US6372219B1 - Parasite-derived anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory protein - Google Patents

Parasite-derived anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory protein Download PDF

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US6372219B1
US6372219B1 US09/180,446 US18044699A US6372219B1 US 6372219 B1 US6372219 B1 US 6372219B1 US 18044699 A US18044699 A US 18044699A US 6372219 B1 US6372219 B1 US 6372219B1
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inflammatory
skin
cells
protein
human
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Bernard Salafsky
Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram
Takeshi Shibuya
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University of Illinois
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
    • C07K14/43536—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from worms
    • C07K14/4354—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates from worms from nematodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0003—Invertebrate antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the parasite Schistosoma mansoni S. mansoni
  • S. mansoni which causes the tropical disease schistosomiasis
  • the parasite spends over 48 hrs in various layers of the skin without eliciting any marked tissue response.
  • This subdued inflammatory response is largely responsible for the parasite's ability to pass through the skin virtually undetected by its human host.
  • schistosomes such as Trichobilharia oceltata (a bird parasite) which also can penetrate intact human skin, causes a severe inflammatory response in the skin (commonly called swimmer's itch) which results in the parasite's elimination from the host. Therefore, suppression of inflammatory responses in the skin appears to be crucial for the survival of schistosomes in its human host. Because Schistosoma mansoni does not elicit such a response, it would be useful to determine the mechanisms by which the inflammatory response is reduced or suppressed and to exploit such mechanisms as anti-inflammatory therapeutics for treating any inflammatory condition.
  • the present invention is directed to an isolated purified polypeptide designated Sm 16.8 or variants, fragments, derivatives, homologs or analogs thereof.
  • the variants, fragments, derivatives, homologs or analogs may have a biological activity of Sm 16.8 and/or be immunologically active, that is, capable of inducing antibody formation, the antibodies being directed to one or more epitopes of the Sm 16.8 polypeptide.
  • Antibodies that specifically bind to polypeptides of the present invention are also within the scope of the present invention. Such antibodies may serve as therapeutics and/or diagnostic products.
  • the antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
  • the invention is directed to a polypeptide having a molecular weight of 16.8 kDa on a non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel and has an isoelectric point of 5.9.
  • the polypeptide of the present invention is obtainable from the parasite Schistosoma mansoni and may be a secretion/excretion product of the schistosome.
  • DNAs encoding the polypeptides of the present invention as well as vectors comprising the DNAs of the invention, host cells transformed with the vector and expression products derived therefrom.
  • Host cells may be procaryotic or eucaryotic host cells.
  • the invention is also directed to vaccines comprising one or more polypeptides according to the present invention which may also include suitable adjuvants, diluents or carrier substances, the vaccines being useful for immunoprophylaxis of schistosomiasis.
  • compositions comprising Sm 16.8 variants, fragments, derivatives, homologs or analogs of the polypeptide in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, adjuvants and carriers are also contemplated by the present invention.
  • the invention is further directed to methods of suppressing or preventing inflammation by administering to a subject an anti-inflammatory dose of a polypeptide or pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention.
  • Such methods comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective dose of a polypeptide or pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention.
  • the polypeptides may be administered topically, for example, in a suitable cream, lotion or salve that may include excipients useful in transporting the biologically active polypeptides into the skin.
  • Such diseases may be autoimmune diseases.
  • ES secrete/secrete substances
  • ES products are known to contain different types of proteins and lipids, many of whose function are not fully known.
  • these parasites i.e., schistosomes
  • T. ocellata differ in their ability to induce inflammation in the skin
  • the proteins in the ES products of the two parasites were analyzed in an attempt to identify whether ES products of S. mansoni contain any factors that have the capacity to modulate inflammatory responses in human skin that are not contained in the ES products of T. ocellata .
  • These studies revealed the presence of a protein in the secretions of S. mansoni but not T. oceltata , that has the ability to suppress inflammation.
  • Cytokines natural hormone like substances produced by many cells in the skin, may play a central role in initiating, promoting or suppressing inflammation. Cytokines such as Interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ) and IL-1 ⁇ promote inflammation, whereas, cytokines such as IL-1ra suppress inflammation. In the skin, cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, lymphocytes or mast cells can produce an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon activation. Yet, penetration and migration of S. mansoni through the skin fails to induce any inflammatory, response.
  • IL-1 ⁇ Interleukin-1 ⁇
  • cytokines such as IL-1ra suppress inflammation.
  • cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, lymphocytes or mast cells can produce an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon activation. Yet, penetration and migration of S. mansoni through the skin fails to induce any inflammatory, response.
  • Keratinocytes constitute over 95% of the cells in human skin. It has been shown repeatedly that depending upon the stimulus, human keratinocytes may produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 ⁇ or the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ra. Production of large quantities of IL-1ra locally results in the suppression of inflammatory responses.
  • the immunological basis for many cutaneous diseases such as atopic dernatitis, urticaria, contact sensitivity, cutaneous allergic conditions and psoriasis, is the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the epidermis and dermis. Any drug that can reduce or suppress accumulation of inflammatory cells in the skin will alleviate the clinical symptoms associated with these diseases.
  • inflammatory diseases are associated with the inflammatory processes in other organs of the body and are likewise susceptible to treatment with certain anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • a Schistosoma mansoni derived protein, Sm 16.8, that selectively up regulates IL-1ra production in human keratinocytes was identified and characterized.
  • Sm 16.8 stimulated the production of IL-1ra within 4 hrs.
  • Intracellular message (mRNA) for IL-1ra in these cells increased from 4 hrs after treatment and attained maximum values within 8 hrs.
  • IL-1ra were also found intracellularly and in the culture supernatants of human keratinocytes after treatment with Sm 16.8.
  • IL-1ra is a natural antagonist of IL-1, in that it competes with IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ for the IL-1 receptor. Binding of IL-1 ⁇ or IL-1 ⁇ to IL-1 receptors expressed on many cells results in a cascade of events leading to inflammation. However, binding of IL-1ra to IL-1 receptors fails to induce any receptor mediated responses. Therefore, occupancy of all available IL-1 receptors by IL-1ra results in the blocking of all IL-1 mediated responses.
  • IL-1ra binds to IL-1 receptors with affinity equal to or higher than those of IL-1 ⁇ or IL-1 ⁇ and, since the dissociation rate constant of IL-1ra from IL-1 receptors is several-fold lower than that for IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ , a higher concentration of IL-1ra in the local microenvironment can effectively block all the IL-1 mediated responses including inflammation.
  • Sm 16.8 can stimulate a 100-400 fold increase in IL-1ra production from human keratinocytes, which are the major cell type in the skin, the use of Sm 16.8 as an anti-inflammatory substance against inflammatory diseases including inflammatory conditions in human skin is within the scope of the present invention.
  • Sm 16.8 suppresses IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ synthesis in human keratinocytes both at the transcriptional and translational levels.
  • lipopolysaccharide a bacterial envelope protein that induces marked IL-1 ⁇ production in human keratinocytes
  • the parasite-derived protein suppressed IL-1 ⁇ production by keratinocytes in a dose dependent fashion.
  • Sm 16.8 completely inhibited IL-1 ⁇ , and IL-1 ⁇ RNA production in human keratinocytes.
  • Sm 16.8 appears to act by providing a two-pronged approach towards reducing inflammation, (i) by stimulating the production of IL-1ra in human skin cells and (ii) by transcriptionally down regulating the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ .
  • recall antigens antigens to which an animal has been previously exposed
  • cytokines specifically IL-2.
  • This immunological phenomenon provides the basis of many vaccination protocols. It is clearly shown herein that lymphocytes recovered from the spleen and axillary lymphnodes of S. mansoni infected mice exhibit recall response to parasite Schistosoma antigens. However, when Sm 16.8 is present in the antigen mixture, the lymphocytes are unable to respond to the antigens. Once the antigen mixture is depleted of Sm 16.8 the recall response is regained. When Sm 16.8 is then added back to the depleted antigen mixture, ability of the lymphocytes to respond to the recall antigens is again lost. This demonstrates that the anti-inflammatory protein Sm 16.8 also has immunomodul
  • antagonists of Sm 16.8 activity such as peptides (the preparation of which are discussed below) and antibodies are produced which, upon challenge with S. mansoni , will block the anti-inflammatory activity/or immunomodulatory effects of Sm 16.8.
  • Antibodies are produced by immunization of a host animal with polypeptides according to the present invention using methods well known in the art.
  • TTR Transthyretin
  • Sm 16.8 Another anti-inflammatory protein designated Transthyretin (TTR) [Borish et al., Inflammation , 16(5):471-484 (1992)]
  • TTR has a molecular mass of 17 kDa and is produced by human liver cells.
  • studies show that TTR is different from Sm 16.8 both in its physical property and function.
  • TTR was originally purified from human serum by an anion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve HPLC and hydroxyl apatite chromatography suggesting that TTR is a basic protein.
  • Sm 16.8 is an acidic protein with a pI of 5.8.
  • TTR The anti-inflammatory activity of TTR depends on its ability to inhibit secretion of IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ from endothelial cells and monocytes similar to Sm 16.8.
  • TTR does not inhibit the intracellular synthesis of IL-1 as does Sm 16.8, rather TTR increases the level of IL-1 mRNA and IL-1 protein concentration intracellularly. This means the TTR treated cells are continually synthesizing the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 in their cytoplasm but are unable to secrete the cytokine, whereas, in Sm 16.8 treated cells the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ is completely inhibited.
  • Sm 16.8 is shown to stimulate the production and secretion of significant quantities of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ra.
  • the function of Sm 16.8 provides advantages in reducing an inflammatory response in the skin not obtainable with TTR because it reduces or eliminates the pro-inflammatory cytokines present in the microenvironment of the tissue.
  • Sm 16.8 its amino acid composition and its N-terminal amino acid sequence are obtainable using routine methodologies well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Knowledge of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Sm 16.8 enables a person of ordinary skill in the art to obtain the DNA encoding the protein by synthesizing appropriate polynucleotide probes or primers based on the determined amino acid sequence and by using the polynucleotides or probes to screen genomic DNA libraries or cDNA libraries obtainable from S. mansoni by hybridization methods, or by use of methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Vectors comprising a DNA according to the present invention (e.g., plasmids, viruses, bacteriophage, cosmids and others) are useful for expressing the Sm 16.8 DNA in host cells.
  • Host cells may be eucaryotic or procaryotic cells. Such cells include yeast cells and bacterial cells such as E. coli and others.
  • Host cells expressing DNAs of the present invention provide an abundant reproducible source of Sm 16.8 for use in the practice of the invention.
  • DNA of the present invention are also useful for preparing muteins, variants or analogs of Sm 16.8, having amino acid substitutions at specified sites in the protein and which retain a biological activity of Sm 16.8.
  • Methods for selecting candidate amino acids for substitution are well known in the art. [See, e.g., Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol ., 157:105-132 (1982).]
  • the DNA may also be used to prepare truncations or fragments of Sm 16.8 and to prepare derivatives of Sm 16.8 such as Sm 16.8 fusion proteins.
  • Exemplary proteins for fusion to Sm 16.8 include ⁇ -galactosidase, glutathione-S-transferase, (His-tags) and others well known in the art.
  • the fusion may be made at the N-terminus, carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide or may be inserted at an internal site of the protein.
  • Such fusion proteins may be useful in preparing vaccines for enhancing the immune response directed to Sm 16.8 and thereby serving as an immunoprophylactic against infection with S. mansoni .
  • the vaccine may also comprise suitable diluents, adjuvants, and carriers.
  • Useful fragments of Sm 16.8 may also be prepared by the proteolytic digestion of the purified protein with one or more of a variety of well known proteolytic reagents such as cyanogen bromide and/or proteolytic enzymes such as the carboxypeptidases, asparaginases and others well known in the art.
  • proteolytic reagents such as cyanogen bromide and/or proteolytic enzymes such as the carboxypeptidases, asparaginases and others well known in the art.
  • DNAs may also be used to isolate DNA homologous from other species by hybridization at high stringency or by PCR under stringent conditions.
  • Molecular techniques for accomplishing the foregoing are well known and described in detail in numerous publications including Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , John Wiley and Sons (1996), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Polypeptides of the present invention may also be covalently modified by the addition of chemical moieties.
  • chemical moieties include polyethylene glycol.
  • the three-dimensional structure of the protein is determined, e.g., by crystallization and x-ray diffraction, and the active binding sites could be identified for specific therapeutic applications or immunomodulation.
  • therapeutics may be small peptides or polypeptide fragments that bind to the active site thereby blocking its activity or may be other small molecules which interfere with the active site of the polypeptide.
  • Biomphalaia glabrata species of snails infected with S. mansoni were obtained from Dr. Yung-san Liang, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Mass. as part of a sub-contract from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI # 052590). Cercarial stages of the parasite were collected from these infected snails (suspended in warm distilled water) by exposing them to a bright light source for 1 hour. Emerged cercariae were than concentrated by passing through a wire mesh sieve (38 ⁇ m; Newark Wire Cloth Co., Newark, N.J.) and washed several times with phosphate buffered saline containing 10 ⁇ g/ml gentamicin.
  • the culture supernatant containing the ES products were sterile filtered (0.2 ⁇ m, Costar, Cambridge, Mass.), concentrated up to 15-fold using a Centriprep concentrator (3000 dalton cut off; Amicon, Beverly, Mass.) and the proteins were separated in a 12-15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under non-reducing conditions (Bio-Rad, Cambridge, Mass.).
  • Molecular weight standards purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, Mo.) were run simultaneously in the same gel to estimate the molecular mass of the proteins in the ES products.
  • the protein bands in the SDS-PAGE gel were stained with copper stain (Bio-Rad) and protein bands corresponding to 211, 155.8, 67.8, 53.6, 38.2, 28.5, 21.2 and 16.8 kDa were cut out using a sharp blade.
  • the proteins were then electroeluted (Bio-Rad) from the gel slices, and dialyzed against sterile phosphate buffered saline. The eluted proteins were then tested for anti-inflammatory activity as described below. Purity of the 16.8 kDa protein preparation was tested by running in an SDS-PAGE gel. The 16.8 kDa is designated herein as Sm 16.8.
  • Sm 16.8 contains only a single species of protein with a pI of 5.9.
  • Sm 16.8 has been shown to be trypsin sensitive.
  • Sm 16.8 In order to characterize the mechanisms by which ES products and particularly Sm 16.8 inhibits inflammation, approximately 5 ⁇ g of purified Sm 16.8 purified was added to human keratinocyte cultures (Clone C1, purchased from Clonetics Corporation, San Diego, Calif.) grown in 6 well plates (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well) in keratinocyte growth medium KGM (Clonetics Corp., San Diego, Calif.). At different time intervals after the start of the culture (i.e.
  • results of the assay show that treatment of the cells with Sm 16.8 resulted in 30-33 fold increase in secreted and intracellular levels of IL-1ra as measured by ELUSA. Metabolic labelling studies showed that the increased intracellular synthesis of IL-1ra occurred as early as 4 hrs after treatment with the protein. Northern blot analysis confirmed this finding by showing that message (mRNA) levels for IL-1ra increased in human keratinocytes within 4 hrs after treatment with the protein.
  • mRNA message
  • the parasite-derived protein Sm 16.8 suppressed IL-1 ⁇ and IL-1 ⁇ production in human keratinocytes within 4 hrs after exposure.
  • Control skin samples grown in media without exposure to the parasite were used for obtaining baseline cytokine values.
  • Results of the ELISA assay indicate that exposure to the parasite resulted in 15-20 fold increase in secreted levels of IL-1ra and greater than 110-fold increase in epidermal cell lysate of human skin organ cultures.
  • lymphocytes Single cell suspension of spleen and axillary lymph node cells (lymphocytes) were prepared from what CD1 strain of mice (Charles River, Wilmington, MA) that were infected 10 weeks earlier with S. mansoni using methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Mosca et al., Immunol. Lett ., 15; 13(5):245-253 (1986) and Ramaswamy et al., Parasite Immunol ., 16:435-445 (1994).
  • Cells were placed in RPMI 1640 medium containing 2 mM glutamine, 0.04% sodium bicarbonate (Sigma), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 25 mM HEPES (Sigma), 50 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 10 ⁇ g/ml gentamicin.
  • lymphocytes take up and incorporate thymidine.
  • Addition of ES products depleted of Sm 16.8 resulted in 1.8-fold increase in 3 H-thymidine uptake by spleen cells and 9-fold increase in 3 H-thymidine up take by axillary lymph node cells indicating that ES depleted of Sm 16.8 was capable of stimulating proliferation of lymphocytes from infected mice.
  • ES products were depleted of Sm 16.8 by running ES products on non-reducing gel SDS-PAGE gel as described in Example 1.
  • the band corresponding to Sm 16.8 was excised and set aside.
  • the remaining bands were electroeluted, pooled and dialyzed against PBS.
  • the dialyzing membrane had a molecular weight cutoff of 3 kDa.
  • Sm 16.8 appears to specifically suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 ⁇ in cutaneous cells.
  • human keratinocytes were stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent IL-1 ⁇ inducing molecule, and tested the ability of Sm 16.8 to reverse or prevent the IL-1 ⁇ inducing effect of LPS on human keratinocytes.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • a titration curve for LPS was plotted (0.00001-10 ⁇ g/ml) to identify the minimum concentration of LPS needed to induce maximum IL-1 ⁇ secretion from keratinocytes.
  • IL-1 plays a major role in acute cutaneous inflammation. Since the preceding in vitro studies showed that Sm 16.8 can suppress LPS induced IL-1 ⁇ in keratinocytes, Sm 16.8 was tested for its ability to suppress lymphocyte (neutrophil) infiltration (a hallmark of acute inflammation) in vivo in the skin. In these studies 50 ⁇ g of a 1 mg/ml suspension of LPS in PBS was injected subcutaneously into the skin of CD1 strain of mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) to induce neutrophil infiltration. Preliminary titration experiments showed that this concentration of LPS induced maximum neutrophil infiltration into the skin of mice within 24 hrs.
  • Sm 16.8 in varying concentrations (0.6125 to 20 ⁇ g/ml) to 1 mg/ml of LPS in PBS and injected subcutaneously into the skin of mice.
  • the number of neutrophils infiltrated in the skin 24 hrs after injection were counted after removing the treated area of the skin, fixing it in buffered formalin, processing the tissue in paraffin, cutting five ⁇ m serial sections of the entire skin piece and staining with hematoxylin/eosin. Neutrophils were identified morphologically in these sections and their total numbers (in 30-60 fields) were counted using a 3 mm 2 grid (100 ⁇ ). The values were then expressed as mean cell ⁇ SD per 3 mm 2 area of skin.
  • Sm 16.8 was shown to completely suppress the LPS induced neutrophil infiltration into the skin in a dose dependent manner. Maximum suppression was evident at a dose of 2.5 ⁇ g/ml and above. These data thus suggested that Sm 16.8 prevented neutrophil infiltration into the skin in an in vivo model.
  • ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecules
  • endothelial cells Besides the endothelial cells, keratinocytes, dermal dendritic cells and possibly other dermal cells may also express ICAM-1 in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 ⁇ . Since the foregoing Examples show that Sm 16.8 suppresses IL-1 ⁇ expression and prevents neutrophil infiltration into the skin, studies were conducted to determine whether Sm 16.8 interferes with expression of ICAM-1 in the skin.
  • mice were injected subcutaneously with same concentration of LPS (1 mg/ml) and varying concentrations of Sm 16.8 (0.6125 to 20 ⁇ g/ml). Skin samples from the injected sites were snap frozen in OCT compound (Miles Inc. Elkhart, Ind.) at ⁇ 70° C. and were processed for cryostat sectioning. Sections of 7-8 ⁇ thickness were prepared on APES coated slides (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), fixed in acetone and used in an immunohistochemical assay to detect ICAM-1.
  • OCT compound Miles Inc. Elkhart, Ind.
  • ICAM-1 antigens in the skin, sections were incubated (for 60 min at room temperature) with biotinylated hamster anti-mouse CD54 antibodies (anti-ICAM-1 antibodies) (Pharminigen, San Diego, Calif.) after blocking with Superblock (Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, Ill.). Alkaline phosphatase labeled streptavidin (Pierce Chemicals) was used to detect the biotin associated with the primary antibody and the color was developed using Fast Red (Pierce Chemicals).
  • Sm 16.8 and related polypeptides described in detail above may be exploited in therapeutic methods for the treatment of diseases characterized by inflammatory process and with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • exemplary diseases include cutaneous diseases such as urticaria, atopic derrnatitis, cutaneous allergic conditions such as contact sensitivity, and psoriasis. See, e.g., Cecil, Textbook of Medicine , Wyngaarden et al. eds., W. B. Sanders, Philadelphia, Pa. (1985).
  • Sm 16.8 and Sm 16.8-related polypeptides are not limited to cutaneous diseases. Many other diseases (systemic) are associated with inflammatory processes and are amenable to treatment according to the present invention. Exemplary diseases include but are not limited to Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, inflammatory polyneuropathy, chronic granulomatous disease, rheumatoid arthritis and others.
  • Methods for treating diseases involve the administration of the polypeptides or antibodies of the present invention via an appropriate route of administration.
  • treatment of cutaneous diseases may be accomplished by the topical application of the polypeptides of the invention preferably in a suitable carrier such as pharmaceutically acceptable lotions, creams, salves or other vehicles or by subcutaneous, intradermal, or hypodermal injection in an appropriate vehicle.
  • a suitable carrier such as pharmaceutically acceptable lotions, creams, salves or other vehicles or by subcutaneous, intradermal, or hypodermal injection in an appropriate vehicle.
  • the carrier may also include excipients which facilitate the penetration of the 5 polypeptides into the skin.
  • the determination of the appropriate dosages and dosage schedules for optimal therapeutic effect is readily determined using routine methods such as those described in the forgoing examples.
  • polypeptides and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are also useful in treating systemic inflammatory diseases such as those described above.
  • the polypeptides or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered via intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral or other routes of administration.
  • Therapeutically effective doses are readily determined by methods well known in the art.
  • Polypeptides according to the present invention are also useful for producing vaccines for immunoprophylaxis of schistosomiasis.
  • Useful vaccines induce the production of antibodies directed to one or more epitopes of Sm 16.8 and serve to neutralize the anti-inflammatory effects of the protein, thereby allowing the host to mount an effective immune response against the invading parasite.
  • Vaccines comprise one or more polypeptides according to the present invention and optionally, a suitable diluent, adjuvant or carrier.

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050119897A1 (en) * 1999-11-12 2005-06-02 Bennett Ian M. Multi-language speech recognition system
US20090094401A1 (en) * 2007-10-03 2009-04-09 Larson Chad J System for Dynamically Balancing PCI-Express Bandwidth

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US20020176862A1 (en) 2002-11-28
US20050037970A1 (en) 2005-02-17
WO1997033613A1 (fr) 1997-09-18

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