US7292785B2 - Optical transmission system constructing method and system - Google Patents
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- US7292785B2 US7292785B2 US11/593,518 US59351806A US7292785B2 US 7292785 B2 US7292785 B2 US 7292785B2 US 59351806 A US59351806 A US 59351806A US 7292785 B2 US7292785 B2 US 7292785B2
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- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/077—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using a supervisory or additional signal
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- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/2513—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion
- H04B10/25137—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion using pulse shaping at the transmitter, e.g. pre-chirping or dispersion supported transmission [DST]
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical transmission method and system for carrying data transmission with use of optical fiber. More particularly, it concerns an optical transmission method and system preferable in high-speed data transmission to a long distance.
- Prior arts related to the optical transmission system include, for example, the technique disclosed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open 3-296334.
- optical transmission system it is demanded to accomplish an optical transmission system operating at further higher speed since development of the modern information society has increased long-distance communication traffic in recent years. Also, it is desired that the optical transmission system can transmit data to further longer distance without repeat in view of reliability and cost of the system.
- an object of the present invention to provide an optical transmission system constructing method capable of easily constructing an optical transmission method and system depending on required functions and capacities.
- the optical transmission system is characterized in constructing a line terminal having multiplexing means for multiplexing signals and demultiplexing means for demultiplexing the multiplexed signal so that to serve as a transmitter, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either a first combination of an electric-to-optic converter circuit for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to a transmission light with an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying the transmitting light before feeding into an optical transmission medium or electric-to-optic converting means having a semiconductor optical amplifier for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to a transmission light before feeding an optical transmission line.
- the optical transmission system also is characterized in constructing the line terminal so that to serve as a receiver, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either a second combination of an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying a receiving light from an optical transmission medium with an optic-to-electric converter circuit for converting the amplified receiving light to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means or an optic-to-electric converting means for converting the received light from the optical transmission medium to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means with an avalanche photodiode used as light receiver.
- the optical transmission system is characterized in constructing the optical transmission system for use as a longdistance optical transmission system, a plurality of the line terminals having the first combination to serve as the transmitter and the second combination to serve as the receiver implemented therein each are connected to the optical transmission medium through a single or a plurality of repeaters inserted in the optical transmission medium for multiplying the optical light signal on the optical transmission medium.
- the optical transmission system is characterized in constructing the optical transmission system for use as a shortdistance optical transmission system, the plurality of the line terminals having the electric-to-optic converting means having a semiconductor optical amplifier therein to serve as the transmitter and the optic-to-electric converting means having the avalanche photodiode used as the light receiver to serve as the receiver implemented therein each are directly connected to the optical transmission line.
- the optical transmission system constructing method of the present invention enable an easy construction of any of the long-distance an short-distance optical transmission system only by selecting desired types of the transmitters and receivers to be implemented to change the combinations of the units.
- the line terminal is constructed so that to serve as the transmitter, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either the first combination of an electric-to-optic converter circuit for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to the transmission light with an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying the transmitting light before feeding into an optical transmission medium or electric-to-optic converting means having the semiconductor optical amplifier for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to the transmission light before feeding an optical transmission line, and that to serve as the receiver, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either the second combination of an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying the receiving light from an optical transmission medium with an optic-to-electric converter circuit for converting the amplified receiving light to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means or an optic-to-electric
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram for a functional construction of a optical transmission system of an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an overall configuration for a network system related to the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a configuration for a network among a large-scale switching nodes extracted from the network system.
- FIG. 4 is a configuration for a network among a small-scale switching nodes and among a small-scale switching nodes and the large scale switching node extracted from the network system.
- FIG. 5 is a configuration for a network for a metropolitan area extracted from the network system.
- FIG. 6 is block diagrams for a functional construction of a node.
- FIG. 7 is a hierarchical construction of a network system.
- FIG. 8 is a frame construction for a multiplexing frame used in the network system.
- FIG. 9 is logical positions of path groups.
- FIG. 10 is a bit allocation of overhead of the path groups.
- FIG. 11 is an example of setting the path group in a ring.
- FIG. 12 is path group switching procedures at failure.
- FIG. 13 is a typical sequence of switching requests.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram for a configuration of the network system related to the embodiment.
- FIG. 15 is a sequence diagram for transfer of alarms in the network system.
- FIG. 16 is a block diagram for the optical transmission system for a long distance system.
- FIG. 17 is a block diagram for the optical transmission system for a short distance system.
- FIG. 18 is a block diagram for a clock transit system for the optical transmission system.
- FIG. 19 is bytes to be scrambled of an overhead in a STM-64 section.
- FIG. 20 is a block diagram for the 1 R-REP.
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram for a board construction of the 1 RREP.
- FIG. 22 is a format for a surveillance and control signal for use in the surveillance and control of the 1 R-REP.
- FIG. 23 is a block diagram for an inter-office transmission line interface of the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 24 is a block diagram for the intra-office transmission line interface of the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 25 is a relationship of multiplex and demultiplex between a STM-64 frame and a STM-1 ⁇ 64 supported by the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 26 is a block diagram for a transmitter of the LT-MUX forming the long distance system.
- FIG. 27 is a block-diagram-for the transmitter of the LT-MUX forming the short distance system.
- FIG. 28 is a block diagram for a receiver of the LT-MUX forming the long distance system.
- FIG. 29 is a block diagram for the receiver of the LT-MUX forming the short distance system.
- FIG. 30 is a block diagram for a node having LT-MUXes and an ADH switch used.
- FIG. 31 is a block diagram for extracted parts serving to the surveillance and control system for the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 32 lists features of the functional blocks of the surveillance and control system.
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram for a redundancy configuration of a transmitting system in the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 34 is a block diagram for the redundancy configuration of a receiving system in the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 35 is a block diagram for construction of a hitless switching process feature section for transmission line.
- FIG. 36 is a block diagram for a construction of a 3 R-REP.
- FIG. 37 is a front view for an implementation of the 1 R-REP.
- FIG. 38 is structures of a optical preamplifier and optical booster amplifier forming a single 1 R-REP system.
- FIG. 39 is a front view for an implementation of the LT-MUX.
- FIG. 40 is a front view for an implementation of two systems of the LT-MUX in a single rack without the line redundancy configuration.
- FIG. 41 is a front view for an implementation of the LT-MUX for constructing the small scale switching node with a 40G switch unit built in as shown in FIG. 6 b.
- FIG. 42 is a structural view for a 40G switch.
- FIG. 43 is a front view for an implementation of the LT-MUX for constructing the large scale switching node.
- FIG. 44 is a front view for an implementation of the 3 R-REP.
- this section outlines the optical transmission system of the embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram for the functional construction of the optical transmission system of the embodiment.
- the optical transmission system is an ultralong distance transmission system for making optical transmission between line terminals with multiplexers (hereinafter referred to as the LT-MUX 1 ) or between the LT-MUX 1 and a regenerator (hereinafter referred to as the 3 R-REP 3 ) with use of an optical amplifier repeater (hereinafter referred to as the 1 R-REP 2 ).
- the system can send the data at 10 Gb/sec through an optical fiber 40 up to 320 km by the 3 R-REP 3 at the longest intervals of 80 km by the 1 R-REP 2 .
- the LT-MUX 1 makes a multiplex and section-termination-process ( 12 ) of the data received by an intra-office interface 11 provided therein, and converts them to optical signal ( 13 ).
- An optical booster amplifier 14 magnifies the optical signal before feeding it into an optical transmission medium.
- the data received from the optical transmission medium is magnified by an optical preamplifier 15 before being converted to electrical signal ( 16 ).
- the signal then is demultiplexed and section-termination-processed ( 12 ) before being distributed to the intra-office interfaces 11 .
- the 1 R-REP 2 repeats the optical signal in a way that any of optical fiber amplifiers 21 and 22 magnifies the optical signal received from the optical transmission medium before feeding it out.
- the 3 R-REP 3 regenerates the data to repeat in a way that the data received from the optical transmission medium are magnified by an optical preamplifier 35 before being converted to electrical signal ( 36 ).
- the electrical signal then is demultiplexed and section-termination-processed ( 32 ) and is multiplexed and section-termination-processed ( 32 ) again. It further is converted to optical signal ( 33 ) and magnified by an optical booster amplifier 34 before being fed into the optical transmission medium.
- STM-N CCITT recommended synchronous transport modulelevel N
- NRZ non-return to zero
- the intra-office interface 11 of the LT-MUX 1 can contain a series of STM- 1 (150 Mb/sec) by 64 or a series of STM- 4 (600 Mb/sec) by 16. Note that the series of STM- 4 (600 Mb/sec) by 1 can be compatible with the series of STM- 1 by 4.
- the optical transmission system can be configured in another way that instead of the 1 R-REP 2 shown in FIG. 1 a , the LT-MUXes 1 are directly connected together or the LT-MUX 1 is directly connected with the 3 R-REP 3 . In this case, the transmission distance is up to 120 km without repeater.
- the optical transmission system can be configured in still another way as that shown in FIG. 1 b , the 1 R-REP 2 , the optical booster amplifier 14 , and the optical preamplifier 15 are omitted, but LT-MUXes 1 having an opto-electric converter 2000 and an electro-optic converter 2010 which are different in the characteristics from those of the LT-MUX 1 in FIG. 1 a are directly connected together.
- the output level is around +6 dBm, and the transmission distance is up to 80 km without repeater.
- the optical transmission system having the LT-MUX 1 , the 3 R-REP 3 , the optical booster amplifier 14 , and optical preamplifier 15 is called the long-distance system below: and the optical transmission system having no optical booster amplifier 14 and optical preamplifier 15 in the LT-MUX 1 and 3 R-REP 3 is called the short distance system below.
- this section describes a network system having the optical transmission system of the embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an overall configuration for a network system rated to the embodiment.
- a large scale switching node 110 having the LT-MUX 1 of the embodiment and a small scale switching node 120 having the LT-MUX 1 of the embodiment.
- the large-scale switching nodes 110 in the network system related to the embodiment, as shown in the figure, are directly connected therebetween in a ladder-shaped structure with use of the 1 R-REP 2 and the 3 R-REP 3 .
- the network system has routes diversed therein and the CCITT recommended VC-3/4 path protection switch in the meshed network, thereby increasing reliability of the network.
- the small-scale switching nodes 120 are ringstructured, and the small-scale switching nodes 120 and the large scale switching nodes 110 are also ring-structured. This does not only provide a multiplexing effect that allows efficient use of the large-capacity transmission medium, but also keeps two routes that can increase the reliability.
- a metropolitan area has a multiple of rings that can increase the reliability in an area of relatively narrow, but large, facial extending traffic.
- FIG. 3 is a configuration for a network among the large-scale switching nodes 130 extracted from the network system.
- the large-scale switching nodes 130 are directly connected thereamong with use of the 1 R-REPs 2 and the 3 R-REPs 3 without switching through an intermediate node, thereby decreasing the line cost.
- a distance between the 1 R-REPs 2 is up to 80 km in view of the S/N design, and the one between the 3 RREPs 3 is up to 320 km in view of the nonlinear distortion of the fiber.
- FIG. 4 is a configuration for a network among the small-scale switching nodes 120 and among the small-scale switching nodes 120 and the large scale switching nodes 110 extracted from the network system.
- the small-scale switching nodes 120 If a distance between the small-scale switching nodes 120 is shorter than 120 km, as shown in the figure, no repeaters are used, but direct connection is made between any two of the smallscale switching nodes 120 . If the distance exceeds 120 km, the 1 R-REP 2 is used to make the long distance system as mentioned previously. If the distance is shorter than 80 km, as will be described in detail later, the 10 Gb/sec transmitter is replaced by the one made up of a semiconductor optical amplifier and an APD (avalanche photodiode) to form a further economic short distance system ( FIG. 1 b ).
- APD avalanche photodiode
- FIG. 5 is a configuration for a network for the. metropolitan area extracted from the network system.
- the metropolitan area as shown in the figure, has a plurality of adjoining rings formed of the transmission media connecting the nodes in a meshed network, thereby accomplishing efficient multiplex operation and high reliability. It should be noted that there will be a greater number of the shorter node distances than 80 km. Then, as described above, the short distance system is made up of the semiconductor optical amplifier and the APD to form the network at low cost.
- FIG. 6 is block diagrams for the functional construction of the node.
- the large scale switching node 110 has two LT-MUXes 1 and a VC-3/4 cross-connection switch 111 for path switching and setting at the VC-3/4 level in the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH).
- the two LT-MUXes 1 are connected by a high-speed interface which will be described later, but not any intra-office interface.
- the large scale switching node 110 also has the STM- 1 interface and the STM- 4 interface as the intraoffice interfaces. These interfaces can connect a line repeater terminal 5000 for transmission between a 600 Mb/sec or 2.4 Gb/sec offices, a cross-connection equipment 5100 for terminating the intra-office interface 111 , and an ATM cross-connection switch 5200 .
- the ATM cross-connection switch 5200 can accomplish lower cost and decrease cell delay as the 600 Mb/sec intra-office interface is used.
- the large scale switching node 110 can be alternatively made up of the two LTMUXes 1 and a cross-connect equipment 111 .
- the small scale switching node 120 is the same as the large scale switching node 110 or as shown in FIG. 1 b , has the LT-MUX 1 and an VC-3/4 add-drop multiplex (ADM) switch.
- the small scale switching node 120 also, like the large scale switching node 110 , has the STM- 1 interface and the STM- 4 interface as the intraoffice interfaces, which can connect the line repeater terminal 5000 for transmission between a 600 Mb/sec or 2.4 Gb/sec offices, the cross-connection equipment 5100 for terminating the intraoffice interface 111 , and the ATM cross-connection switch 5200 .
- the intra-office interface 11 of the LT-MUX 1 is used for the STM- 1 interface and the STM- 4 interface for each node.
- Table 1 shows a hierarchy of the network system and terminals at the respective hierarchy level.
- the present embodiment defines the new VC3/4 path group to accomplish easy path switching at failure of any transmission medium.
- FIG. 8 is a frame construction for an STM-64 which is an inter-office interface.
- the overhead for the VC-3/4 path group is the Z3 byte of the representing VC-3/4 POH forming the VC-3/4 path group.
- path group denotes a set of parts within a ring of the VC-3/4 path that a point of insertion into a virtual ring is equal to each other and a point of branch from the virtual ring is equal to each other.
- virtual ring denotes a ring extracted from the network as a part which can virtually form a ring-like path. It should be noted that as shown in FIG. 9 , the path group is positioned between section and path layer in view of the network layer structure.
- the embodiment switches the path group when the path group is at failure.
- the path group is managed with use of the Z3 byte of the representing VC-3/4 path overhead within the path group.
- FIG. 10 is a bit allocation of the Z3 byte.
- the path group failure is detected by a path group alarm indication signal (PGAIS) defined in the Z3 byte.
- PGAIS path group alarm indication signal
- Table 2 shows path switching features in the embodiment.
- the embodiment uses an alternative meshed network switching to increase the reliability.
- Controlling the mesh switching in the embodiment is the autonomous switching in units of the VC-3/4 path group virtual ring, which conforms to the section APS recommended by CCITT.
- FIG. 11 is an example of setting the path group in the ring.
- the protection path group is extended in the direction reverse to the working one.
- FIG. 12 is path group switching procedures at failure.
- FIG. 13 is a typical sequence of switching requests. The switching sequence, as shown in FIG. 13 , conforms to the usual 1+1 section APS. Finally, Table 3 shows priorities of the switching requests and coding of the Z3 byte, and Table 4 shows coding of the path group status.
- This section describes a surveillance and control system for the network system related to the embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is a block diagram for a configuration of the network system related to the embodiment.
- Each of the LT-MUXes and the 1 R-REPs 2 has a surveillance and control function 1001 and an OpS-IF 1002 for connection with an OpS (operation system) 1000 .
- the surveillance and control are made under control of the OpS 1000 which governs the surveillance and control of the system.
- the embodiment makes a wavelength multiplex of a surveillance and control signal with a main signal on the STM-64 interface before transmitting the multiplexed signal to monitor and control the 1 R/ 3 R-REPs 3 having no OpS IF 1002 remotely. That is, the OpS 1000 gives a direction signal to the equipment having the OpS IF 1002 to make the equipment superimpose the direction signal onto the surveillance and control signal, or makes the 1 R/ 3 R-REP having no OpS IF 1002 transfer an alarm detected or generated by the 1 R/ 3 R-REP to the equipment having the OpS IF 1002 . Alternatively, it can be made that the 1 R/ 3 R-REP should halve the OpS IF 1002 to allow the OpS 1000 to monitor and control the 1 R/ 3 R-REP directly.
- the surveillance and control signal of 384 kb/sec is transferred by a light of the same 1.48 ⁇ m wavelength as that of a pumping light source of the 1 R-REP 2 .
- the surveillance and control signal as shown in FIG. 22 , also has a 48 byte frame length for a 1 msec frame period, 24 bytes (192 kb/sec) of which are allocated to a DCC (data communication channel) for the remote control, 8 bytes (64 kb/sec) for an order wire, and 6 bytes (48 kb/sec) for the alarm transfer.
- the surveillance and control signal allows each of the 1 R/ 3 R-REPs 2 to inform the state and alarm.
- each of the 1 R/ 3 R-REPs can generate its own monitoring information and repeat the surveillance and control signal generated by the preceding 1 R/ 3 R-REP as well.
- the state monitoring is made at intervals of 1 sec so that an access collision cannot happen even if number of the 1 R/ 3 RREPs is around 100.
- the surveillance and control signal has 1 byte allocated there to as the 1 R-REP section has a feature equivalent to that of the usual AIS.
- the 1 R/ 3 R-REP having detected a fatal failure, such as loss of the main signal, transfers its own ID to the succeeding repeater using the one byte.
- This 1 R/ 3 R-REP 2 repeats the one byte to the LT-MUX 1 . This allows informing of the 1 R/ 3 R-REP section AIS at intervals of 1 msec. If it is used, the 3 R-REP converts it to an S-AIS (section alarm indication signal).
- LT-MUX 1R/3R-REP and control Has OpS-IF and is started by can have equipment direction by OpS. OpS-IF.
- 1R-REP Has RMT-IFs, such as DCC-IF and ALARM-IF, and is started by direction by surveillance and control signal.
- 3R-REP Same as 1R-REP.
- Surveillance (1) Physical characteristics Frame and control Frame length: 48 bytes. synchronization signal Frame period: 1 msec. by CMI Rate: 384 kb/sec. code rule Wavelength: 1.48 um. violation. Line code: CMI. To increase (2) Generation method reliability. Generation by LT-MUX and 1R/3R-REP.
- Transfer method Is wavelength-multiplexed with the main signal before being transferred.
- 1R/3R-REP determines either repeat or reception with destination ID added on surveillance and control signal. For repeat, 1R/3R-REP stores it in the reception buffer before transmission.
- Access to 1R/3R-REP Access can be made from either west or east.
- Surveillance and control signal Setting can method has DCC area of 24 bytes be made also (equivalent to 192 kb/sec) from OpS if provided therein for setting necessary. surveillance and control items.
- Surveillance and control signal has order wire area of 8 bytes (equivalent to 64 kb/sec) provided therein. This allows maintenance communication.
- Access can be made from either west or east.
- Response is made after execution of instruction.
- the equipment transfers the alarm.
- the alarm detection and transfer are made for the four layers, including the 1 R section layer, the 3 R section layer, the LT section layer, and the path layer.
- the 1 R section layer deals with any of the alarms detected by the 1 R-REP 2 .
- the alarm is transferred by the surveillance and control signal.
- the 1 R section layer processes the following items.
- Optical fiber disconnection The main signal input and the surveillance and control signal input are disconnected by an optical fiber disconnection.
- surveillance and control signal LOF Loss of frame
- FCS frame check sequence
- the 3 R section layer performs processes, about an RSOH (regenerator section overhead) of the STM frame.
- (c) F1 byte process If it detects a fatal failure, the 3 R-REP writes its own ID into the F1 byte of the sending STM frame. Also, if it receives the surveillance and control signal indicating that the preceding the 1 R-REP is at failure, the 3 RREP writes the ID in a predetermined byte into the F1 byte of the sending STM frame.
- the LT section layer performs processes about an MSOH (multiplex section overhead) of the STM frame.
- the path layer performs processes about a VC-3/4 POH (path overhead) of the STM frame.
- the alarm of the 1 R section is sent to the LT-MUX through 1 R-REP and 3 R-REP by the surveillance and control signal.
- FIG. 15 is a sequence diagram for transfer of the alarm in the network system.
- This section describes an optical transmission method for the optical transmission system related to the embodiment.
- FIG. 16 is a block diagram for the optical transmission system for the long distance system.
- the embodiment includes a modulator integrated light source module 200 of 1552 nm wavelength having little chirping as a sending light source for the LT-MUX 1 and the 3 RREP 3 .
- the embodiment uses the spectrum broading that a signal of a low-frequency oscillator 201 is applied to a laser section of the modulator integrated.
- light source module 200 to make a light frequency modulation.
- Optical booster amplifiers 14 and 34 use a bidirection pumping method for which a pumping light source of 1480 nm wavelength is used.
- the transmission power and chirping quantities of a modulator are optimized to accomplish the longest regeneration distance of 320 km.
- a supervision light source 202 of 1480 nm wavelength range provided in the light booster amplifier is used.
- the supervisory signal is wavelengthmultiplexed with the main signal before being transmitted to a downstream.
- a WDM (wave division multiplex) coupler 203 for wavelength multiplex of the surveillance and control signal with the main signal is made to also serve as WDM coupler for laser pumping.
- a forward pumping optical preamplifier 35 having a pumping source of 1480 nm range accomplishes highly sensitive reception.
- a WDM coupler 210 for pumping Erbium-doped fiber is used to draw the supervisory signal, which is received by an exclusive receiver. This minimizes degradation of the NF (noise fiqure).
- the distance between the LT-MUX 1 and the 3 R-REP 3 can be made 120 km if they are directly connected together.
- the 1 R-REP 2 has two Erbium-doped fibers 211 and 216 and pumping light sources of 1480 nm wavelength range used therein.
- the former laser pumping stage 212 pumps forward, and the latter three laser pumping stages 213 , 214 , and 215 pump bidirectionally. This accomplishes both lower NF and higher output power.
- a WDM coupler 217 for pumping the first Erbium-doped fiber 211 stage is used to draw the supervisory signal before an exclusive receiver 218 . This minimizes degradation of the NF below 0.2 dB to accomplish an optimum reception of the supervisory signal.
- a light source 219 of 1480 nm wavelength range for the supervisory signal is used to wiavelength-multiplex with the main signal before being transmitted to a downstream.
- Wavelength multiplexing of the supervisory signal with the main signal is made by using a WDM coupler 220 which also serves to pump the latter Erbium-doped fiber 216 .
- the WDM (wave division multiplex) coupler 203 for wavelength multiplex of the surveillance and control signal with the main signal is made to also serve as the WDM coupler for laser pumping.
- an inter-office cable connected to the equipment can be used to inform a failure to the downstream even if the failure is the input signal disconnection or in the transmission medium within the 1 R-REP 2 .
- FIG. 17 is a block diagram for the optical transmission system for the short distance system.
- the short distance system uses a modulator integrated light source module 200 of 1552 nm wavelength for a transmitting light source.
- the short distance system is different from the long distance system in that a transmitter of the short distance system uses a semiconductor light amplifier 230 as an optical booster to make the transmitter small, and a receiver uses an optical receiver 231 of small size and low power consumption having a superlattice APD of low noise and wide frequency response.
- the optical fiber has an SBS caused, resulting in degradation of the transmission characteristics.
- the SBS is caused with the optical fiber input power higher than +6 dBm.
- the SBS is caused by blight-line spectra contained in the signal light. It is generated at a light power level higher than the one for the CW light.
- the embodiment uses a way that the generated laser light is modulated with a low frequency signal to broaden the light spectra equivalently.
- the suppression of the SBS by broadening the light spectra is described in an article entitled “Suppression of Stimulated Brilloiun scattering and Brilloiun Crosstalk by Frequency Sweeping Spread-Spectrum Scheme,” Journal-Optical Communications, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 82-85 (1991), A. Hirose, Y. Takushima, and T. Okoshi.
- FIG. 18 is a block diagram for a clock transit system for the optical transmission system.
- a clock for process of section overhead of transit signals in the LT-MUX 1 and 3 R-REP 3 is an extracted clock smoothed by a PLL.
- the PLL has a time constant which is set in an order of msec that can almost completely suppress random jitters superimposed through the transmission circuit and line.
- a low-speed wander of the transmission clock is transferred by a pointer justification feature of the section overhead.
- the 3 R-REP 3 can make the repeat without accumulation of the jitters, so that it is free of the jitter accumulation due to continuation of an identical code.
- FIG. 19 shows the parts of the first line, including 4 bytes containing the last 2 A1 bytes and first 2 A2 bytes, 64 C1 bytes, and succeeding 2 ⁇ 64 fixed bytes.
- This section describes the 1 R-REP 2 .
- FIG. 20 is a block diagram for the 1 R-REP.
- Table 8 charts major features of the 1 R-REP 2 .
- the 1 R-REP optical transmission system consists of two amplifier stages, including an optical preamplifier 301 for magnification with a low noise and an optical booster amplifier 320 for high power magnification.
- An output of the optical preamplifier 301 is connected to an input of the optical booster amplifier 320 . This accomplishes a low noise, high power output characteristic in a wide dynamic range.
- the 1 R-REP 2 can monitor light outputs and intermediate signal powers and detect opening of the outputs so that it can control and monitor a gain of each optical amplifier stage. As described previously, the 1 R-REP 2 also can receive and transmit the surveillance and control signal of 1.48 ⁇ m wavelength. The monitor and control and processing the surveillance and control signal are made by an surveillance signal processor/automatic power control circuit 310 .
- FIG. 21 is a block diagram for a package construction of the 1 R-REP 2 , shown in the figure, comprises two of the 1 R-REP 2 , as shown in the figure, comprises two packages, including a preamplifier package having the low-noise optical preamplifier 301 and a booster amplifier package having the high-power optical booster amplifier 320 .
- a preamplifier package having the low-noise optical preamplifier 301
- a booster amplifier package having the high-power optical booster amplifier 320 .
- a single bay having a plurality of shelves, each of which has two systems and the OpS IF as a common section.
- the ground 1 R-REP 2 like the LT-MUX 1 and the 3 R-REP 3 , has features of preventative maintenance, failure identification, and workability increase.
- the 1 R repeater section overhead providing a feature of a surveillance and control communication channel between offices having the 1 R-REP 2 , as described previously, it uses the surveillance and control light of 1.48 ⁇ m wavelength.
- the following describes monitor of the 1 R repeater section and process of the 1.48 ⁇ m surveillance and control signal in detail. It should be noted that the surveillance and control made by the 1 R-REP 2 are similarly made by the LT-MUX 1 and the forward pumping optical preamplifier 35 and the optical booster amplifier 34 of the 3 R-REP 3 .
- Table 9 lists surveillance and control items of the 1 R-REP 2 .
- Surveillance Alarm Signal Optical fiber disconnection failure Main signal (Preceding REP failure) Loss of surveillance and control signal (Preceding REP failure) Surveillance and control signal LOF (CMI) Surveillance and control signal FCS (frame check sequence) error Equipment Output open failure Main signal transmit failure Surveillance and control signal transmit failure Optical amplifier equipment failure Surveillance and control equipment failure Power source system failure Monitor Input signal level Intermediate signal level Output signal level Pumping LD temperature Pumping LD bias Surveillance and control LD temperature Surveillance and control LD bias Gain Control Year and date setting and reading Output halt and release Failure section determination
- the 1 R-REP 2 provides the following processes with use of surveillance lights and control signals marked with an encircled number in FIG. 20 .
- Number ⁇ circle around ( 1 ) ⁇ in FIG. 20 denotes a surveillance light signal which is taken by a PF-WDM out of the input light having been composed of the main signal light of 1552 nm wavelength and the surveillance and control light signal of 1480 nm wavelength.
- the surveillance light signal is 3 R-processed to convert to electrical signal by a supervisory signal receiver.
- the surveillance light signal is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to detect the supervisory signal input disconnection.
- Number ⁇ circle around ( 2 ) ⁇ in FIG. 20 denotes a monitor light branched from a light output of the low-noise amplifier section by a CPL.
- the monitor light is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to control the gain, to monitor the input state, and to monitor the intermediate power.
- Number ⁇ circle around ( 3 ) ⁇ in FIG. 20 denotes another monitor light branched from a light output of the high-power output amplifier section by another CPL. This monitor light is taken out through a BPF. The monitor light is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to control the gain and to monitor the output state.
- Number ⁇ circle around ( 4 ) ⁇ in FIG. 20 denotes still another monitor light branched through the CPL from a light reflected from the output end. This monitor light is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to detect opening of the output.
- Number ⁇ circle around ( 5 ) ⁇ in FIG. 20 denotes control signals used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to stabilization-control the output of the pumping source and to monitor LD states.
- Number ⁇ circle around ( 6 ) ⁇ in FIG. 20 denotes the surveillance and control signal sent from the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 .
- the surveillance and control signal is converted to an optical signal by the surveillance and control light source of 1480 ⁇ m wavelength.
- the optical signal is composed with the light output of the high-power output amplifier by the BB-WDM.
- the surveillance and control signal is used to monitor the surveillance light source LD state and to detect the supervisory signal transmit failure.
- the 1 R-REP 2 It is needed for the 1 R-REP 2 that depending on the surveillance results and the like of the surveillance items, as described above, identification should be made for the transmission line alarms as to loss of the main signal, transmit failure of the main signal, loss of the supervisory signal, the input fiber disconnection, and the like. Such failure points can be identified by a judgement logic comprehended of the surveillance items ⁇ circle around ( 1 ) ⁇ , ⁇ circle around ( 2 ) ⁇ , and ⁇ circle around ( 3 ) ⁇ . Also, the 1 R-REP 2 can detect the equipment failures of the optical amplifier repeater section for preventive maintenance of equipment. Further, the 1 R-REP 2 has external control features of output shutdown for safe work.
- the 1 R-REP 2 can not only send the surveillance and control information to the downstream equipment depending on the surveillance results of the surveillance and control items, but can also repeat to transfer to the downstream equipment the surveillance and control information received from the upstream equipment.
- the embodiment does not only inform any of the failures of the 1 R-REP 2 to the downstream, but also facilitates judgement of a failure point in each of the 1 R repeater section and also maintains on the inter-office fiber the surveillance and control communication channel between the office having the 1 RREP 2 .
- the surveillance and control signal light is terminated once for each 1 R-REP 2 before being repeated to the downstream through automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to transfer. This has the advantage that the surveillance information can be transfered by a single wavelength even if the number of repeaters is increased.
- the wavelength used for the supervisory signal is out of the range of the optical amplifier, this will not cause saturation in the optical amplifier, and thus will not affect the main signal. For this reason, the light of 1.48 ⁇ m is used as described above. This light provides as little a transmission line fiber loss as the main signal waveform, and allows using a WDM (wave division multiplex) coupler to compose and divide the pumping light in common.
- WDM wave division multiplex
- the CMI code is used to send the surveillance and control signal.
- a dc component and zero continuation can be suppressed.
- a frame synchronizing circuit can be made up of relatively few components by a frame synchronization method of code violation.
- FIG. 22 is a format for the surveillance and control signal for use in the surveillance and control of the 1 R-REP 2 .
- the embodiment accomplishes the feature of remote control in a way as that shown in FIG. 22 , the surveillance and control signal used is of a 48 byte-long frame for period of 1 msec at a rate of 384 kb/sec, and the DCC of 192 kb/sec is maintained within the surveillance and control signal.
- the frame has 1 byte for information of severe failures every period of 1 msec. This accomplishes the feature equivalent to the F1 byte of the SDH.
- This section describes the LT-MUX 1 in detail.
- FIGS. 23 and 24 are block diagrams for hardware constructions of the long distance system related to the embodiment.
- Table 10 charts major features of the LT-MUX 1 .
- differences of the hardware construction of the LT-MUX 1 for use in the short distance system from those of the long distance system they will be described below as necessary.
- IR-REP surveillance and control by 1.48 ⁇ m wavelength multiplex Physical implementation method 300 mm high with 4 shelves (1800 ⁇ 795 ⁇ 600 mm) Cooling method Push-pull type forced air cooling, with large fan. Accommodation of systems Two systems per rack. Environmental conditions Temperature: 10 to 40° C. Humidity: 20 to 80% Input power condition ⁇ 42 to ⁇ 53 V
- FIG. 23 is for the inter-office transmission line of the LT-MUX 1 .
- FIG. 24 is for the intra-office transmission line of the LTMUX 1 .
- the LT-MUX 1 as shown in the figures, comprises a high-speed IF shelf 600 , a low-speed IF shelf 700 , a supervisory control/OpS 650 , an OH IF 660 , and a clock section 670 .
- the high-speed IF shelf 600 comprises an OPTAMP S 601 having features as the optical booster amplifier 14 of the transmitting system, an OPTAMP R 603 having features as the optical preamplifier 15 of the receiving system, a 10G IF S 602 , a 10G IF S 604 , and a plurality of SOH 605 boards.
- the lowspeed IF shelf 700 comprises a plurality of SELs 701 , and a plurality of intra-office IF 702 packages.
- the high-speed IF shelf 600 and the low-speed IF shelf 700 are connected together by an intra-equipment interface of 155 Mb/sec rate.
- the embodiment has a high-speed interface 600 - 1 , an SEL 701 - 1 , and an intra-office interface 702 - 1 to have a redundancy feature of 1+1 section switching type. These blocks are not needed if the section switching is not made.
- Tables 11 and 12 chart the features of the LT-MUX 1 .
- VC-4, and VC-4-4c hitless switching
- APS protocol control for intra-office transmission line switching 5 Intra-IF STM-1 or STM-4 intra-office transmission line termination (1) E/O and O/E conversions (2) SOH process (3) Pointer conversion of AU-3, AU-4, and AU-4-4c (4) POH monitor of VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-4c and line test Number of accommodated lines is STM-1 ⁇ 8 or STM-4 ⁇ 2 per board.
- FIG. 25 is a relationship of multiplex and demultiplex between the STM-64 frame and the STM-1 ⁇ 64 supported by the LT-MUX.
- a 10G E/0 610 of a 10G IF S 602 and an OPTAMP S 601 form the transmitter of the LT-MUX 1
- a 10G O/E 611 of a 10G IF R 604 and an OPTAMP R 603 form the receiver of the LT-MUX 1 .
- FIG. 26 is a block diagram for the transmitter of the LT-MUX 1 forming the long distance system.
- the transmitter comprises the 10G E/O S 610 having the high-speed multiplex circuit 682 for converting a 622 Mb/sec, 16-parallel signal to 9.95 Gb/sec signal in a way of a 16-bit multiplex (STM-64) and the electro-optic converter 681 and the OPTAMP S 601 which is an optical amplifier.
- STM-64 16-bit multiplex
- the embodiment uses an external modulation of electric field absorption type for electro-optic conversion.
- the OPTAMP S 601 is formed of an optical fiber amplifier.
- the optical fiber amplifier is separately implemented in its respective package in view of its occupying area and consumption power.
- the transmitter further has a temperature control circuit 683 and an optical output control circuit 684 so that the long-distance transmission can be made even if environmental conditions around the electro-optic converter 681 and the OPTAMP S 601 change. Description of the transmission operation is ignored as it was already made by reference to FIG. 16 .
- FIG. 27 is a block diagram for the transmitter of the LT-MUX 1 forming the short distance system.
- the transmitter of the LT-MUX 1 forming the short distance system has no OPTAMP S 603 .
- the 10G IF S 602 unlike that of the long distance system, uses a semiconductor optical amplifier of preferably smaller size and lower power consumption for optical amplification in the 80-km transmission.
- the semiconductor optical amplifier can be made to occupy as narrow an area as the modulator with LD, and can be implemented in the 10G IF S 602 shelf.
- the embodiment uses a modulator of an electric field absorption type for the external modulator.
- the electric field absorption type modulator is integrated to a module of small size as electric field absorption type device are structurally practical to integrate with the laser diode for the light source.
- FIG. 28 is a block diagram for the receiver of the LT-MUX 1 forming the long distance system.
- the receiver comprises the OPTAMP R 603 which is an optical amplifier and the 10G O/E 611 having an opto-electric converter 693 and a high-speed demultiplex circuit 692 .
- the OPTAMP R 630 as shown in the figure, is made up of an optical fiber amplifier having an optical preamplifier feature, and is separately implemented in its respective board.
- the opto-electric converter 693 is made up of a front module, an amplifier, a timing extractor, and an dicision circuit.
- the highspeed demultiplex circuit 692 converts the 9.95 Gb/sec signal to 622 Mb/sec in a way of parallel demultiplex. Description of the reception operation is ignored as it was already made by reference to FIG. 16 .
- FIG. 29 is a block diagram for the receiver of the LT-MUX 1 forming the short distance system.
- the short distance system is different from the long distance system in that the short distance system has no OPTAMP R 603 and uses an APD 694 for opto-electric conversion.
- the short distance system needs no optical amplifier, thus resulting in a smaller system.
- the 40 G switch shelf comprises multiplexing circuits 901 for multiplexing the input signals to feed to time-division switches 903 , the time-division switches 903 , and demultiplexing circuits 902 for demultiplexing the signals from the time-division switches 903 .
- An interface of the multiplexing circuits 901 and the demultiplexing circuit 902 is the intra-equipment interface.
- the signal from the transmission line is processed by the high-speed IF shelf 600 before being directly input to the switch without the low-speed IF shelf 700 .
- the signal to be dropped into the office is connected to the low-speed IF shelf 700 .
- the signal to be passed to the another node it is connected to the high-speed IF shelf 700 before being fed out to another node. That is, the signal from the transmission line is not converted as to interface by the lowspeed interface before being connected to the switch, as usual.
- the high-speed IF shelf 600 is directly connected with the switch. This can make the equipment smaller.
- the 40G switch in
- FIG. 30 is replaced by a multi-stage switch configured of a plurality of 40 G switch shelves.
- the embodiment can appropriately combine the high-speed IF shelves 600 , the low-speed IF shelves 700 , and the 40 G switch shelves 900 in the building block way. This allows accomplishment of a desired equipment with use of the common shelves in a minimized construction. Also, the embodiment allows accomplishment of the 3 R-REP 3 by combination of the boards of the high-speed IF shelf 600 as will be described later.
- the following describes the surveillance and control system for the LT-MUX 1 .
- FIG. 31 is a block diagram for extracted parts serving to the surveillance and control system for the LT-MUX 1 .
- FIG. 32 lists features of the functional blocks.
- FIGS. 13 , 14 , 15 , and 16 chart features of the surveillance and control system.
- the SVCONT 703 is installed for each low-speed IF shelf.
- the SEMF 651 , the OpS IF 652 , and RMT IF 653 are equipped in the common a shelf as will be described later.
- Path setting (1) Switch control memory is updated to Control system set path according to the control message from the operation system outside equipment.
- Path setting units include: a. Units of VC-3 b. Units of VC-4 c. Units of VC-4c (600 M at max) (3) This feature is an option for implementation of crossconnection feature 2
- Software strap (1) Control register of each section in Control system setting equipment is updated to set operation NOTE 1: mode (software strap) according to Upon use of control message from operation system section outside equipment. Protection
- Major software strap features feature include: a. Transference approval or inhibition of transmission line system alarm b. Threshold of error rate degradation c.
- Path test (1) Test access point is set to confirm Control system continuity and set quality in units of path according to the control message from the operation system outside equipment.
- Path testing units include: a. Units of VC-3 b. Units of VC-4 (3) Test pattern conforms to CCITT Recommendation 0.151 4 Redundancy (1) The operation system switches Control system system over functional components of Surveillance switching in equipment having redundancy form system equipment according to the control message from the operation system outside equipment. (Forced switching) (2) As results of equipment diagnosis, the operation system switches over to the protection side from function component of equipment judged at failure. (Autonomous switching) (3) Operation modes of redundancy system include: a. Automatic mode, allowing autonomous switching b. Forced selection mode c. Lock-out mode
- Performance information such as Surveillance management a bit error, are collected from line system termination feature blocks and path connection feature blocks to calculate and generate performance management information for transmission lines and paths.
- the performance management information includes: a. CV (code violation) b. ES (errored second) c. SES (severely errored second) (3)
- Types of registers for history management includes: a. 1-sec register b. 15-min register c. 1-day register
- Equipment Failure surveillance information is Surveillance diagnosis collected from functional components of system equipment, and a specific functional component having a hardware failure generated is identified on the basis of the failure judgement map provided in the surveillance and control system. (2) Specific functional component having a hardware failure generated is logically disconnected, and the operation system switches over from the functional component of redundancy configuration to the protection side. (3) Equipment information is sent out to inform existence of a functional component having a failure generated. 9 Section (1) If a section failure happens, section Control system switching switching is controlled on the basis Surveillance control of MSP protocol. system (2) Switching system includes the MPS: Multiplan following manners: Section a. 1 + 1 (without switch-back) Protection b.
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram for the redundancy configuration of the transmitting system in the LT-MUX 1.
- FIG. 34 is a block diagram for the redundancy configuration of the receiving system in the LT-MUX 1 .
- the AU pointer conversion process is provided in the intra-office interface and the high-speed interface unit.
- the SEL 701 between these is provided a hitless switching process feature section which will be described later.
- simplex sections are optical booster amplifier 601 , 10G IF-S 602 and the SOH 605 in the operation form without the 1+1 section switching in the 10 Gb/sec transmission line.
- the redundance configuration follows the manner of the existing equipment. That is, the redundance configuration is made of the 1+1 section switching type of system 0 /system 1 without switch-back.
- the board for the intra-office interface accommodates a plurality of highways. Auto-switching at failure is made in units of transmission line.
- the intra-office interface board therefore, has working highways and waiting highways mixed therein. For this reason, for interface package maintenance, a hitless forced switching is needed which will be described later.
- the SEL 701 as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 , is arranged so that it can be added or removed depending on the situation of transmission line accommodation.
- the SEL 701 therefore, is arranged so chat it can be automatically switched in units of package in the 1+1 way. Note that if the hitless forced switching which will be described later is made for the SEL 701 , this is hitlessly made by the hitless switching process section.
- FIG. 35 is a block diagram for construction of the hitless switching process feature section for transmission line.
- Table 17 lists features of functional blocks of the hitless switching process feature section.
- Delay Delay insertion of FIFO is calculated through insertion calculation of the writing address minus reading calculation address.
- Phase Transmission delay difference is detected by difference comparison of AU pointer values.
- detection 8 Delay Result of delay insertion calculation is insertion compared with result of phase difference control detection. If it is necessary to increase delay insertion, positive stuff is added an VC buffer reading side. If it is necessary to decrease delay insertion, negative stuff is added on the VC buffer reading side. 2 ⁇ 2 SEL is controlled depending on the direction of the delay difference generation.
- Pointer New pointer value is calculated by comparison of calculation the VC input phase of the VC buffer with output frame phase. 10 Pointer New pointer value is written in VC buffer output insertion signal. Following specific patterns are written in predetermined positions. (1) On generation of stuff: Inversion of bits 1 and 0. (2) On jump of pointer: Sending of NDF pattern. (3) On AU-4 or AU-4-4c: CI (concatenation indicator). (4) On sending of P-AIS: All 1 of all bytes.
- the hitless switching process feature section makes the received data, including VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-c data, of the system having less transmission delay of systems 0 and 1 delay in FIFO memory (VC buffer) as necessary. This makes contents of the output signals of both systems coincide. Detection of the transmission difference is made by comparison of the pointer values. Adjustment of the delay insertion of the FIFO is made with stuff operation of the AU pointer so gradually that the signal of the working system will not be hit while the phase synchronizing pull-in is made in maintaining the protection system. In writing into the VC buffer, the AU pointer is terminal once before only the VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-c data ate written in the VC buffer.
- the VC buffer is a kind of AU pointer converting circuit. At the time of output, a new AU pointer value is calculated before being inserted into the AU. The calculation principles are the same as those of the usual pointer converting circuit.
- the hitless switching process feature section is constructed so that it cannot be used for switching the intra-office interface, but also for switching the 10 Gb/sec transmission line interface.
- FIG. 36 is a block diagram for a construction of the 3 R-REP 3 .
- Table 18 lists features of functional blocks of the 3 R-REP 3 .
- Push-pull type forced air cooled type with large fan. Accommodation of systems One system per shelf, with one bidirectional system of west and east. Environmental conditions Temperature: 10 to 40° C. Humidity: 20 to 80%. Input power condition ⁇ 42 to ⁇ 53 V
- the 3 R-REP 3 makes regeneration through its optical preamplification, O/E conversion, E/O conversion, and optical booster amplification.
- the 3 R-REP 3 also makes the surveillance, alarm transference, and remote maintenance for the 1 R repeater section and the 3 R repeater section with use of the 1.48 ⁇ m surveilance and control light and the RSOH (regenerator section overhead).
- the boards used in the main signal system are all the same as those of the LT-MUX 1 .
- FIG. 37 is a front -view for an implementation of the 1 R-REP 2 .
- a rack of the embodiment has three shelves each of which contains two 1 R-REP 2 systems, or six 1 RREP 2 systems in total.
- Each system comprises two subsystems: the repeaters 301 and 302 .
- the repeaters 301 and 302 For an unattended office which needs remote monitor and control, these are implemented in the same shelf as the system to which the OpS IF 651 and the like serve.
- a power source board 810 is for the optical preamplifier 301 and the optical booster amplifier 320 .
- FIG. 38 is structures of the optical preamplifier 301 and optical booster amplifier 320 forming a single 1 R-REP 2 system.
- the optical preamplifier 301 and the optical booster amplifier 320 as shown in FIG. 37 , occupy two-fold and four-fold widths in reference to a standard board width respectively, or six-fold width in total. They are naturally air-cooled.
- a TEC drive circuit in FIG. 38 is a circuit added to the pumping light source to control a temperature adjustment for thermoelectron cooling devices.
- FIG. 39 is a front view for an implementation of the LT-MUX 1 .
- FIG. 40 is a front view for an implementation of two systems of the LT-MUX 1 in a single rack without the redundancy configuration.
- the 10G IF R 604 package and the 10G IF S 602 board, as shown in the figure, are of two-fold wide as these have many components.
- the OPTAMP R 603 board and the OPTAMP S 601 board are of two-fold wide.
- FIG. 41 is a front view for an implementation of the LT-MUX 1 for constructing the small scale switching node 120 with the 40G switch unit built in as shown in FIG. 6 b.
- the 40G switch unit 900 is three-dimensionally constructed in view of the flow of its signals. That is, a plurality of boards MUX/DMUX containing a plurality of multiplex/demultiplex circuits 901 and 902 and a time-division switch (TSW) 903 , are three-dimensionally connected together with use of a subpanel for a time switch unit. This construction can be made small.
- FIG. 43 a is a front view for an implementation of the LT-MUX 1 for constructing the large scale switching node 110 with a multi-stage switch meshed network of a plurality of the 40G switch units built therein.
- a plurality of racks have the 40G switch units, the high-speed IF units 600 , and the lowspeed IF units 700 built therein so that the high-speed IF units 600 , and the low-speed IF units 700 can be connected with the switch multi-stage network.
- FIG. 44 is a front view for an implementation of the 3 RREP 3 .
- a single rack has four shelves each of which contains a main signal board, including OPTAMP R 603 , 10G. IF R 604 , 10G IF S 602 , and OPTAMP S 601 packages, and a common section, such as an OpS IF 651 .
- This construction allows a single shelf to complete all the features of a single equipment. It is possible to easily increase or remove the equipment in shelf units as needed.
- the present invention can flexibly build up the optical transmission system depending on capacities and function required.
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- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
Abstract
An optical transmission system accomplishes optical transmission over a long distance by combining a multiplexing line terminal with optical amplifiers, linear repeaters, and regenerators with optical amplifiers combined together. The system also accomplishes the optical transmission over a short distance by directly connecting the linear terminals therebetween, with an electric-to-optic converter replaced by an electric-to-optic converter having a semiconductor amplifier, with an optic-toelectric converter by an optic-to-electric converter having an avalanche photodiode as light receiver, and with no use of any optical booster amplifier and optical preamplifier in multiplexing line terminal. With these, the optical transmission system can be easily constructed depending on the transmission distance required.
Description
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/777,656 filed 13 Feb. 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,167,652 which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/907,939 filed 19 Jul. 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,728,489, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/409,872 filed 1 Oct. 1999, U.S. Pat. No. 6,266,169, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/244,856 filed 5 Feb. 1999, U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,405, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/746,027 filed 5 Nov. 1996, U.S. Pat. No. 5,875,046, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/705,366 filed 29 Aug. 1996, U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,289, which is a continuation of 08/044,425 filed 7 Apr. 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,555,477, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/023,546 filed 26 Feb. 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,756.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical transmission method and system for carrying data transmission with use of optical fiber. More particularly, it concerns an optical transmission method and system preferable in high-speed data transmission to a long distance.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior arts related to the optical transmission system include, for example, the technique disclosed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open 3-296334.
However, it is demanded to accomplish an optical transmission system operating at further higher speed since development of the modern information society has increased long-distance communication traffic in recent years. Also, it is desired that the optical transmission system can transmit data to further longer distance without repeat in view of reliability and cost of the system.
Furthermore, the number of fields to which an optical transmission system is applied has been increased with the recent development of the information society. For the reason, it is needed to accomplish the optical transmission system having a variety of functions and capacities to satisfy specific requirements.
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide an optical transmission system constructing method capable of easily constructing an optical transmission method and system depending on required functions and capacities.
Briefly, the foregoing object is accomplished in accordance with aspects of the present invention by an optical transmission system. The optical transmission system is characterized in constructing a line terminal having multiplexing means for multiplexing signals and demultiplexing means for demultiplexing the multiplexed signal so that to serve as a transmitter, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either a first combination of an electric-to-optic converter circuit for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to a transmission light with an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying the transmitting light before feeding into an optical transmission medium or electric-to-optic converting means having a semiconductor optical amplifier for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to a transmission light before feeding an optical transmission line. The optical transmission system also is characterized in constructing the line terminal so that to serve as a receiver, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either a second combination of an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying a receiving light from an optical transmission medium with an optic-to-electric converter circuit for converting the amplified receiving light to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means or an optic-to-electric converting means for converting the received light from the optical transmission medium to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means with an avalanche photodiode used as light receiver.
Also, the optical transmission system is characterized in constructing the optical transmission system for use as a longdistance optical transmission system, a plurality of the line terminals having the first combination to serve as the transmitter and the second combination to serve as the receiver implemented therein each are connected to the optical transmission medium through a single or a plurality of repeaters inserted in the optical transmission medium for multiplying the optical light signal on the optical transmission medium.
Further, the optical transmission system is characterized in constructing the optical transmission system for use as a shortdistance optical transmission system, the plurality of the line terminals having the electric-to-optic converting means having a semiconductor optical amplifier therein to serve as the transmitter and the optic-to-electric converting means having the avalanche photodiode used as the light receiver to serve as the receiver implemented therein each are directly connected to the optical transmission line.
The optical transmission system constructing method of the present invention enable an easy construction of any of the long-distance an short-distance optical transmission system only by selecting desired types of the transmitters and receivers to be implemented to change the combinations of the units. This is because the line terminal is constructed so that to serve as the transmitter, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either the first combination of an electric-to-optic converter circuit for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to the transmission light with an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying the transmitting light before feeding into an optical transmission medium or electric-to-optic converting means having the semiconductor optical amplifier for converting the electric signal multiplexed by the multiplexing means to the transmission light before feeding an optical transmission line, and that to serve as the receiver, the line terminal is selectively capable of implementing either the second combination of an optical fiber amplifier for amplifying the receiving light from an optical transmission medium with an optic-to-electric converter circuit for converting the amplified receiving light to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means or an optic-to-electric converting means for converting the received light from the optical transmission medium to electric signal before feeding to the demultiplexing means with an avalanche photodiode used as light receiver.
The foregoing and other objects, advantages, manner of operation and novel features of the present invention will be understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
In the accompanying drawings:
The following describes an embodiment according to the present invention for the optical transmission system by reference to the accompanying drawings.
1. General Description
First, this section outlines the optical transmission system of the embodiment.
The optical transmission system, as shown in FIG. 1 a, is an ultralong distance transmission system for making optical transmission between line terminals with multiplexers (hereinafter referred to as the LT-MUX 1) or between the LT-MUX 1 and a regenerator (hereinafter referred to as the 3R-REP 3) with use of an optical amplifier repeater (hereinafter referred to as the 1R-REP 2). The system can send the data at 10 Gb/sec through an optical fiber 40 up to 320 km by the 3R-REP 3 at the longest intervals of 80 km by the 1R-REP 2.
The LT-MUX 1 makes a multiplex and section-termination-process (12) of the data received by an intra-office interface 11 provided therein, and converts them to optical signal (13). An optical booster amplifier 14 magnifies the optical signal before feeding it into an optical transmission medium. On the contrary, the data received from the optical transmission medium is magnified by an optical preamplifier 15 before being converted to electrical signal (16). The signal then is demultiplexed and section-termination-processed (12) before being distributed to the intra-office interfaces 11. The 1R-REP 2 repeats the optical signal in a way that any of optical fiber amplifiers 21 and 22 magnifies the optical signal received from the optical transmission medium before feeding it out. The 3R-REP 3 regenerates the data to repeat in a way that the data received from the optical transmission medium are magnified by an optical preamplifier 35 before being converted to electrical signal (36). The electrical signal then is demultiplexed and section-termination-processed (32) and is multiplexed and section-termination-processed (32) again. It further is converted to optical signal (33) and magnified by an optical booster amplifier 34 before being fed into the optical transmission medium.
The interface of any equipment with the optical transmission medium (hereinafter referred to as the inter-office interface) is equivalent to the CCITT recommended synchronous transport modulelevel N (STM-N) where N=64, and uses a scrambled binary NRZ (non-return to zero) as transmission line code. A spectrum broading is used to prevent a stimulated Brillouin scattering due to a higher power output.
The intra-office interface 11 of the LT-MUX 1 can contain a series of STM-1 (150 Mb/sec) by 64 or a series of STM-4 (600 Mb/sec) by 16. Note that the series of STM-4 (600 Mb/sec) by 1 can be compatible with the series of STM-1 by 4.
The optical transmission system can be configured in another way that instead of the 1R-REP 2 shown in FIG. 1 a, the LT-MUXes 1 are directly connected together or the LT-MUX 1 is directly connected with the 3R-REP 3. In this case, the transmission distance is up to 120 km without repeater.
Also, the optical transmission system can be configured in still another way as that shown in FIG. 1 b, the 1R-REP 2, the optical booster amplifier 14, and the optical preamplifier 15 are omitted, but LT-MUXes 1 having an opto-electric converter 2000 and an electro-optic converter 2010 which are different in the characteristics from those of the LT-MUX 1 in FIG. 1 a are directly connected together. In this case, the output level is around +6 dBm, and the transmission distance is up to 80 km without repeater.
The optical transmission system having the LT-MUX 1, the 3R-REP 3, the optical booster amplifier 14, and optical preamplifier 15 is called the long-distance system below: and the optical transmission system having no optical booster amplifier 14 and optical preamplifier 15 in the LT- MUX 1 and 3R-REP 3 is called the short distance system below.
2. Overall System Configuration
In turn, this section describes a network system having the optical transmission system of the embodiment.
In the figure are indicated a large scale switching node 110 having the LT-MUX 1 of the embodiment and a small scale switching node 120 having the LT-MUX 1 of the embodiment.
The large-scale switching nodes 110 in the network system related to the embodiment, as shown in the figure, are directly connected therebetween in a ladder-shaped structure with use of the 1R-REP 2 and the 3R-REP 3. The network system has routes diversed therein and the CCITT recommended VC-3/4 path protection switch in the meshed network, thereby increasing reliability of the network. The small-scale switching nodes 120 are ringstructured, and the small-scale switching nodes 120 and the large scale switching nodes 110 are also ring-structured. This does not only provide a multiplexing effect that allows efficient use of the large-capacity transmission medium, but also keeps two routes that can increase the reliability. In addition, a metropolitan area has a multiple of rings that can increase the reliability in an area of relatively narrow, but large, facial extending traffic.
The large-scale switching nodes 130, as shown in is the figure, are directly connected thereamong with use of the 1R-REPs 2 and the 3R-REPs 3 without switching through an intermediate node, thereby decreasing the line cost. A distance between the 1R-REPs 2 is up to 80 km in view of the S/N design, and the one between the 3 RREPs 3 is up to 320 km in view of the nonlinear distortion of the fiber.
If a distance between the small-scale switching nodes 120 is shorter than 120 km, as shown in the figure, no repeaters are used, but direct connection is made between any two of the smallscale switching nodes 120. If the distance exceeds 120 km, the 1R-REP 2 is used to make the long distance system as mentioned previously. If the distance is shorter than 80 km, as will be described in detail later, the 10 Gb/sec transmitter is replaced by the one made up of a semiconductor optical amplifier and an APD (avalanche photodiode) to form a further economic short distance system (FIG. 1 b).
The metropolitan area, as shown in the figure, has a plurality of adjoining rings formed of the transmission media connecting the nodes in a meshed network, thereby accomplishing efficient multiplex operation and high reliability. It should be noted that there will be a greater number of the shorter node distances than 80 km. Then, as described above, the short distance system is made up of the semiconductor optical amplifier and the APD to form the network at low cost.
The large scale switching node 110, as shown in FIG. 6 a, has two LT-MUXes 1 and a VC-3/4 cross-connection switch 111 for path switching and setting at the VC-3/4 level in the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). The two LT-MUXes 1 are connected by a high-speed interface which will be described later, but not any intra-office interface. The large scale switching node 110 also has the STM-1 interface and the STM-4 interface as the intraoffice interfaces. These interfaces can connect a line repeater terminal 5000 for transmission between a 600 Mb/sec or 2.4 Gb/sec offices, a cross-connection equipment 5100 for terminating the intra-office interface 111, and an ATM cross-connection switch 5200. The ATM cross-connection switch 5200, if used, can accomplish lower cost and decrease cell delay as the 600 Mb/sec intra-office interface is used. Note that the large scale switching node 110 can be alternatively made up of the two LTMUXes 1 and a cross-connect equipment 111.
The small scale switching node 120 is the same as the large scale switching node 110 or as shown in FIG. 1 b, has the LT-MUX 1 and an VC-3/4 add-drop multiplex (ADM) switch. The small scale switching node 120 also, like the large scale switching node 110, has the STM-1 interface and the STM-4 interface as the intraoffice interfaces, which can connect the line repeater terminal 5000 for transmission between a 600 Mb/sec or 2.4 Gb/sec offices, the cross-connection equipment 5100 for terminating the intraoffice interface 111, and the ATM cross-connection switch 5200.
The intra-office interface 11 of the LT-MUX 1 is used for the STM-1 interface and the STM-4 interface for each node.
Table 1 shows a hierarchy of the network system and terminals at the respective hierarchy level.
TABLE 1 | ||||
NO. | LEVEL | TERMINAL | OVERHEAD | |
1 | VC-3/4 | VC-1/2 processors, and | VC-3/4 | |
ATM unit | ||||
2 | VC-3/4 path | VC-3/4 cross-connector | Z3 byte of | |
group | (virtual ring branch - | representing | ||
(VC-3/4 PG) | insertion point) | VC-3/4 |
||
3 | STM-64 section | LT- | MSOH | |
4 | |
3R-REP and LT- | RSOH | |
section | ||||
5 | |
1R-REP, 3R-REP, LT-MUX | Wavelength | |
section | multiplexed | |||
management | ||||
signal | ||||
As shown in the table, the present embodiment defines the new VC3/4 path group to accomplish easy path switching at failure of any transmission medium.
The overhead for the VC-3/4 path group, as shown in the figure, is the Z3 byte of the representing VC-3/4 POH forming the VC-3/4 path group.
The following describes the path switching with use of the path group at failure of any transmission medium.
The term “path group” as used herein denotes a set of parts within a ring of the VC-3/4 path that a point of insertion into a virtual ring is equal to each other and a point of branch from the virtual ring is equal to each other. The term “virtual ring” as used herein denotes a ring extracted from the network as a part which can virtually form a ring-like path. It should be noted that as shown in FIG. 9 , the path group is positioned between section and path layer in view of the network layer structure.
The embodiment switches the path group when the path group is at failure. The path group is managed with use of the Z3 byte of the representing VC-3/4 path overhead within the path group. FIG. 10 is a bit allocation of the Z3 byte. The path group failure is detected by a path group alarm indication signal (PGAIS) defined in the Z3 byte.
Table 2 shows path switching features in the embodiment.
TABLE 2 | |||
NO. | | DESCRIPTION | |
1 | Switching unit | VC-3/4 path group (set of VC-3/4 paths | |
in same route within ring) | |||
2 | Switching network | Virtual ring (on VC-3/4 path mesh) | |
|
|||
3 | |
1 + 1 bidirectional switching (Working | |
path group and protection group are | |||
turned reversely on ring.) | |||
4 | Switching control | Autonomous switching to ground office | |
method | in ring by APS control for |
||
5 | APS byte | b1 to b4 of Z3 byte path group | |
representing VC-3/4 | |||
6 | APS protocol | Conform to 1 + 1 switching protocol of | |
|
|||
7 | Switching trigger | Path group AIS reception at path group | |
terminal point | |||
(Path group AIS bit in Z4 type = 1) | |||
8 | Switching | VC-3/4 cross-connection switch (LT-MUX | |
equipment | with XC and LT-MUX with ADM) | ||
9 | Switch control | Switching ACM* meshed network in units | |
method | of VC. | ||
*ACM = address control memory which is a memory for controlling switches in cross-connection unit and the like. |
As shown in Table 2 above, the embodiment uses an alternative meshed network switching to increase the reliability. Controlling the mesh switching in the embodiment is the autonomous switching in units of the VC-3/4 path group virtual ring, which conforms to the section APS recommended by CCITT.
TABLE 3 | |||
TYPE OF | Z3 BYTE | ||
SWITCHING | b1, b2, | ||
PRIORITY | REQUEST | DESCRIPTION | b3, |
1 | Lockout | Inhibit all switchings by any | — |
of following switching | |||
requests, with working state | |||
held. | |||
2 | Forced | Make switching if |
1 1 1 0 |
switching (FS) | path group is normal. | ||
3 | Signal failure | Make switching if |
1 1 0 0 |
(SF) | path group is normal after | ||
results of surveillance of | |||
working path group AIS and | |||
units are triggered for | |||
failure. Path group AIS is | |||
generated by LOS, LOF, and | |||
severed MER. | |||
4 | Manual | Make switching if |
1 0 0 0 |
switching | path group is normal. | ||
5 | Wait to restore | Do not release from switched | 0 1 1 0 |
state during the waiting | |||
period even if the working | |||
path group is restored | |||
while the automatic switching | |||
SF or SD is made. | |||
6 | Exerciser | Test switching control system. | 0 1 0 0 |
7 | Reverse request | Respond operation of | 0 0 1 0 |
switching to requesting source | |||
after receiving request for | |||
forced switching or signal | |||
failure or wait to restore. | |||
8 | No bridge | Inhibit all switchings by any | 0 0 0 0 |
required | of the following switching | ||
requests, with the working | |||
state held. | |||
TABLE 4 | ||
Z3 BYTE | ||
b7, | DESCRIPTION | |
0 0 | |
|
1 1 | PG-AIS* | |
1 0 | PG-FERF | |
*PG-AIS = path group AIS. |
3. Surveillance and Control System
This section describes a surveillance and control system for the network system related to the embodiment.
Each of the LT-MUXes and the 1R-REPs 2 has a surveillance and control function 1001 and an OpS-IF 1002 for connection with an OpS (operation system) 1000. The surveillance and control are made under control of the OpS 1000 which governs the surveillance and control of the system.
The embodiment makes a wavelength multiplex of a surveillance and control signal with a main signal on the STM-64 interface before transmitting the multiplexed signal to monitor and control the 1R/3R-REPs 3 having no OpS IF 1002 remotely. That is, the OpS 1000 gives a direction signal to the equipment having the OpS IF 1002 to make the equipment superimpose the direction signal onto the surveillance and control signal, or makes the 1R/3R-REP having no OpS IF 1002 transfer an alarm detected or generated by the 1R/3R-REP to the equipment having the OpS IF 1002. Alternatively, it can be made that the 1R/3R-REP should halve the OpS IF 1002 to allow the OpS 1000 to monitor and control the 1R/3R-REP directly.
In turn, the surveillance and control signal of 384 kb/sec is transferred by a light of the same 1.48 μm wavelength as that of a pumping light source of the 1R-REP 2. The surveillance and control signal, as shown in FIG. 22 , also has a 48 byte frame length for a 1 msec frame period, 24 bytes (192 kb/sec) of which are allocated to a DCC (data communication channel) for the remote control, 8 bytes (64 kb/sec) for an order wire, and 6 bytes (48 kb/sec) for the alarm transfer. The surveillance and control signal allows each of the 1R/3R-REPs 2 to inform the state and alarm. That is, each of the 1R/3R-REPs can generate its own monitoring information and repeat the surveillance and control signal generated by the preceding 1R/3R-REP as well. The state monitoring is made at intervals of 1 sec so that an access collision cannot happen even if number of the 1R/3RREPs is around 100.
Also the surveillance and control signal has 1 byte allocated there to as the 1R-REP section has a feature equivalent to that of the usual AIS. The 1R/3R-REP having detected a fatal failure, such as loss of the main signal, transfers its own ID to the succeeding repeater using the one byte. This 1R/3R-REP 2 repeats the one byte to the LT-MUX 1. This allows informing of the 1R/3R-REP section AIS at intervals of 1 msec. If it is used, the 3R-REP converts it to an S-AIS (section alarm indication signal).
The features of the surveillance and control system are charted in Tables 5 and 6. Surveillance and control items are charted in Table 7.
TABLE 5 | ||
ITEM | DESCRIPTION | NOTE |
Surveillance | (1) | LT- |
1R/3R-REP |
and control | Has OpS-IF and is started by | can have | |
equipment | direction by OpS. | OpS-IF. | |
(2) | 1R-REP | ||
Has RMT-IFs, such as DCC-IF and | |||
ALARM-IF, and is started by | |||
direction by surveillance and | |||
control signal. | |||
(3) | 3R-REP | ||
Same as 1R-REP. | |||
Surveillance | (1) | Physical characteristics | Frame |
and control | Frame length: 48 bytes. | synchronization | |
signal | Frame period: 1 msec. | by CMI | |
Rate: 384 kb/sec. | code rule | ||
Wavelength: 1.48 um. | violation. | ||
Line code: CMI. | To increase | ||
(2) | Generation method | reliability. | |
Generation by LT-MUX and | |||
1R/3R-REP. | |||
(3) | Transfer method | ||
Is wavelength-multiplexed with the | |||
main signal before being transferred. | |||
1R/3R-REP determines either repeat | |||
or reception with destination ID | |||
added on surveillance and | |||
control signal. | |||
For repeat, 1R/3R-REP stores it in | |||
the reception buffer before | |||
transmission. | |||
(4) | Access to 1R/3R-REP | ||
Access can be made from either west | |||
or east. | |||
Monitoring | (1) | Amount of information: | |
method | |||
4 bytes of surveillance and control | to feature | ||
signal. | of SONET F1 | ||
(2) | Monitoring interval/alarm transfer | byte. | |
interval: 1 sec. | |||
However, if fatal failure, such as | |||
loss of signal, is detected, | |||
1R/3R-REP section AIS is transferred | |||
at intervals of 1 msec. | |||
(3) | Transference can be made to either | ||
west and east. | |||
TABLE 6 | ||||
ITEM | DESCRIPTION | NOTE | ||
Control | (1) | Surveillance and control signal | Setting can | ||
method | has DCC area of 24 bytes | be made also | |||
(equivalent to 192 kb/sec) | from OpS if | ||||
provided therein for setting | necessary. | ||||
surveillance and control items. | |||||
(2) | Surveillance and control signal | ||||
has order wire area of 8 bytes | |||||
(equivalent to 64 kb/sec) | |||||
provided therein. This allows | |||||
maintenance communication. | |||||
(3) | Access can be made from either | ||||
west or east. | |||||
(4) | Response is made after | ||||
execution of instruction. | |||||
As shown in FIG. 7 , if any of the monitoring items is at failure, the equipment transfers the alarm. The alarm detection and transfer are made for the four layers, including the 1R section layer, the 3R section layer, the LT section layer, and the path layer.
The 1R section layer deals with any of the alarms detected by the 1R-REP 2. The alarm is transferred by the surveillance and control signal. The 1R section layer processes the following items.
(a) Optical fiber disconnection: The main signal input and the surveillance and control signal input are disconnected by an optical fiber disconnection.
(b) Loss of main signal: The main signal input is lost by a preceding 1R/3R-REP stage failure.
(c) Loss of surveillance and control signal: The main signal input is lost by a- preceding 1R/3R-REP stage failure.
(d) surveillance and control signal LOF (loss of frame): The frame synchronization surveillance and control signal is lost.
(e) Surveillance and control signal FCS (frame check sequence) error: A code error is detected by checking the FCS of the surveillance and control signal.
(f) 1R section failure REP identification: The 1R-REP having detected a fatal failure writes its own ID into a predetermined byte provided in the surveillance and control signal before generating the surveillance and control signal. This accomplishes the feature of F1 byte for the SDH recommended by the CCITT.
The 3R section layer performs processes, about an RSOH (regenerator section overhead) of the STM frame.
(a) Main signal LOF: Loss of frame of the main signal is detected with A1 and A2 bytes.
(b) Error rate degradation: MER and ERR MON are generated with use of B1 byte.
(c) F1 byte process: If it detects a fatal failure, the 3R-REP writes its own ID into the F1 byte of the sending STM frame. Also, if it receives the surveillance and control signal indicating that the preceding the 1R-REP is at failure, the 3RREP writes the ID in a predetermined byte into the F1 byte of the sending STM frame.
(d) S-AIS detection, generation, and transfer: S-AIS process is made.
The LT section layer performs processes about an MSOH (multiplex section overhead) of the STM frame.
The path layer performs processes about a VC-3/4 POH (path overhead) of the STM frame.
In turn, the alarm of the 1R section is sent to the LT-MUX through 1R-REP and 3R-REP by the surveillance and control signal.
For any of the fatal failures, such as loss of the main signal, if the alarm is transferred through the 3R-REP, then the 3R-REP converts it to S-AIS. FIG. 15 is a sequence diagram for transfer of the alarm in the network system.
4. Optical Transmission System
This section describes an optical transmission method for the optical transmission system related to the embodiment.
As shown in the figure, the embodiment includes a modulator integrated light source module 200 of 1552 nm wavelength having little chirping as a sending light source for the LT-MUX 1 and the 3 RREP 3. To suppress an SBS (stimulated Brilloiun scattering) caused in the optical fiber, the embodiment uses the spectrum broading that a signal of a low-frequency oscillator 201 is applied to a laser section of the modulator integrated. light source module 200 to make a light frequency modulation. Optical booster amplifiers 14 and 34 use a bidirection pumping method for which a pumping light source of 1480 nm wavelength is used. The transmission power and chirping quantities of a modulator are optimized to accomplish the longest regeneration distance of 320 km.
To transmit the supervisory signal, a supervision light source 202 of 1480 nm wavelength range provided in the light booster amplifier is used. The supervisory signal is wavelengthmultiplexed with the main signal before being transmitted to a downstream. To prevent output of the light booster from decreasing a WDM (wave division multiplex) coupler 203 for wavelength multiplex of the surveillance and control signal with the main signal is made to also serve as WDM coupler for laser pumping.
A forward pumping optical preamplifier 35 having a pumping source of 1480 nm range accomplishes highly sensitive reception.
On the other hand, to receive the supervisory signal, a WDM coupler 210 for pumping Erbium-doped fiber is used to draw the supervisory signal, which is received by an exclusive receiver. This minimizes degradation of the NF (noise fiqure). With the use of the light booster amplifiers 13 and 34 and light preamplifiers 5 and 35, the distance between the LT-MUX 1 and the 3R-REP 3 can be made 120 km if they are directly connected together.
The 1R-REP 2 has two Erbium-doped fibers 211 and 216 and pumping light sources of 1480 nm wavelength range used therein. The former laser pumping stage 212 pumps forward, and the latter three laser pumping stages 213, 214, and 215 pump bidirectionally. This accomplishes both lower NF and higher output power. For reception of the supervisory signal by the 1 RREP 2, a WDM coupler 217 for pumping the first Erbium-doped fiber 211 stage is used to draw the supervisory signal before an exclusive receiver 218. This minimizes degradation of the NF below 0.2 dB to accomplish an optimum reception of the supervisory signal.
For transmission-of the supervisory signal by the 1R-REP 2, a light source 219 of 1480 nm wavelength range for the supervisory signal is used to wiavelength-multiplex with the main signal before being transmitted to a downstream. Wavelength multiplexing of the supervisory signal with the main signal is made by using a WDM coupler 220 which also serves to pump the latter Erbium-doped fiber 216.
To prevent output of the light booster from decreasing, the WDM (wave division multiplex) coupler 203 for wavelength multiplex of the surveillance and control signal with the main signal is made to also serve as the WDM coupler for laser pumping. In such a way as described above, with the surveillance and control signal demultiplexed and multiplexed at the input and the output of the 1R-REP 2 respectively, an inter-office cable connected to the equipment can be used to inform a failure to the downstream even if the failure is the input signal disconnection or in the transmission medium within the 1R-REP 2.
The short distance system, as shown in the figure, like the long distance system, uses a modulator integrated light source module 200 of 1552 nm wavelength for a transmitting light source. The short distance system is different from the long distance system in that a transmitter of the short distance system uses a semiconductor light amplifier 230 as an optical booster to make the transmitter small, and a receiver uses an optical receiver 231 of small size and low power consumption having a superlattice APD of low noise and wide frequency response.
If it has a high optical power input thereto, the optical fiber has an SBS caused, resulting in degradation of the transmission characteristics. For the CW light, the SBS is caused with the optical fiber input power higher than +6 dBm. In modulation, the SBS is caused by blight-line spectra contained in the signal light. It is generated at a light power level higher than the one for the CW light.
To suppress the SBS, the embodiment uses a way that the generated laser light is modulated with a low frequency signal to broaden the light spectra equivalently. The suppression of the SBS by broadening the light spectra is described in an article entitled “Suppression of Stimulated Brilloiun scattering and Brilloiun Crosstalk by Frequency Sweeping Spread-Spectrum Scheme,” Journal-Optical Communications, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 82-85 (1991), A. Hirose, Y. Takushima, and T. Okoshi.
A clock for process of section overhead of transit signals in the LT- MUX 1 and 3R-REP 3, as shown in the figure, is an extracted clock smoothed by a PLL. The PLL has a time constant which is set in an order of msec that can almost completely suppress random jitters superimposed through the transmission circuit and line. A low-speed wander of the transmission clock is transferred by a pointer justification feature of the section overhead. With these, the 3R-REP 3 can make the repeat without accumulation of the jitters, so that it is free of the jitter accumulation due to continuation of an identical code.
In transmission of the SDH section overhead, all the section overhead bytes except parts of the first line are scrambled. (FIG. 19 shows the parts of the first line, including 4 bytes containing the last 2 A1 bytes and first 2 A2 bytes, 64 C1 bytes, and succeeding 2×64 fixed bytes.) This prevents repetition of a fixed pattern as much as hundreds of bytes, reduces a pattern jitter, and averages output of a timing filter. If a 4-byte synchronous pattern is used, a frame synchronization protection is longer than 10 years in average misframe interval for five consecutive forward protection, and is lower than 1% in misframe probability and rehunting probability for two consecutive backward protection.
5. Description of 1R-REP
This section describes the 1R-REP 2.
TABLE 8 | |
ITEM | DESCRIPTION |
Main signal | Signal wavelength | 1.552 μm ±0.001 μm |
interface | Mean light output | +10 to +12 dBm |
Input light level | −18 to 0 dBm | |
Noise figure | Lower than 7 dB | |
Pumping method | Bidirectional pumping of | |
Erbium-doped fiber, with | ||
1.48 μm pumping lasers. |
Surveillance and control | Transference of surveillance |
method | and control signal by 1.48 μm |
wavelength multiplex. | |
Implementation of | |
surveillance and control | |
section in main signal unit. | |
|
300 mm high × 3 shelves per bay |
method | (1800 × 795 × 600 mm) |
Cooling method | Natural convection, with |
convection guiding plate of | |
100 mm high. | |
Accommodation of systems | Two systems per shelf (one |
system contains both east and | |
west systems) | |
Environmental conditions | Temperature: 10 to 40° C. |
Humidity: 20 to 80% | |
Input power condition | −42 to −53 V |
As shown in FIG. 20 , the 1R-REP optical transmission system consists of two amplifier stages, including an optical preamplifier 301 for magnification with a low noise and an optical booster amplifier 320 for high power magnification. An output of the optical preamplifier 301 is connected to an input of the optical booster amplifier 320. This accomplishes a low noise, high power output characteristic in a wide dynamic range.
Description of the preamplifiers is ignored here as it was already made previously by reference to FIG. 16 .
The 1R-REP 2 can monitor light outputs and intermediate signal powers and detect opening of the outputs so that it can control and monitor a gain of each optical amplifier stage. As described previously, the 1R-REP 2 also can receive and transmit the surveillance and control signal of 1.48 μm wavelength. The monitor and control and processing the surveillance and control signal are made by an surveillance signal processor/automatic power control circuit 310.
The ground 1R-REP 2, like the LT-MUX 1 and the 3R-REP 3, has features of preventative maintenance, failure identification, and workability increase.
These features facilitate troubleshooting for each 1R repeater section. As for the 1R repeater section overhead providing a feature of a surveillance and control communication channel between offices having the 1R-REP 2, as described previously, it uses the surveillance and control light of 1.48 μm wavelength.
The following describes monitor of the 1R repeater section and process of the 1.48 μm surveillance and control signal in detail. It should be noted that the surveillance and control made by the 1R-REP 2 are similarly made by the LT-MUX 1 and the forward pumping optical preamplifier 35 and the optical booster amplifier 34 of the 3R-REP 3.
Table 9 lists surveillance and control items of the 1R-REP 2.
TABLE 9 | |||
Surveillance | Alarm | Signal | Optical fiber disconnection |
failure | Main signal (Preceding REP | ||
failure) | |||
Loss of surveillance and | |||
control signal (Preceding REP | |||
failure) | |||
Surveillance and control | |||
signal LOF (CMI) | |||
Surveillance and control | |||
signal FCS (frame check | |||
sequence) error | |||
Equipment | Output open | ||
failure | Main signal transmit failure | ||
Surveillance and control | |||
signal transmit failure | |||
Optical amplifier equipment | |||
failure | |||
Surveillance and control | |||
equipment failure | |||
Power source system failure |
Monitor | Input signal level | |
Intermediate signal level | ||
Output signal level | ||
Pumping LD temperature | ||
Pumping LD bias | ||
Surveillance and control LD temperature | ||
Surveillance and control LD bias | ||
Gain |
Control | Year and date setting and reading |
Output halt and release | |
Failure section determination | |
As shown in FIG. 9 , the 1R-REP 2 provides the following processes with use of surveillance lights and control signals marked with an encircled number in FIG. 20 .
Number {circle around (1)} in FIG. 20 denotes a surveillance light signal which is taken by a PF-WDM out of the input light having been composed of the main signal light of 1552 nm wavelength and the surveillance and control light signal of 1480 nm wavelength. The surveillance light signal is 3R-processed to convert to electrical signal by a supervisory signal receiver. The surveillance light signal is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to detect the supervisory signal input disconnection.
Number {circle around (2)} in FIG. 20 denotes a monitor light branched from a light output of the low-noise amplifier section by a CPL. The monitor light is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to control the gain, to monitor the input state, and to monitor the intermediate power.
Number {circle around (3)} in FIG. 20 denotes another monitor light branched from a light output of the high-power output amplifier section by another CPL. This monitor light is taken out through a BPF. The monitor light is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to control the gain and to monitor the output state.
Number {circle around (4)} in FIG. 20 denotes still another monitor light branched through the CPL from a light reflected from the output end. This monitor light is used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to detect opening of the output.
Number {circle around (5)} in FIG. 20 denotes control signals used by the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to stabilization-control the output of the pumping source and to monitor LD states.
Number {circle around (6)} in FIG. 20 denotes the surveillance and control signal sent from the automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310. The surveillance and control signal is converted to an optical signal by the surveillance and control light source of 1480 μm wavelength. The optical signal is composed with the light output of the high-power output amplifier by the BB-WDM. The surveillance and control signal is used to monitor the surveillance light source LD state and to detect the supervisory signal transmit failure.
It is needed for the 1R-REP 2 that depending on the surveillance results and the like of the surveillance items, as described above, identification should be made for the transmission line alarms as to loss of the main signal, transmit failure of the main signal, loss of the supervisory signal, the input fiber disconnection, and the like. Such failure points can be identified by a judgement logic comprehended of the surveillance items {circle around (1)}, {circle around (2)}, and {circle around (3)}. Also, the 1R-REP 2 can detect the equipment failures of the optical amplifier repeater section for preventive maintenance of equipment. Further, the 1R-REP 2 has external control features of output shutdown for safe work.
Furthermore, the 1R-REP 2, as described above, can not only send the surveillance and control information to the downstream equipment depending on the surveillance results of the surveillance and control items, but can also repeat to transfer to the downstream equipment the surveillance and control information received from the upstream equipment.
Still furthermore, the embodiment does not only inform any of the failures of the 1R-REP 2 to the downstream, but also facilitates judgement of a failure point in each of the 1R repeater section and also maintains on the inter-office fiber the surveillance and control communication channel between the office having the 1 RREP 2. To do these, the surveillance and control signal light is terminated once for each 1R-REP 2 before being repeated to the downstream through automatic power control circuit surveillance signal processor 310 to transfer. This has the advantage that the surveillance information can be transfered by a single wavelength even if the number of repeaters is increased.
In turn, if the wavelength used for the supervisory signal is out of the range of the optical amplifier, this will not cause saturation in the optical amplifier, and thus will not affect the main signal. For this reason, the light of 1.48 μm is used as described above. This light provides as little a transmission line fiber loss as the main signal waveform, and allows using a WDM (wave division multiplex) coupler to compose and divide the pumping light in common.
The CMI code is used to send the surveillance and control signal. With the CMI code used, a dc component and zero continuation can be suppressed. Also, a frame synchronizing circuit can be made up of relatively few components by a frame synchronization method of code violation.
The embodiment accomplishes the feature of remote control in a way as that shown in FIG. 22 , the surveillance and control signal used is of a 48 byte-long frame for period of 1 msec at a rate of 384 kb/sec, and the DCC of 192 kb/sec is maintained within the surveillance and control signal. The frame has 1 byte for information of severe failures every period of 1 msec. This accomplishes the feature equivalent to the F1 byte of the SDH.
6. Description of LT-MUX
This section describes the LT-MUX 1 in detail.
TABLE 10 | ||
DESCRIPTION |
FOR LONG-DISTANCE | FOR SHORT-DISTANCE | |
ITEM | SYSTEM | SYSTEM |
Intra- | Transmission rate | 155.52 Mb/sec (STM-1) × 64 series or |
office | 622.08 Mb/sec (STM-4) × 16 series. | |
interface | Transmission line code | Scrambled binary NRZ. |
Error rate | Lower than 10−11 | |
Light source wavelength | 1.31 μm +0.05 μm to −0.04 μm (STM-1); | |
1.31 μm +0.05 μm to −0.05 μm (STM-4) | ||
Average light output | −17 to −11 dBm (STM-1); −15 to −8 dBm (STM-4) | |
Maximum detectable power | Higher than −8 dBm | |
Minimum detectable power | Lower than −24 dBm (STM-1); | |
Lower than −23 dBm (STM-4) | ||
|
1 + 1 dual | |
Inter- | Transmission rate | 9953.28 Mb/sec (equivalent to STM-64) |
office | Transmission line code | Scrambled binary NRZ (non-return to zero) |
interface | Error rate | Lower than 10−11 |
Light source wavelength | 1.552 ±0.001 μm, with chirping parameter | |
a being 1.0 ±0.2 |
Average light output | +10 to +12 dBm | +5.6 to +6.6 dBm | |
Direct LT connection: | |||
+15 to +16 dBm | |||
Maximum detectable power | Higher than −7 dBm | Higher than −10 dBm | |
Minimum detectable power | Lower than −27 dBm | Lower than −23 dBm |
Redundancy configuration | Mesh switching using virtual ring at VC-3/4 | |
level |
Surveillance and control method | Surveillance control by OpS interface. |
IR-REP surveillance and control by 1.48 μm | |
wavelength multiplex. | |
|
300 mm high with 4 shelves (1800 × 795 × 600 mm) |
Cooling method | Push-pull type forced air cooling, with large |
fan. | |
Accommodation of systems | Two systems per rack. |
Environmental conditions | Temperature: 10 to 40° C. |
Humidity: 20 to 80% | |
Input power condition | −42 to −53 V |
The high-speed IF shelf 600 comprises an OPTAMP S 601 having features as the optical booster amplifier 14 of the transmitting system, an OPTAMP R 603 having features as the optical preamplifier 15 of the receiving system, a 10G IF S 602, a 10G IF S 604, and a plurality of SOH 605 boards. The lowspeed IF shelf 700 comprises a plurality of SELs 701, and a plurality of intra-office IF 702 packages. The high-speed IF shelf 600 and the low-speed IF shelf 700 are connected together by an intra-equipment interface of 155 Mb/sec rate.
The embodiment has a high-speed interface 600-1, an SEL 701-1, and an intra-office interface 702-1 to have a redundancy feature of 1+1 section switching type. These blocks are not needed if the section switching is not made.
Tables 11 and 12 chart the features of the LT-MUX 1.
TABLE 11 | ||||
ITEM | BLOCK | FEATURE | NOTE | |
1 | 10G IF-S | (1) | Optical booster amplification | |
OPTAMP-S | (2) | IR repeater surveillance and control | ||
signal light transmission | ||||
(3) | STM-64 signal E/O conversion | |||
(4) | 10 GHz PLL | |||
(5) | STM-64 RSOM transmission | |||
(6) | Physical rate conversion of 155 Mb/sec to | |||
10 Gb/ |
||||
2 | 10G IF-R | (1) | Optical preamplification | |
OPTAMP-R | (2) | IR repeater surveillance and control | ||
signal light reception | ||||
(3) | STM-64 signal D/E conversion and clock | |||
extraction | ||||
(4) | STM-64 RSOR termination | |||
(5) | Physical rate conversion of 10 Mb/sec to | |||
155 Gb/ |
||||
3 | SOH | (1) | STM-64 MSOH process | |
(2) | Pointer conversion of AU-3, AU-4, and | |||
AU-4-4c | ||||
(3) | POH monitor of VC-3, VC-4, and | |||
VC-4-4c and |
||||
4 | SEL | (1) | |
|
intra-office transmission line | ||||
(2) | |
|||
VC-4, and VC-4-4c (hitless switching) | ||||
(3) | APS protocol control for intra-office | |||
transmission line switching |
5 | Intra-IF | STM-1 or STM-4 intra-office transmission | |
line termination |
(1) | E/O and O/E conversions | |||
(2) | SOH process | |||
(3) | Pointer conversion of AU-3, AU-4, and | |||
AU-4-4c | ||||
(4) | POH monitor of VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-4c | |||
and line test |
Number of accommodated lines is STM-1 × 8 | |||
or STM-4 × 2 per board. |
6 | SVCONT | (1) | Information collection in low-speed | |
(LIF) | IF shelf, operation of performance | |||
surveillance information, and event | ||||
made of alarm data | ||||
Intra-office section | ||||
AU pathbus | ||||
Surveillance in equipment | ||||
(2) | Alarm priority processing and failure | |||
determination | ||||
(3) | Distribution and status reading of | |||
control information in shelf | ||||
software strap of intra-office section | ||||
AU line test | ||||
Selected status of redundancy system | ||||
TABLE 12 | ||||
ITEM | BLOCK | FEATURE | NOTE | |
7 | SVCONT (HIF) | (1) | 10G high-speed transmission IF, | |
surveillance information collection of | ||||
submarine repeater, operation of | ||||
performance surveillance information, and | ||||
event made of alarm data | ||||
IR repeater section | ||||
Multiplex section | ||||
AU path | ||||
Surveillance in equipment | ||||
(2) | Alarm priority processing and failure | |||
determination | ||||
(3) | Distribution and status reading of 10G | |||
high-speed transmission line IF and repeater | ||||
control information | ||||
software strap | ||||
AU line continuity check | ||||
Control and status reading of |
||||
8 | SEMF | (1) | OpS message conversion | |
(2) | Time management and history processing | |||
(3) | Emergency start-up of backup memory | |||
(4) | Switching control of clock section and SVCONT | |||
(5) | Processing of |
|||
9 | OpS IF | (1) | OpS |
|
10 | PMT IF | (1) | Remote surveillance and control | |
communication by DCC of multiplex section | ||||
overhead (MSOH) | ||||
11 | CREC | (1) | B/U conversion of 64 kHz $$ 8 kHz |
|
12 | CDIS | (1) | Clock generation (PLL) and distribution | |
in |
||||
13 | CSEND | (1) | Transmission of extracted |
|
14 | OH IF | (1) | Input/output of overhead signal outside | |
equipment | ||||
(2) | OAM processing by overhead signal | |||
A 10G E/0 610 of a 10G IF S 602 and an OPTAMP S 601 form the transmitter of the LT-MUX 1, and a 10G O/E 611 of a 10G IF R 604 and an OPTAMP R 603 form the receiver of the LT-MUX 1.
The following describes the transmitter and the receiver mentioned above.
The transmitter, as described previously, comprises the 10G E/O S 610 having the high-speed multiplex circuit 682 for converting a 622 Mb/sec, 16-parallel signal to 9.95 Gb/sec signal in a way of a 16-bit multiplex (STM-64) and the electro-optic converter 681 and the OPTAMP S 601 which is an optical amplifier.
As shown in the figure, the embodiment uses an external modulation of electric field absorption type for electro-optic conversion. The OPTAMP S 601 is formed of an optical fiber amplifier. The optical fiber amplifier is separately implemented in its respective package in view of its occupying area and consumption power. The transmitter further has a temperature control circuit 683 and an optical output control circuit 684 so that the long-distance transmission can be made even if environmental conditions around the electro-optic converter 681 and the OPTAMP S 601 change. Description of the transmission operation is ignored as it was already made by reference to FIG. 16 .
The transmitter of the LT-MUX 1 forming the short distance system, as described in the figure, has no OPTAMP S 603. The 10G IF S 602, unlike that of the long distance system, uses a semiconductor optical amplifier of preferably smaller size and lower power consumption for optical amplification in the 80-km transmission. The semiconductor optical amplifier can be made to occupy as narrow an area as the modulator with LD, and can be implemented in the 10G IF S 602 shelf. The embodiment, as shown in the figure, uses a modulator of an electric field absorption type for the external modulator. The electric field absorption type modulator is integrated to a module of small size as electric field absorption type device are structurally practical to integrate with the laser diode for the light source.
The receiver comprises the OPTAMP R 603 which is an optical amplifier and the 10G O/E 611 having an opto-electric converter 693 and a high-speed demultiplex circuit 692. The OPTAMP R 630, as shown in the figure, is made up of an optical fiber amplifier having an optical preamplifier feature, and is separately implemented in its respective board. The opto-electric converter 693 is made up of a front module, an amplifier, a timing extractor, and an dicision circuit. The highspeed demultiplex circuit 692 converts the 9.95 Gb/sec signal to 622 Mb/sec in a way of parallel demultiplex. Description of the reception operation is ignored as it was already made by reference to FIG. 16 .
The short distance system is different from the long distance system in that the short distance system has no OPTAMP R 603 and uses an APD 694 for opto-electric conversion. As its APD 694 is capable of higher sensitive reception than P1n-PD, the short distance system needs no optical amplifier, thus resulting in a smaller system.
In turn, if the LT-MUX 1 and the ADM switch are combined to form the small scale switching node 120 as in FIG. 6 , the high-speed IF shelf, the low-speed IF shelf 700, and a 40 G switch shelf are combined as shown in FIG. 30 . The 40 G switch shelf comprises multiplexing circuits 901 for multiplexing the input signals to feed to time-division switches 903, the time-division switches 903, and demultiplexing circuits 902 for demultiplexing the signals from the time-division switches 903. An interface of the multiplexing circuits 901 and the demultiplexing circuit 902 is the intra-equipment interface.
In turn, the signal from the transmission line is processed by the high-speed IF shelf 600 before being directly input to the switch without the low-speed IF shelf 700. The signal to be dropped into the office, is connected to the low-speed IF shelf 700. As for the signal to be passed to the another node, it is connected to the high-speed IF shelf 700 before being fed out to another node. That is, the signal from the transmission line is not converted as to interface by the lowspeed interface before being connected to the switch, as usual.
But, the high-speed IF shelf 600 is directly connected with the switch. This can make the equipment smaller.
If the small scale switching node 120 or the large scale switching node 110 is constructed to have the cross-connection switch feature, the 40G switch in
As described above, the embodiment can appropriately combine the high-speed IF shelves 600, the low-speed IF shelves 700, and the 40 G switch shelves 900 in the building block way. This allows accomplishment of a desired equipment with use of the common shelves in a minimized construction. Also, the embodiment allows accomplishment of the 3R-REP 3 by combination of the boards of the high-speed IF shelf 600 as will be described later.
The following describes the surveillance and control system for the LT-MUX 1.
In FIGS. 31 and 32 , the SVCONT 703 is installed for each low-speed IF shelf. The SEMF 651, the OpS IF 652, and RMT IF 653 are equipped in the common a shelf as will be described later.
TABLE 13 | ||||
| DESCRIPTION | NOTE | ||
1 | Path setting | (1) | Switch control memory is updated to | Control system |
set path according to the control | ||||
message from the operation system | ||||
outside equipment. | ||||
(2) | Path setting units include: |
a. | Units of VC-3 | |||
b. | Units of VC-4 | |||
c. | Units of VC-4c (600 M at max) |
(3) | This feature is an option for | |||
implementation of | ||||
feature | ||||
2 | Software strap | (1) | Control register of each section in | Control system |
setting | equipment is updated to set operation | NOTE 1: | ||
mode (software strap) according to | Upon use of | |||
control message from operation system | section | |||
outside equipment. | protection | |||
(2) | Major software strap features | feature | ||
include: |
a. | Transference approval or | |||
inhibition of transmission line | ||||
system alarm | ||||
b. | Threshold of error rate | |||
degradation | ||||
c. | Protection time of switching | |||
control (NOTE 1) |
3 | Path test | (1) | Test access point is set to confirm | Control system |
continuity and set quality in units | ||||
of path according to the control | ||||
message from the operation system | ||||
outside equipment. | ||||
(2) | Path testing units include: |
a. | Units of VC-3 | |||
b. | Units of VC-4 |
(3) | Test pattern conforms to CCITT | |||
Recommendation 0.151 | ||||
4 | Redundancy | (1) | The operation system switches | Control system |
system | over functional components of | Surveillance | ||
switching in | equipment having redundancy form | system | ||
equipment | according to the control message from | |||
the operation system outside | ||||
equipment. (Forced switching) | ||||
(2) | As results of equipment diagnosis, | |||
the operation system switches over | ||||
to the protection side from function | ||||
component of equipment judged at | ||||
failure. (Autonomous switching) | ||||
(3) | Operation modes of redundancy system | |||
include: |
a. | Automatic mode, allowing autonomous | |||
switching | ||||
b. | Forced selection mode | |||
c. | Lock-out mode | |||
TABLE 14 | ||||
| DESCRIPTION | NOTE | ||
5 | Configuration | (1) | Implementation states of functional | Surveillance |
management | components of equipment are monitored, | system | ||
and the database for configuration | ||||
management in the control system is | ||||
automatically updated as needed. | ||||
(2) | When the implemented functional | |||
component does not logically match with the | ||||
physical implementation position, | ||||
then an alarm is issued. | ||||
(3) | Management units for functional components | |||
of equipment include: |
a. | Board | |||
b. | Board group | |||
c. | |
6 | Alarm | (1) | Transmission line system alarms are | Surveillance |
transference | collected from line termination | system | ||
feature blocks and path connection | ||||
feature blocks to detect generation | ||||
and restoration of alarms before | ||||
transmission line system alarms are | ||||
made into an event. | ||||
(2) | On basis of diagnosis results of | |||
equipment failure, equipment alarms | ||||
are made into an event. | ||||
(3) | Contents of these alarms made into | |||
a event are converted to messages | ||||
before being informed to external | ||||
surveying operation system. | ||||
7 | Performance | (1) | Performance information, such as | Surveillance |
management | a bit error, are collected from line | system | ||
termination feature blocks and path | ||||
connection feature blocks to | ||||
calculate and generate performance | ||||
management information for transmission | ||||
lines and paths. | ||||
(2) | The performance management information | |||
includes: |
a. | CV (code violation) | |||
b. | ES (errored second) | |||
c. | SES (severely errored second) |
(3) | Types of registers for history | |||
management includes: |
a. | 1-sec register | ||
b. | 15-min register | ||
c. | 1-day register | ||
TABLE 15 | ||||
| DESCRIPTION | NOTE | ||
7 | Equipment | (1) | Failure surveillance information is | Surveillance |
diagnosis | collected from functional components of | system | ||
equipment, and a specific | ||||
functional component having a | ||||
hardware failure generated is | ||||
identified on the basis of the | ||||
failure judgement map provided in | ||||
the surveillance and control system. | ||||
(2) | Specific functional component having | |||
a hardware failure generated is | ||||
logically disconnected, and the | ||||
operation system switches over | ||||
from the functional component of | ||||
redundancy configuration to the | ||||
protection side. | ||||
(3) | Equipment information is sent out to inform | |||
existence of a functional | ||||
component having a failure generated. | ||||
9 | Section | (1) | If a section failure happens, section | Control system |
switching | switching is controlled on the basis | Surveillance | ||
control | of MSP protocol. | system | ||
(2) | Switching system includes the | MPS: Multiplan | ||
following manners: | Section |
a. | 1 + 1 (without switch-back) | Protection | ||
b. | Bi-directional switching |
(3) | Switching is caused by include: |
a. | SF switching (LOS, LOF, S-AIS, | |||
and hardware failure) | ||||
b. | SD switching (MER) | |||
c. | Forced switching (OpS command) |
(4) | This feature is optional. | |||
10 | Path switching | (1) | If a path failure is detected with | Control system |
control | generation of a failure, in the ring | Surveillance | ||
meshed network, section switching is | system | |||
controlled on the basis of MSP | PGP = Path | |||
protocol. | Group | |||
(2) | Switching system includes the | Protection | ||
following manners: |
a. | 1 + 1 (with switch-back) | |||
b. | Bilateral switching |
(3) | Switching is Caused by include: |
a. | SF switching (LOP, P-AIS, and | |||
hardware failure) | ||||
b. | SD switching (MER) | |||
c. | Forced switching (OpS command) | |||
(4) | This feature is optional for | |||
implementation of cross-connection | ||||
feature. | ||||
TABLE 16 | ||||
| DESCRIPTION | NOTE | ||
11 | History | (1) | Variety of events generated as to | Control system |
management | transmission line received signals | Surveillance | ||
and equipment statuses are recorded | system | |||
and managed as history information. | ||||
(2) History information to be managed | ||||
includes: |
a. | Redundancy system switching | |||
history | ||||
b. | Signal performance history | |||
c. | APS |
12 | Backup | (1) | If the operation state in equipment | Control system |
information | is changed, then the changed state is | NOTE 1: | ||
management | automatically recorded in nonvolatile | With use of | ||
memory as the latest information. | cross- | |||
(2) | Information to be recorded includes: | connection |
a. | Operation information of | feature | ||
redundancy system. | ||||
b. | Information of software strap | |||
c. | Path setting information (NOTE 1) |
(3) | The following processes are made with the | |||
control message from the control | ||||
operation system |
a. | Update of backup information | |||
b. | Comparison with statuses in | |||
equipment | ||||
c. | Initialization of | |||
information | ||||
13 | Emergency | (1) | If it is powered on, equipment is | Control system |
start-up | autonomously started up for operation | |||
on basis of backup information. | ||||
14 | Communication | (1) | Control is made on communication with | Control system |
control | the operation system outside | Surveillance | ||
equipment. | system | |||
(2) | Communication is of a message form | |||
and has a protocol system on basis of | ||||
the Q interface of CCITT | ||||
Recommendations. | ||||
(3) | Two independent communication links | |||
are provided, including the control | ||||
system and surveillance system. | ||||
15 | OpS message | (1) | Control information of message | Control system |
conversion | received from operation system is | Surveillance | ||
converted to the command form | system | |||
specific to equipment. | ||||
(2) | Control information and surveillance | |||
information of the command form | ||||
specific to equipment are converted | ||||
to information of message form before | ||||
being sent to the operation system. | ||||
In general, operations including AU pointer conversion are nonhitlessly switched. To make this hitless, a hitless switching process is needed. In the embodiment, in view of the balance of the features provided in the whole equipment, the AU pointer conversion process is provided in the intra-office interface and the high-speed interface unit. In the SEL 701 between these is provided a hitless switching process feature section which will be described later. As shown in the figures, simplex sections are optical booster amplifier 601, 10G IF-S 602 and the SOH 605 in the operation form without the 1+1 section switching in the 10 Gb/sec transmission line.
As the intra-office interface is an interface to be connected with an existing intra-office equipment, the redundance configuration follows the manner of the existing equipment. That is, the redundance configuration is made of the 1+1 section switching type of system 0/system 1 without switch-back. The board for the intra-office interface accommodates a plurality of highways. Auto-switching at failure is made in units of transmission line. The intra-office interface board, therefore, has working highways and waiting highways mixed therein. For this reason, for interface package maintenance, a hitless forced switching is needed which will be described later.
The SEL 701, as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 , is arranged so that it can be added or removed depending on the situation of transmission line accommodation. The SEL 701, therefore, is arranged so chat it can be automatically switched in units of package in the 1+1 way. Note that if the hitless forced switching which will be described later is made for the SEL 701, this is hitlessly made by the hitless switching process section.
Now the following describes the hitless switching process.
TABLE 17 | ||
NO. | ITEM | FEATURES |
1 | AU pointer | AU pointer byte and AU stuff operation are read. |
termination | It is instantaneously taken in without | |
protection of consecutive coincidence three | ||
times. | ||
2 | 2 × 2 SEL | Selector for passing delayed system through, but |
storing preceding system into VC buffer. | ||
3 | VC buffer | FIFO memory for delaying preceding VC-3, VC-4, |
and VC-4-4c data. Adjustable distance | ||
difference is 4 km. | ||
4 | VC buffer | Writing address counter for VC buffer. Only |
writting | VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-4c data of input signal are | |
control | written according to detection of AU stuff. | |
5 | VC buffer | VC buffer is read in line to AU stuff of the |
reading | delayed system. If delay insertion is needed to | |
control | increase in phase synchronizing pull-in course, | |
positive stuff is added. If it is needed to | ||
decrease, negative stuff is added. | ||
6 | Delay | Delay insertion of FIFO is calculated through |
insertion | calculation of the writing address minus reading | |
calculation | address. | |
7 | Phase | Transmission delay difference is detected by |
difference | comparison of AU pointer values. | |
|
||
8 | Delay | Result of delay insertion calculation is |
insertion | compared with result of phase difference | |
control | detection. If it is necessary to increase delay | |
insertion, positive stuff is added an VC buffer | ||
reading side. If it is necessary to decrease | ||
delay insertion, negative stuff is added on the | ||
VC buffer reading side. 2 × 2 SEL is controlled | ||
depending on the direction of the delay | ||
difference generation. | ||
9 | Pointer | New pointer value is calculated by comparison of |
calculation | the VC input phase of the VC buffer with output | |
frame phase. | ||
10 | Pointer | New pointer value is written in VC buffer output |
insertion | signal. | |
Following specific patterns are written in | ||
predetermined positions. | ||
(1) On generation of stuff: | ||
Inversion of |
||
(2) On jump of pointer: | ||
Sending of NDF pattern. | ||
(3) On AU-4 or AU-4-4c: | ||
CI (concatenation indicator). | ||
(4) On sending of P-AIS: | ||
All 1 of all bytes. | ||
As depicted in Table 17, the hitless switching process feature section makes the received data, including VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-c data, of the system having less transmission delay of systems 0 and 1 delay in FIFO memory (VC buffer) as necessary. This makes contents of the output signals of both systems coincide. Detection of the transmission difference is made by comparison of the pointer values. Adjustment of the delay insertion of the FIFO is made with stuff operation of the AU pointer so gradually that the signal of the working system will not be hit while the phase synchronizing pull-in is made in maintaining the protection system. In writing into the VC buffer, the AU pointer is terminal once before only the VC-3, VC-4, and VC-4-c data ate written in the VC buffer. In reading from the VC buffer, on the other hand, reading is made along with the operation of the AU stuff in line with that of the AU stuff in the delayed line. In a phase synchronized state, thus, the system 0 can be made to coincide with the system 1 perfectly not only in the phases of the output VC signals, but also the timings of the AU stuffs. This means that the hitless switching can be made securely even if the frequency of the AU stuff is higher. The VC buffer is a kind of AU pointer converting circuit. At the time of output, a new AU pointer value is calculated before being inserted into the AU. The calculation principles are the same as those of the usual pointer converting circuit. As the adjustable transmission delay difference is 4 km, the process cannot only be applied to the intra-office transmission line, but also to a short or intermediate inter-office transmission line. Thus, in the SEL, the hitless switching process feature section is constructed so that it cannot be used for switching the intra-office interface, but also for switching the 10 Gb/sec transmission line interface.
7. Description of 3R-REP
TABLE 18 | |
ITEM | DESCRIPTION |
Main signal | Transmission rate | 9953.28 Mb/sec (equivalent to |
interface | STM-64) | |
Transmission line | Scrambled binary NRZ | |
code | (non-return to zero) | |
Error rate | Lower than 10−11/repeater. | |
Light source | 1.552 μm ± 0.001 μm | |
wavelength | ||
Average light | +10 to +12 dBm | |
output | ||
Maximum detectable | Higher than −7 dBm | |
power | ||
Minimum detectable | Lower than −27 dBm | |
power |
Surveillance and control method | Surveillance and control |
signal transference by | |
1.48 μm wavelength | |
multiplexed signal. | |
Implementation of | |
surveillance control section | |
in main signal unit | |
|
300 mm high with 4 shelves per |
frame (1800 × 795 × 600 mm). | |
Cooling method | Push-pull type forced air |
cooled type, with large fan. | |
Accommodation of systems | One system per shelf, with one |
bidirectional system of west | |
and east. | |
Environmental conditions | Temperature: 10 to 40° C. |
Humidity: 20 to 80%. | |
Input power condition | −42 to −53 V |
The 3R-REP 3 makes regeneration through its optical preamplification, O/E conversion, E/O conversion, and optical booster amplification. The 3R-REP 3 also makes the surveillance, alarm transference, and remote maintenance for the 1R repeater section and the 3R repeater section with use of the 1.48 μm surveilance and control light and the RSOH (regenerator section overhead). The boards used in the main signal system are all the same as those of the LT-MUX 1.
8. Implementation of the 1R-REP, LT-MUX, and 3R-REP
The following describes implementation of the 1R-REP 2, LT- MOX 1, and 3R-REP 3.
First, implementation of the 1R-REP 2 is described below.
A rack of the embodiment, as shown in the figure, has three shelves each of which contains two 1R-REP 2 systems, or six 1 RREP 2 systems in total. Each system comprises two subsystems: the repeaters 301 and 302. For an unattended office which needs remote monitor and control, these are implemented in the same shelf as the system to which the OpS IF 651 and the like serve. Note that a power source board 810 is for the optical preamplifier 301 and the optical booster amplifier 320.
Implementation of the LT-MUX 1 is described below.
The construction shown is for accomplishing the transmission line 1+1 redundancy system switching. The functional boards of the high-speed IF unit 600 and the low-speed IF unit 700, as shown in the figure, are all doubled as in a working system 0 and a waiting system 1. FIG. 40 is a front view for an implementation of two systems of the LT-MUX 1 in a single rack without the redundancy configuration.
The 10G IF R 604 package and the 10G IF S 602 board, as shown in the figure, are of two-fold wide as these have many components. Similarly, the OPTAMP R 603 board and the OPTAMP S 601 board are of two-fold wide.
In this case, as shown in the figure, are implemented two highspeed-interface units 600, a duplexed 40G switch unit 900, and a duplexed low-speed IF unit 700. The 40G switch unit 900, as shown in FIG. 42 , is three-dimensionally constructed in view of the flow of its signals. That is, a plurality of boards MUX/DMUX containing a plurality of multiplex/ demultiplex circuits 901 and 902 and a time-division switch (TSW) 903, are three-dimensionally connected together with use of a subpanel for a time switch unit. This construction can be made small.
Implementing the 40G switch into the shelf is made in a way that the TSW 903 is put in front, the 40G switch unit 900 is put into the shelf, and the MUX/DMUX board 901/902 is connected with other units on the rear side of the shelf.
In this case, as shown in the figure, a plurality of racks have the 40G switch units, the high-speed IF units 600, and the lowspeed IF units 700 built therein so that the high-speed IF units 600, and the low-speed IF units 700 can be connected with the switch multi-stage network.
Finally, FIG. 44 is a front view for an implementation of the 3 RREP 3.
As shown in the figure, a single rack has four shelves each of which contains a main signal board, including OPTAMP R 603, 10G. IF R 604, 10G IF S 602, and OPTAMP S 601 packages, and a common section, such as an OpS IF 651. This construction allows a single shelf to complete all the features of a single equipment. It is possible to easily increase or remove the equipment in shelf units as needed.
As described so far, the present invention can flexibly build up the optical transmission system depending on capacities and function required.
Claims (2)
1. A node system, comprising:
a high-speed interface unit which mounts a first high-speed interface transforming a first high-speed optical signal to a high-speed electric signal and a second high-speed interface transferring a serial high-speed electric signal to a second high-speed optical signal;
a low-speed interface unit which mounts a first low-speed interface transforming a first low-speed optical signal to a low-speed electric signal and a second low-speed interface transferring a serial low-speed electric signal to a second low-speed optical signal;
a time division switch which exchanges a parallel high-speed electric signal and a parallel low-speed electric signal;
a switch unit which mounts a high-speed multiplex circuit multiplexing the parallel high-speed electric signal to the serial high-speed electric signal, a low-speed multiplex circuit multiplexing the parallel low-speed electric signal to the serial low-speed electric signal, a high-speed demultiplex circuit demultiplexing the high-speed electric signal to the parallel high-speed electric signal, and a low-speed demultiplex circuit demultiplexing the low-speed electric signal to the parallel low-speed electric signal; and
a controller which controls transmissions between said first high-speed interface and said time division switch, between said first low-speed interface and said time division switch, between said time division switch and said second high-speed interface, and between said time division switch and said second low-speed interface;
wherein said high-speed interface unit, said low-speed interface unit, and said switch unit can mount on a system lack and are composed by building block method in necessary numbers, depending upon demanding function and scale.
2. A node system according to claim 1 ,
said time division switch, including:
a first parallel exchange module which exchanges said parallel high-speed electric signal outputting from the high-speed multiplex circuit to said parallel low-speed electric signal and transmits to said low-speed demultiplexing circuit; and
a second parallel exchange module which exchanges said parallel low-speed electric signal outputting from the low-speed multiplex circuit to said parallel high-speed electric signal and transmits to said high-speed demultiplexing circuit.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/593,518 US7292785B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2006-11-07 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
Applications Claiming Priority (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP4-087247 | 1992-04-08 | ||
JP8724792A JPH05292040A (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1992-04-08 | Method for constructing optical transmission system |
US08/023,546 US5500756A (en) | 1992-02-28 | 1993-02-26 | Optical fiber transmission system and supervision method of the same |
US08/044,425 US5555477A (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1993-04-07 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
US08/705,366 US5812289A (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1996-08-29 | Optical repeater and optical transmitter |
US08/746,027 US5875046A (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1996-11-05 | Optical repeater and optical transmitter |
US09/244,856 US6018405A (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1999-02-05 | Optical transmission equipment which transmits an amplified optical data signal and an optical surveillance signal |
US09/409,872 US6266169B1 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1999-10-01 | Optical transmission equipment which transmits an amplified optical data signal and an optical surveillance signal |
US09/907,939 US6728489B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2001-07-19 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
US10/777,656 US7167652B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2004-02-13 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
US11/593,518 US7292785B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2006-11-07 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
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US10/777,656 Continuation US7167652B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2004-02-13 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
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US20070053687A1 US20070053687A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
US7292785B2 true US7292785B2 (en) | 2007-11-06 |
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ID=13909476
Family Applications (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/409,872 Expired - Lifetime US6266169B1 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1999-10-01 | Optical transmission equipment which transmits an amplified optical data signal and an optical surveillance signal |
US09/907,939 Expired - Fee Related US6728489B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2001-07-19 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
US10/777,656 Expired - Fee Related US7167652B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2004-02-13 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
US11/593,518 Expired - Fee Related US7292785B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2006-11-07 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
Family Applications Before (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/409,872 Expired - Lifetime US6266169B1 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 1999-10-01 | Optical transmission equipment which transmits an amplified optical data signal and an optical surveillance signal |
US09/907,939 Expired - Fee Related US6728489B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2001-07-19 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
US10/777,656 Expired - Fee Related US7167652B2 (en) | 1992-04-08 | 2004-02-13 | Optical transmission system constructing method and system |
Country Status (2)
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US (4) | US6266169B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH05292040A (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20070053687A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
US6266169B1 (en) | 2001-07-24 |
US20020024699A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
US20040161189A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
JPH05292040A (en) | 1993-11-05 |
US6728489B2 (en) | 2004-04-27 |
US7167652B2 (en) | 2007-01-23 |
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