica aerogel coating is a porous film comprising an organically modified silica aerogel 1 having Si—O—Si bonds, and a cured resin layer 2 obtained by ultraviolet polymerization. Because the silica aerogel coating can be formed without heating to high temperatures, a substrate 10 , on which the silica aerogel coating is formed, may not be heat-resistant, like polyolefins, etc. Although the cured resin layer 2 formed by ultraviolet polymerization covers the surface and pores of the organically modified silica aerogel 1 , the pores of the organically modified silica aerogel 1 are not completely filled. Accordingly, the silica aerogel coating has nanometer-sized pores 1 a.
- the refractive index of the silica aerogel coating varies depending on the porosity. The larger the porosity, the smaller the refractive index, and vice versa.
- the refractive index also depends on a volume ratio of the organically modified silica aerogel 1 to the cured resin layer 2 ; the higher the volume ratio of the organically modified silica aerogel 1 , the smaller the refractive index, and vice versa.
- the refractive index of the silica aerogel coating is adjustable in a range of 1.15-1.35. For instance, when the volume ratio of the organically modified silica aerogel 1 to the cured resin layer 2 is 2-1-1:2, the refractive index can be 1.2-1.35.
- the thickness of the silica aerogel coating may be in a range not adversely affecting the baking and the ultraviolet irradiation. When used as an anti-reflection coating, the thickness of the silica aerogel coating is about 50-150 nm. The thickness of the silica aerogel coating may be properly controlled by the concentration of the organically modified silica-containing sol, the number of spraying operations, etc.
- the organically modified silica aerogel coating is hydrophobic, with excellent durability. This seems to be due to the fact that the silica aerogel coating has few hydroxyl groups on the surface, so that water does not easily enter into fine pores.
- the silica aerogel coating containing the cured resin layer 2 has excellent toughness and water repellency.
- MIBK Methyl isobutyl ketone
- the wet silica gel was mixed with a solution of trimethyl chlorosilane in MIBK (concentration: 5% by volume) and stirred for 30 hours to organically modify silicon oxide at ends.
- the resultant organically modified wet silica gel was washed by vibration in MIBK for 24 hours and decantation.
- MIBK was added to the organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 3% by mass, and ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz, 500 W) was conducted to turn the wet silica gel to a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- the ultrasonic irradiation time was 20 minutes.
- 2-propene-1-ol and perfluoro-3,6-dioxaoctane-1,8-diacid were added stepwise by 0.5 mol each to a mixed solvent of diethyl ether and MIBK, to cause their dehydration condensation reaction.
- the resultant ester was copolymerized with 1H,1H,6H,6H-perfluoro-1,6-hexanediol diacrylate.
- the resultant copolymer and 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on as a photo-polymerization initiator were dissolved in MIBK to prepare a ultraviolet-curable resin solution.
- the concentration of the copolymer in the ultraviolet-curable resin solution was 10% by mass, and the concentration of the polymerization initiator was 0.5% by mass.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (1-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution obtained in the step (1-iii) were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on one surface of a silicon substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- An organically modified wet silica gel was formed in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1, except that the wet gel obtained in the step (2-i) was reacted with trimethylchlorosilane after the dispersing medium in the wet gel was substituted with ethanol and then with MIBK. After MIBK was added to the organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 3% by mass, ultrasonic irradiation was carried out in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1 to turn the wet silica gel to a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- the orgarnically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (2-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on one surface of a silicon substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- An organically modified wet silica gel was formed in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1, except that the wet gel obtained in the step (3-i) was reacted with trimethylchlorosilane after the dispersing medium in the wet get was substituted with ethanol and then with MIBK. After MIBK was added to the organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 1% by mass, ultrasonic irradiation was conducted in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1 to turn the wet silica gel to a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on as a photo-polymerization initiator was added to the organically modified silica dispersion at a concentration of 3% by mass per solid silica.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (3-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- An organically modified wet silica gel was produced in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1, except that after the dispersing medium in the wet gel obtained in the step (4-i) was substituted with ethanol and then with MIBK, a solution of allyl dimethylchlorosilane in MIBK (concentration: 5% by volume) was added to cause reaction with the wet gel. After MIBK was added to the resultant organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 1% by mass, ultrasonic irradiation was conducted in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1 to turn the organically modified wet silica gel to a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on as a photo-polymerization initiator was added to the organically modified silica dispersion at a concentration of 3% by mass per solid silica.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (4-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- An organically modified wet silica gel was formed in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1, except that after the dispersing medium in the wet gel obtained in the step (5-i) was substituted with ethanol and then with MIBK, an allyl dimethylchlorosilane solution at a concentration of 5% by volume was added to cause reaction with the wet gel. After MIBK was added to the organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 1% by mass, ultrasonic irradiation was conducted in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1 to produce a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on as a photo-polymerization initiator was added to the organically modified silica dispersion at a concentration of 3% by mass per solid silica.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (5-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- An organically modified wet silica gel was formed in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1, except that after the dispersing medium in the wet gel obtained in the step (6-i) was substituted with ethanol and then with MIBK, a trimethylchlorosilane solution at a concentration of 5% by volume was added to cause reaction with the wet gel. After MIBK was added to the organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 1% by mass, ultrasonic irradiation was conducted in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1 to produce a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on as a photo-polymerization initiator was added to the organically modified silica dispersion at a concentration of 3% by mass per solid silica.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (6-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- An organically modified wet silica gel was formed in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1, except that the dispersing medium in the wet gel obtained in the step (7-i) was substituted with ethanol and then with MIBK, an allyl dimethylchlorosilane solution at a concentration of 5% by volume was added. After MIBK was added to the organically modified wet silica gel to a concentration of 1% by mass, ultrasonic irradiation was conducted in the same manner as in the step (1-ii) in Example 1 to produce a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropane-1-on as a photo-polymerization initiator was added to the organically modified silica dispersion at a concentration of 3% by mass per solid silica.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (7-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (8-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (9-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (10-ii) and the ultraviolet-curable resin solution prepared in the same manner as in the step (1-iii) in Example 1 were mixed at a volume ratio of 9:1, to prepare a coating liquid.
- the coating liquid was dip-coated on a glass substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, subjected to ultraviolet irradiation at 1500 mJ/cm 2 using an ultraviolet irradiation apparatus available from Fusion Systems, and balked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- the wet silica gel was mixed with ethanol and vibrated for 10 hours, decantation was conducted to remove unreacted products, etc., and substitute the dispersing medium in the wet gel with ethanol. Further, after MIBK was added and vibrated for 10 hours, the dispersing medium of ethanol was substituted with MIBK by decantation.
- the wet silica gel was mixed with a solution of trimethylchlorosilane in MIBK (concentration: 5% by volume) and stirred for 30 hours to organically modify silicon oxide at ends. The resultant organically modified wet silica gel was vibrated in MIBK for 24 hours and decanted.
- ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz, 500 W) was conducted to turn the organically modified wet silica gel to a sol-like, organically modified silica (organically modified silica dispersion).
- the ultrasonic irradiation time was 20 minutes.
- the organically modified silica dispersion obtained in the step (A-i) was dip-coated on one surface of a silicon substrate, dried at 40° C. for 5 minutes, and baked at 150° C. for 1 hour to form a silica aerogel coating.
- the method of the present invention is advantageous in easily forming a silica aerogel coating comprising organically modified silica and an ultraviolet-cured composition simply by applying a coating liquid containing organically modified silica, an ultraviolet-curable resin and a photo-polymerization initiator to a substrate, and irradiating ultraviolet rays thereto. Because the silica aerogel coating can be formed by a wet method without needing high-temperature baking, it is formed even on a substrate without heat resistance.
- the resultant silica aerogel coating advantageously has not only excellent toughness and water repellency because its surface and pore walls are coated with an ultraviolet-polymerized resin, but also a low refractive index because its nanometer-sized pores are not completely filled with the resin.
- the silica aerogel coating having a porosity of 30-53% and containing a binder having a refractive index of 1.365-1.385 has as low a refractive index as 1.2-1.3.
- the silica aerogel coating having a low refractive index, a feature of silica aerogel, and excellent toughness and water repellency due to a binder is suitable as an anti-reflection coating.
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Abstract
Description
RaSi(ORb)3 (1),
wherein Ra represents an organic group having an unsaturated bond and 2-10 carbon atoms, and RbO represents an alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms.
SimOm−1Ra 2m+2−xORb x (2),
wherein Ra represents an organic group having an unsaturated bond and 2-10 carbon atoms, RbO represents an alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms, m represents an integer of 2-5, and x represents an integer of 4-7. Preferred examples of the unsaturated groups Ra and the alkoxy groups RbO are the same as those in the above alkoxysilane monomers.
Rc pSiClq (3),
Rc 3SiNHSiRc 3 (4),
Rc pSi(OH)q (5),
Rc 3SiOSiRc 3 (6),
Rc pSi(ORb)q (7), and
Rc pSi(OCOCH3)q (8),
wherein p represents an integer of 1-3, q represents an integer of 1-3 satisfying the condition of q=4−p, RbO represents an alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms, and Rc represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 5-18 carbon atoms, or a mixture thereof.
Rd pSiClq (9),
Rd 3SiNHSiRd 3 (10),
Rd pSi(OH)q (11),
Rd 3SiOSiRd 3 (12),
Rd pSi(ORd)q (13),
Rd pSi(OCOCH3)q (14),
wherein p represents an integer of 1-3, q represents an integer of 1-3 meeting the condition of q=4−p, and Rd represents an organic group having an ultraviolet-polymerizable, unsaturated bond and 2-10 carbon atoms. The unsaturated group Rd may have a methyl group, an ethyl group, etc. Examples of the unsaturated group Rd include a vinyl group, an allyl group, a methacryloxy group, an aminopropyl group, a glycidoxy group, an alkenyl group, and a propargyl group. The unsaturated organic-modifying agent may be used alone or in combination. The unsaturated organic-modifying agent may be combined with the saturated organic-modifying agent.
TABLE 1 | |||||
Refractive | Scratch | Solvent | |||
No. | Index | Resistance | Resistance | ||
Example 1 | 1.21 | Fair | Fair | ||
Example 2 | 1.20 | Fair | Fair | ||
Example 3 | 1.22 | Fair | Fair | ||
Example 4 | 1.22 | Fair | Fair | ||
Example 5 | 1.25 | Good | Good | ||
Example 6 | 1.25 | Good | Good | ||
Example 7 | 1.27 | Good | Good | ||
Example 8 | 1.24 | Fair | Fair | ||
Example 9 | 1.25 | Good | Good | ||
Example 10 | 1.27 | Good | Good | ||
Comparative | 1.14 | Poor | Poor | ||
Example 1 | |||||
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