US7171966B2 - Breathing mask with a superelastic seal - Google Patents

Breathing mask with a superelastic seal Download PDF

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Publication number
US7171966B2
US7171966B2 US11/082,426 US8242605A US7171966B2 US 7171966 B2 US7171966 B2 US 7171966B2 US 8242605 A US8242605 A US 8242605A US 7171966 B2 US7171966 B2 US 7171966B2
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
seal
mask
superelastic
breathing mask
mask body
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
US11/082,426
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English (en)
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US20050284477A1 (en
Inventor
Cornelia Schrader
Jörg-Uwe Meyer
Götz Kullik
Hans-Ullrich Hansmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Draegerwerk AG and Co KGaA
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Draegerwerk AG and Co KGaA
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Assigned to DRAGERWERK AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment DRAGERWERK AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SCHRADER, CORNELIA, HANSMANN, HANS-ULLRICH, KULLIK, GOTZ, MEYER, JORG-UWE
Publication of US20050284477A1 publication Critical patent/US20050284477A1/en
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Publication of US7171966B2 publication Critical patent/US7171966B2/en
Assigned to Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA reassignment Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA CHANGE OF NAME AND ENTITY TYPE Assignors: DRäGERWERK AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/06Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/06Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
    • A61M16/0605Means for improving the adaptation of the mask to the patient
    • A61M16/0616Means for improving the adaptation of the mask to the patient with face sealing means comprising a flap or membrane projecting inwards, such that sealing increases with increasing inhalation gas pressure

Definitions

  • the present invention pertains to a breathing mask with a superelastic seal, which already brings about a sealing action when pressed onto the face with a weak pressure.
  • Masks sealing in such a way may be used wherever the airways are to be protected from the undesired effect of various substances, which may be inhaled with the breathing air, or where breathing gases, to which medically indicated components are optionally added, are to be specifically introduced. This may be exemplified by breathing masks that are delivered with respirators in the broadest sense of the word.
  • CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
  • a settable overpressure is made available here for the patient for supporting the respiration.
  • the supply is frequently ensured with constant pressure over the entire breathing cycle via breathing mask.
  • An overpressure prevails in the breathing mask in relation to the environment, which is set between a few mbar and up to 50 mbar depending on the therapy.
  • the mask is usually sealed with a seal between the mask body and the user's face.
  • An expiration valve partially ensures that the expired air can escape into the environment when a sufficient pressure increase is generated in the interior of the mask by the expiration. At the same time, it ensures the scavenging of the mask with fresh breathing gases due to a continuously flowing volume flow.
  • a leak rate of a few L per minute can be tolerated during such applications, in which fresh gas scavenging takes place in the interior of the mask.
  • maximum sealing action is desirable for other critical applications.
  • the sealing action is achieved, especially in so-called half masks, by the mask body being limited circumferentially by a seal, which is pressed against the face of the user by pressing on the mask and thus ensures the desired sealing.
  • the wearing comfort of such masks is determined essentially by the manner in which the force applied to press on the mask is transmitted as a pressing pressure via the seal onto the face in the area of the contact line between the mask and the face.
  • the interior of the mask is sealed against the environment along this contact line.
  • Each area of the contact line must be pressed sufficiently firmly against the user's face especially in case of applications that operate with an overpressure in the interior of the mask in order to counteract the tendency of the mask lifting off.
  • the seal on the contact line is frequently designed as a silicone lip or silicone tube embodying the function of a sealing strip.
  • the mask body which can be adapted only conditionally, can be adapted, to a limited extent, to the contours of the face due to the elasticity of this sealing lip. A different deflection or deformation of the seal is necessary for this.
  • the problem that continues to be present is that zones with greatly different pressing pressures are formed if differences develop in the distance between the mask body and the contours of the face along the contact line. Each area with excessively low pressing pressure may lead to leakage. Any pressing pressure that is excessively low leads to a needless load for the corresponding zones of the face and may generate pressure points in these zones.
  • the loss of wearing comfort associated herewith may, moreover, lead to acceptance problems during the use of the above-described masks.
  • the problem that continues to be present is that the mask must be pressed onto the face with a markedly stronger force than would be necessary to compensate the force that could enable the mask to be lifted off as a function of the internal pressure in the mask and the area on which this internal pressure acts.
  • the pressing force is usually built up by a tension of the straps and is transmitted to the mask body.
  • the pressing force is markedly higher, the mask is frequently felt to be unpleasant, especially when an excessively nonuniform distribution of the pressing pressure leads to pressure peaks in individual areas of the seal.
  • the basic object of the present invention is to propose a breathing mask that is improved compared to the state of the art and that is characterized by a greater wearing comfort and prevents the development of peaks of the pressing pressure on the user's face, which are felt to be unpleasant.
  • the present invention is based on the fact that it is possible to let the pressing pressure act uniformly on the user's face and to reduce the dependence of the pressing pressure on the deflection of the seal corresponding to a conventional spring characteristic.
  • the present invention pertains to a breathing mask with a mask body, which has at its edge a seal that comes into contact with the user's face, wherein at least part of the seal that is in contact with the user's face is elastically deformable with a spring characteristic ranging from linear to progressive and at least part of the seal that is in contact with the user's face is elastically deformable with a degressive spring characteristic.
  • the so-called superelastic properties of support means which are contained in the seals that are in direct contact with the user's face, are utilized for this purpose according to the present invention.
  • the use of such seals leads to the pressing pressure of the breathing mask on the user's face to become constant.
  • nickel-titanium alloys possess superelastic properties and can manifest these properties in a temperature-dependent manner. In a temperature range in which such materials have a phase transition, they have the desired superelastic behavior. In response to weak forces at low deflection, they display elastic behavior, which is characterized by a linear spring characteristic, and they have an elastic behavior that is characterized by a degressive spring characteristic in response to stronger forces at greater deflection.
  • the seal at an edge of the mask body has one or more elastically deformable portion having a spring coefficient that is either constant or increases with deflection and with the use of the superelastic properties the seal has a portion that is elastically deformable with a spring coefficient that decreases with deflection.
  • This is a seal portion exhibiting a spring force that increases linearly with an amount of deflection or increases more than an linearly with an amount of deflection and with a seal portion that increases less than linearly with an amount of deflection.
  • transition range i.e., beginning from about 40EC
  • transition range i.e., beginning from about 40EC
  • transition range i.e., beginning from about 40EC
  • transition range i.e., beginning from about 40EC
  • transition range i.e., below about 20EC
  • the superelastic properties can be advantageously utilized within the transition range.
  • Such alloys are also called shape memory alloys (SMAs).
  • SMAs shape memory alloys
  • Their elastic properties differ from those of conventional steels and are also called quasi-elastic properties.
  • the cause for the special mechanical properties of the aforementioned materials can be seen in shear within the metallic lattice planes.
  • the material of which the superelastic support means are made consists essentially of a shape memory alloy.
  • the seal is soft and flexible, is manufactured from an elastic material, for example, silicone, and has support means consisting of superelastic material.
  • the support means according to the present invention for the material of which the superelastic support means are made to consist essentially of an alloy that contains 50–60% of nickel and 40–42% of titanium. It is now advantageous for the seals according to the present invention that the human body temperature is in the transition range of such alloys, so that the superelastic properties described will appear in case of contact with the body.
  • the superelastic support means comprise an array of longitudinally extending elements, which are curved in the shape of a banana and are arranged in parallel.
  • the extension of the seal and the spring characteristic can thus be set by varying the radius of curvature.
  • the individual longitudinally extending elements which are curved in the shape of a banana and are arranged in parallel, have a tongue-shaped design and are connected with one another by a web structure, which fixes their position.
  • the seal is advantageously fastened to a frame of the mask body.
  • the frame area partially assumes molding functions and absorbs the forces that develop due to the fastening of the mask to the head and it optionally receives inspiration and expiration connections.
  • This frame is dimensionally stable, robust and hygienically satisfactory during use. If there are different distances between the edge of the mask body, i.e., for example, the frame, and the user's face, these distances can be bridged over nearly without increasing the pressing pressure by the extension of individual superelastic support means being adapted by superelastic deformation to the particular distance. This may take place, for example, by a change in the radius of curvature of the longitudinally extending elements, which are curved in the shape of a banana and are present in an advantageous embodiment of the present invention.
  • a contour is formed, which is elastic in respect to weak forces and corresponds to the shape of the user's face.
  • highly uniform distribution of the pressing pressure takes place on the user's face.
  • the pressing pressure can be set at a relatively low value without having to fear leaks developing. Pressure points on the face are prevented from occurring.
  • the seal may advantageously be additionally plastically deformable or contain plastically deformable support means at least in some parts.
  • a contour can thus be adapted to the shape of the face to support the elastic part of the seal by briefly pressing on more strongly due to plastic deformation of the plastic support means.
  • the mask body can be additionally adapted to the shape of the face, in which case plastic adaptability offers additional advantages.
  • the adaptation to the shape of the face can be performed by a moldable frame arranged in the vicinity of the edge of the mask body.
  • a frame likewise stabilizes the shape of the edge of the mask body. It assumes the form-stabilizing function according to the contours of the user's face and is used to absorb the forces that are due to the internal pressure, the fastening on the head and optionally the mounting of the inspiration and expiration connections.
  • This frame is sufficiently dimensionally stable, robust and hygienically satisfactory in use. Nevertheless, it makes possible the plastic deformation of the frame and consequently of the mask body for adaptation to the face of the user of the breathing mask by being pressed strongly onto the face or by another force action.
  • a seal according to the present invention which can be arranged on such a frame, especially good adaptability to the shape of the user's face is achieved.
  • Rough adjustment may be performed by adapting the shape of the frame and a fine adjustment by adapting the shape of the superelastic and optionally plastic support means.
  • the elastic part of the seal brings about the sealing of the interior space of the mask against the environment when the mask body is pressed on, and nearly the same pressing pressure will prevail in the entire contact area between the mask body and the face. Pressure points are thus prevented from occurring with certainty.
  • a seal according to the present invention when the superelastic support means are connected with the frame and are surrounded by an envelope, which can the connected with the frame and forms the seal. Elements that come into contact with the user's skin can thus be replaced or cleaned in a simple manner.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a nasal CPAP mask according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of a nasal CPAP mask
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of a nasal CPAP mask with the sealing lip shown explicitly;
  • FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway view of the mask, showing a seal designed according to the present invention with superelastic support means;
  • FIG. 5 is a view of an advantageous arrangement of superelastic support means in a seal according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is another view of an advantageous arrangement of superelastic support means in a seal according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a view of a seal designed according to the present invention as an envelope that can be connected, with superelastic support means.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show two views of a nasal CPAP mask. It is equipped with a partially superelastic seal 1 .
  • a strap 2 is used as a holding device for fixing the mask on the head and generates the necessary tensile force to counteract the overpressure in the interior of the mask body 3 .
  • FIG. 3 shows a similar mask, whose mask body is equipped with a circumferential seal 1 in the form of a silicone lip, part of which can be folded over such that it acts as a contact surface 4 for the face of the user.
  • the silicone lip 1 is fastened to a moldable frame 5 , by which adaptation of the shape to the shape of the face can be performed.
  • the frame 5 forms at the same time the closure of the mask body 3 .
  • FIG. 4 shows a view of a seal 1 designed according to the present invention with superelastic support means 6 , which is fastened to the frame 5 , which limits the mask body 3 .
  • Support means 6 made of a superelastic NiTi alloy are cast as an elastic support into a very thin, highly flexible sealing lip made of silicone.
  • such support means may be extrusion-coated or buttoned into an envelope in a reusable manner.
  • the elastic properties of the alloy and the properties of the silicone are advantageously combined with one another in such a sealing lip.
  • the superelastic support means 6 are designed in this exemplary embodiment as longitudinally extending elements, which are curved in the shape of a banana and are arranged in parallel.
  • FIG. 5 shows an advantageous arrangement of superelastic support means 6 in a seal 1 according to the present invention, which is arranged on the frame 5 of a mask body.
  • the superelastic support means 6 comprise an array of longitudinally extending elements, which are curved in the shape of a banana and are arranged in parallel. It is especially advantageous if individual support elements 6 ′ display plastic behavior. As a result, it is possible to achieve an additional presettability of the seal to the shape to be sealed.
  • the elastic part of the seal is thus always positioned at a short and relatively uniform distance from the face and can be partly supported against an initially elastic contour, which is, however, produced by plastic deformation when the mask is pressed on.
  • the pressing pressure will be distributed uniformly on the user's face.
  • the pressing pressure may be set at a relatively low value without having to fear the development of leaks. Pressure points on the face are prevented from occurring.
  • the contour can again be adapted to the shape of the face by the repeated plastic deformation of the plastic support means 6 ′ for partially supporting the elastic part of the seal.
  • FIG. 6 shows another view of an advantageous array of superelastic support elements 6 in a seal 1 according to the present invention, in which the individual longitudinally extending elements, which are curved in the shape of a banana and are arranged in parallel, have a tongue-shaped design and are connected with one another by a web structure 9 , which fixes their position.
  • the useful properties of the material of the support means can be advantageously combined with the properties of the elastic material surrounding them.
  • FIG. 7 shows a view of a seal designed according to the present invention as an envelope 7 that can be connected with superelastic support elements 6 .
  • the envelope 7 that can be connected consists of silicone and partially winds around the superelastic support means 6 , which are fastened to the frame 5 of the mask body. As a result, it is ensured that the superelastic support elements 6 will not come into contact with the mask user's face.
  • the connection of the envelope 7 that can be connected is established by means of a fastening element 8 , by which a connection is established with the frame 5 .
  • the design of a seal according to the present invention as an envelope that can be connected makes it possible to replace or clean the components of the seal that come into contact with the user's face in a simple manner.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
US11/082,426 2004-06-23 2005-03-17 Breathing mask with a superelastic seal Active 2025-04-18 US7171966B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004030067.4 2004-06-23
DE102004030067A DE102004030067B3 (de) 2004-06-23 2004-06-23 Atemmaske mit einer superelastischen Dichtung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050284477A1 US20050284477A1 (en) 2005-12-29
US7171966B2 true US7171966B2 (en) 2007-02-06

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US11/082,426 Active 2025-04-18 US7171966B2 (en) 2004-06-23 2005-03-17 Breathing mask with a superelastic seal

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US (1) US7171966B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE102004030067B3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2872050B1 (fr)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8276588B1 (en) 2009-10-23 2012-10-02 Sleepnea Respiratory mask with adjustable shape
US8327851B2 (en) 2010-03-15 2012-12-11 Sleepnea Llc Respiratory mask with user interface
US20150202397A1 (en) * 2012-08-03 2015-07-23 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Patient interface assembly with force limiter
USD740932S1 (en) 2013-09-24 2015-10-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator with raised face seal flexing region
USD741475S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2015-10-20 3M Innovation Properties Company Respirator mask having a communication grille
USD742504S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2015-11-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask
USD743536S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2015-11-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask having a circular button
USD747795S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2016-01-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask body
USD767116S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2016-09-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask having an exhalation port
US9517367B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2016-12-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Respiratory mask having a clean air inlet chamber
USD776258S1 (en) 2013-09-24 2017-01-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator with face seal multiple flexing region
USD787659S1 (en) 2013-09-24 2017-05-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator with face seal flexing region
USD787660S1 (en) 2014-05-22 2017-05-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask having a face seal flexing region
USD795416S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2017-08-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask
US9950202B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2018-04-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator negative pressure fit check devices and methods
USD816209S1 (en) 2016-03-28 2018-04-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator inlet port connection seal
USD827810S1 (en) 2016-03-28 2018-09-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Hardhat suspension adapter for half facepiece respirators
USD842982S1 (en) 2016-03-28 2019-03-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Hardhat suspension adapter for half facepiece respirators
US10456540B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-10-29 ResMed Pty Ltd Patient interface systems for ensuring effective seal
US11020619B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2021-06-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiple chamber respirator sealing devices and methods
US11052268B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2021-07-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator negative pressure fit check devices and methods
US11219787B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2022-01-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator fit check sealing devices and methods
US11992078B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2024-05-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Headwear suspension attachment element

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DE102006039448B3 (de) * 2006-08-23 2008-02-21 Nierhaus, Stefan Individuell angepasste Beatmungsmaske
US20100043798A1 (en) * 2006-09-28 2010-02-25 Australian Centre For Advanced Medical Technology Pty Ltd Respirator mask
WO2013144797A1 (fr) * 2012-03-27 2013-10-03 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Masque facial avec élément de coussin fabriqué et personnalisé et procédé associé
TWI650147B (zh) 2013-11-15 2019-02-11 瑞思邁有限公司 治療呼吸障礙之患者介面
WO2016064293A1 (fr) * 2014-10-21 2016-04-28 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Развойны Центер Информацийско-Комуникацийских Технологий Савинья Жалец" Dispositif matriciel pour thérapie lumineuse et thérapie magnétique
CN110051469A (zh) * 2019-04-03 2019-07-26 深圳天眼技术服务有限公司 一种形状记忆的3d护具
KR102028304B1 (ko) * 2019-05-10 2019-10-02 신윤익 밀착력이 강화된 마스크

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US5094236A (en) * 1987-04-13 1992-03-10 Better Breathing Inc. Face mask
US5003633A (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-04-02 Itoh Seiki Co., Ltd. Face protector
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WO1999043375A1 (fr) * 1998-02-25 1999-09-02 MAP Medizintechnik für Arzt und Patient GmbH & Co. KG Masque respiratoire
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Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8276588B1 (en) 2009-10-23 2012-10-02 Sleepnea Respiratory mask with adjustable shape
US8327851B2 (en) 2010-03-15 2012-12-11 Sleepnea Llc Respiratory mask with user interface
US20150202397A1 (en) * 2012-08-03 2015-07-23 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Patient interface assembly with force limiter
US11052268B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2021-07-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator negative pressure fit check devices and methods
US9950202B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2018-04-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator negative pressure fit check devices and methods
US9517367B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2016-12-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Respiratory mask having a clean air inlet chamber
US12070548B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2024-08-27 ResMed Pty Ltd Patient interface systems for ensuring effective seal
US11439780B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2022-09-13 ResMed Pty Ltd Patient interface systems for ensuring effective seal
US10456540B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-10-29 ResMed Pty Ltd Patient interface systems for ensuring effective seal
USD740932S1 (en) 2013-09-24 2015-10-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator with raised face seal flexing region
USD776258S1 (en) 2013-09-24 2017-01-10 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator with face seal multiple flexing region
USD787659S1 (en) 2013-09-24 2017-05-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator with face seal flexing region
USD787660S1 (en) 2014-05-22 2017-05-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask having a face seal flexing region
USD743536S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2015-11-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask having a circular button
USD767116S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2016-09-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask having an exhalation port
USD741475S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2015-10-20 3M Innovation Properties Company Respirator mask having a communication grille
USD795416S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2017-08-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask
USD742504S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2015-11-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask
USD747795S1 (en) 2015-02-27 2016-01-19 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator mask body
USD827810S1 (en) 2016-03-28 2018-09-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Hardhat suspension adapter for half facepiece respirators
US11020619B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2021-06-01 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiple chamber respirator sealing devices and methods
US11219787B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2022-01-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator fit check sealing devices and methods
USD842982S1 (en) 2016-03-28 2019-03-12 3M Innovative Properties Company Hardhat suspension adapter for half facepiece respirators
US11865375B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2024-01-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator fit check sealing devices and methods
US11992078B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2024-05-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Headwear suspension attachment element
USD816209S1 (en) 2016-03-28 2018-04-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Respirator inlet port connection seal

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FR2872050A1 (fr) 2005-12-30
DE102004030067B3 (de) 2005-06-23
FR2872050B1 (fr) 2006-09-01
US20050284477A1 (en) 2005-12-29

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